From ba212b568aa967dae29aa9e698cf5cf12c93d9df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kamran Ahmed <kamranahmed.se@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 4 Dec 2021 11:45:26 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] Updates

---
 404.html                                      |    2 +-
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 _next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/android.json |    1 +
 .../android/android.json                      |    1 +
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 _next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/angular.json |    1 +
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 _next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/aws.json     |    1 +
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 .../5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/html.json  |    1 +
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 ...avascript:syntax-and-basic-constructs.json |    1 +
 .../frontend/mobile-applications.json         |    1 +
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 .../frontend/modern-css.json                  |    1 +
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 .../server-side-rendering:angular.json        |    1 +
 ...rver-side-rendering:angular:universal.json |    1 +
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 ...erver-side-rendering:react-js:next-js.json |    1 +
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 .../frontend/static-site-generators.json      |    1 +
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 .../static-site-generators:gatsbyjs.json      |    1 +
 .../static-site-generators:gridsome.json      |    1 +
 .../frontend/static-site-generators:hugo.json |    1 +
 .../static-site-generators:jekyll.json        |    1 +
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 .../static-site-generators:vuepress.json      |    1 +
 .../frontend/testing-your-apps.json           |    1 +
 .../frontend/testing-your-apps:cypress.json   |    1 +
 .../frontend/testing-your-apps:enzyme.json    |    1 +
 .../frontend/testing-your-apps:jest.json      |    1 +
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 ...sting-your-apps:react-testing-library.json |    1 +
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 ...on-control-systems:basic-usage-of-git.json |    1 +
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 .../frontend/web-components:shadow-dom.json   |    1 +
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 about.html                                    |    4 +-
 android.html                                  |   24 +
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24 24" fill="currentColor" style="height:20px;display:inline-block;margin-right:7px"><path d="M19.615 3.184c-3.604-.246-11.631-.245-15.23 0C.488 3.45.029 5.804 0 12c.029 6.185.484 8.549 4.385 8.816 3.6.245 11.626.246 15.23 0C23.512 20.55 23.971 18.196 24 12c-.029-6.185-.484-8.549-4.385-8.816zM9 16V8l8 3.993L9 16z"></path></svg><style data-emotion="css 17vuvug">.css-17vuvug{font-weight:500;font-size:14px;}</style><span class="chakra-text css-17vuvug"><span class="chakra-text css-0">We now have a YouTube Channel. <style data-emotion="css 13wfqy8">.css-13wfqy8{display:none;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-13wfqy8{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-13wfqy8">Subscribe for the video content.</span></span></span></a><div style="color:#000;background:#fff;font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Fira Sans&quot;, Avenir, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, 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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:linters-formatters:prettier.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:linters-formatters:prettier.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a4eb7fbdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:linters-formatters:prettier.json
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:linters-formatters:standardjs.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:linters-formatters:standardjs.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..de4c6aa29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:linters-formatters:standardjs.json
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:module-bundlers.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:module-bundlers.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4fb6f64f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:module-bundlers.json
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:module-bundlers:esbuild.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:module-bundlers:esbuild.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5cc72cc96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:module-bundlers:esbuild.json
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:module-bundlers:parcel.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:module-bundlers:parcel.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb86ecb61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:module-bundlers:parcel.json
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:module-bundlers:rollup.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:module-bundlers:rollup.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a9458399
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:module-bundlers:rollup.json
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:module-bundlers:vite.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:module-bundlers:vite.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b53f5e5ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:module-bundlers:vite.json
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:module-bundlers:webpack.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:module-bundlers:webpack.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..24b97447d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:module-bundlers:webpack.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:task-runners.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:task-runners.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7b323560
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:task-runners.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:task-runners:npm-scripts.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:task-runners:npm-scripts.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e057cecec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/build-tools:task-runners:npm-scripts.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-architecture.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-architecture.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c48fef97b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-architecture.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-architecture:bem.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-architecture:bem.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9d1208ee0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-architecture:bem.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-architecture:oocss.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-architecture:oocss.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e92159b90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-architecture:oocss.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-architecture:smacss.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-architecture:smacss.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c1b19ef0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-architecture:smacss.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d0981b891
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks:css-first.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks:css-first.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..434b9f333
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks:css-first.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks:css-first:bootstrap.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks:css-first:bootstrap.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf85909d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks:css-first:bootstrap.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks:css-first:bulma.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks:css-first:bulma.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0cf39480f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks:css-first:bulma.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks:js-first.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks:js-first.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3927e9f65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks:js-first.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks:js-first:chakra-ui.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks:js-first:chakra-ui.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca7a25c87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks:js-first:chakra-ui.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks:js-first:material-ui.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks:js-first:material-ui.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a1ad8292
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks:js-first:material-ui.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks:js-first:radix-ui.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks:js-first:radix-ui.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f54ed5b16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks:js-first:radix-ui.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks:js-first:tailwind-css.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks:js-first:tailwind-css.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e3cee850c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-frameworks:js-first:tailwind-css.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-preprocessors.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-preprocessors.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b6dc1326
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-preprocessors.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-preprocessors:less.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-preprocessors:less.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b282c933d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-preprocessors:less.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-preprocessors:postcss.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-preprocessors:postcss.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..221fb18fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-preprocessors:postcss.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-preprocessors:sass.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-preprocessors:sass.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..23b9f6296
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css-preprocessors:sass.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d41457ca6
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css:learn-the-basics.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css:learn-the-basics.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b0e27b344
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css:making-layouts.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css:making-layouts.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a36b7e127
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css:responsive-design-and-media-queries.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/css:responsive-design-and-media-queries.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0e72c1f12
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/desktop-applications.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/desktop-applications.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a82f24ea4
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/desktop-applications:carlo.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/desktop-applications:carlo.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c94b1a12f
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/desktop-applications:electron.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/desktop-applications:electron.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0004339ef
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/desktop-applications:proton-native.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/desktop-applications:proton-native.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..86f3275cf
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/graphql.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/graphql.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..72a69a1a3
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/graphql:apollo.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/graphql:apollo.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e50cacdee
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/graphql:relay-modern.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/graphql:relay-modern.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9b5057ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/graphql:relay-modern.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/home.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/home.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34935a968
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/home.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/html.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/html.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a31b464dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/html.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/html:accessibility.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/html:accessibility.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e617ea0ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/html:accessibility.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/html:conventions-and-best-practices.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/html:conventions-and-best-practices.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3124b502c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/html:conventions-and-best-practices.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/html:forms-and-validations.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/html:forms-and-validations.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a9cf002df
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/html:learn-the-basics.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/html:learn-the-basics.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/html:seo-basics.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/html:seo-basics.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/html:writing-semantic-html.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/html:writing-semantic-html.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/interactive.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/interactive.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/internet:what-is-domain-name.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/internet:what-is-domain-name.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8d380af31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/internet:what-is-domain-name.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/internet:what-is-hosting.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/internet:what-is-hosting.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d54ac06d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/internet:what-is-hosting.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/internet:what-is-http.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/internet:what-is-http.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad234230c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/internet:what-is-http.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/javascript.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/javascript.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b331bb50d
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/javascript:concepts.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/javascript:concepts.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..071963bb3
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/javascript:es6-and-modular-javascript.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/javascript:es6-and-modular-javascript.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9ea5b099
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/javascript:es6-and-modular-javascript.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/javascript:learn-dom-manipulation.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/javascript:learn-dom-manipulation.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cfc3edf52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/javascript:learn-dom-manipulation.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/javascript:learn-fetch-api-ajax-xhr.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/javascript:learn-fetch-api-ajax-xhr.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a46e7466b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/javascript:learn-fetch-api-ajax-xhr.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/javascript:syntax-and-basic-constructs.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/javascript:syntax-and-basic-constructs.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01e437049
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/javascript:syntax-and-basic-constructs.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/mobile-applications.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/mobile-applications.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..db19dfea3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/mobile-applications.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/mobile-applications:flutter.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/mobile-applications:flutter.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3cb208285
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/mobile-applications:flutter.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/mobile-applications:ionic.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/mobile-applications:ionic.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5d76f4b34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/mobile-applications:ionic.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/mobile-applications:nativescript.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/mobile-applications:nativescript.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a0f4cc67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/mobile-applications:nativescript.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/mobile-applications:react-native.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/mobile-applications:react-native.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cf5dc6454
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/mobile-applications:react-native.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/modern-css.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/modern-css.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d8fc5c22c
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/modern-css:css-modules.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/modern-css:css-modules.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a8562279
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/modern-css:css-modules.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/modern-css:emotion.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/modern-css:emotion.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..850765748
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/modern-css:styled-components.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/modern-css:styled-components.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a59f0481d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/modern-css:styled-components.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/modern-css:styled-jsx.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/modern-css:styled-jsx.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7e28dc322
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/modern-css:styled-jsx.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/package-managers.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/package-managers.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01e8b1edb
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/package-managers:npm.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/package-managers:npm.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0d2388b6c
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/package-managers:yarn.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/package-managers:yarn.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d9b23c0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/package-managers:yarn.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf9782b58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:angular.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:angular.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5336bcc9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:angular.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:angular:ngrx.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:angular:ngrx.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..585561a28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:angular:ngrx.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:angular:rxjs.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:angular:rxjs.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b51739509
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:angular:rxjs.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:react-js.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:react-js.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c20f713f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:react-js.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:react-js:mobx.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:react-js:mobx.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f1cd8b4aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:react-js:mobx.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:react-js:recoil.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:react-js:recoil.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..52afba514
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:react-js:recoil.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:react-js:redux.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:react-js:redux.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..09c334499
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:react-js:redux.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:vue-js.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:vue-js.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb170813a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:vue-js.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:vue-js:vuex.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:vue-js:vuex.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f71c4cea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/pick-a-framework:vue-js:vuex.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/progressive-web-apps.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/progressive-web-apps.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..982c794fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/progressive-web-apps.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/progressive-web-apps:apis.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/progressive-web-apps:apis.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb08b0036
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/progressive-web-apps:apis.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/progressive-web-apps:performance.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/progressive-web-apps:performance.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0e06ac857
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/progressive-web-apps:performance.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/repo-hosting-services.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/repo-hosting-services.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4b188b602
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/repo-hosting-services.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/repo-hosting-services:bitbucket.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/repo-hosting-services:bitbucket.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..044270c15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/repo-hosting-services:bitbucket.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/repo-hosting-services:github.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/repo-hosting-services:github.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e31e31a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/repo-hosting-services:github.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/repo-hosting-services:gitlab.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/repo-hosting-services:gitlab.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..32a7d5de5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/repo-hosting-services:gitlab.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/resources.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/resources.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..118ba9ac3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/resources.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/server-side-rendering.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/server-side-rendering.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad10f42a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/server-side-rendering.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/server-side-rendering:angular.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/server-side-rendering:angular.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..804ed41d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/server-side-rendering:angular.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/server-side-rendering:angular:universal.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/server-side-rendering:angular:universal.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d35ef4ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/server-side-rendering:angular:universal.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/server-side-rendering:react-js.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/server-side-rendering:react-js.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..60c6556f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/server-side-rendering:react-js.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/server-side-rendering:react-js:after-js.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/server-side-rendering:react-js:after-js.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..95ed4bdbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/server-side-rendering:react-js:after-js.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/server-side-rendering:react-js:next-js.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/server-side-rendering:react-js:next-js.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..573b6f5b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/server-side-rendering:react-js:next-js.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/server-side-rendering:vue-js.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/server-side-rendering:vue-js.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..226b7114f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/server-side-rendering:vue-js.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/server-side-rendering:vue-js:nuxt-js.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/server-side-rendering:vue-js:nuxt-js.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b3658d39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/server-side-rendering:vue-js:nuxt-js.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..86f32863a
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators:eleventy.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators:eleventy.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ef388448c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators:eleventy.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators:gatsbyjs.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators:gatsbyjs.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b8369ba2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators:gatsbyjs.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators:gridsome.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators:gridsome.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e66af6efe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators:gridsome.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators:hugo.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators:hugo.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5018254a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators:hugo.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators:jekyll.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators:jekyll.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..adb0d9862
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators:jekyll.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"pageProps":{"roadmap":{"seo":{"title":"Learn to become a modern frontend developer","description":"Community driven, articles, resources, guides, interview questions, quizzes for modern frontend development. Learn to become a modern frontend developer by following the steps, skills, resources and guides listed in this roadmap.","keywords":["guide to becoming a developer","guide to becoming a frontend developer","frontend developer","frontend engineer","frontend skills","frontend development","javascript developer","frontend development skills","frontend development skills test","frontend engineer roadmap","frontend developer roadmap","become a frontend developer","frontend developer career path","javascript developer","modern javascript developer","node developer","skills for frontend development","learn frontend development","what is frontend development","frontend developer quiz","frontend developer interview questions"]},"title":"Frontend Developer","description":"Step by step guide to becoming a modern frontend developer in 2021","featuredTitle":"Frontend","featuredDescription":"Step by step guide to becoming a frontend developer in 2021","author":{"name":"Kamran Ahmed","url":"https://twitter.com/kamranahmedse"},"featured":true,"imagePath":"/roadmaps/frontend.png","resourcesPath":"/roadmaps/100-frontend/resources.md","pdfUrl":"https://kamranahmedse.gumroad.com/l/frontend-roadmap","contentPathsFilePath":"/roadmaps/100-frontend/content-paths.json","id":"frontend","metaPath":"/roadmaps/100-frontend/meta.json","isUpcoming":false},"group":"static-site-generators:jekyll"},"__N_SSG":true}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators:next-js.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators:next-js.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e4a68b1cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators:next-js.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators:nuxt-js.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators:nuxt-js.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0dd7ff239
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators:nuxt-js.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators:vuepress.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators:vuepress.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb4ad3991
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/static-site-generators:vuepress.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/testing-your-apps.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/testing-your-apps.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ff91d5501
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/testing-your-apps.json
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/testing-your-apps:cypress.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/testing-your-apps:cypress.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1551f6919
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/testing-your-apps:cypress.json
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/testing-your-apps:enzyme.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/testing-your-apps:enzyme.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5942ddaec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/testing-your-apps:enzyme.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/testing-your-apps:jest.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/testing-your-apps:jest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a9258317d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/testing-your-apps:jest.json
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/testing-your-apps:other-options.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/testing-your-apps:other-options.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d6a9ac374
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/testing-your-apps:other-options.json
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/testing-your-apps:react-testing-library.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/testing-your-apps:react-testing-library.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0d4b5f5c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/testing-your-apps:react-testing-library.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/type-checkers.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/type-checkers.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a24db4236
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/type-checkers.json
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/type-checkers:flow.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/type-checkers:flow.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..27dddee19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/type-checkers:flow.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/type-checkers:typescript.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/type-checkers:typescript.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c020b8f1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/type-checkers:typescript.json
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/version-control-systems.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/version-control-systems.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..804b98ed2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/version-control-systems.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/version-control-systems:basic-usage-of-git.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/version-control-systems:basic-usage-of-git.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..105b75113
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/version-control-systems:basic-usage-of-git.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/web-assembly.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/web-assembly.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..973248fca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/web-assembly.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/web-components.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/web-components.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..98300eca1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/web-components.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/web-components:custom-elements.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/web-components:custom-elements.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d95dc76e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/web-components:custom-elements.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/web-components:html-templates.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/frontend/web-components:html-templates.json
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/asymptotic-notation.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/asymptotic-notation.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bfd87e789
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/avoid-render-blocking-javascript-with-async-defer.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/avoid-render-blocking-javascript-with-async-defer.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d1b3d4df
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/basic-authentication.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/basic-authentication.json
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/big-o-notation.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/big-o-notation.json
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/character-encodings.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/character-encodings.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..13ac5dc7c
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/ci-cd.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/ci-cd.json
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/design-patterns-for-humans.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/design-patterns-for-humans.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/dhcp-in-one-picture.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/dhcp-in-one-picture.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea93afc69
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/dns-in-one-picture.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/dns-in-one-picture.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6fd155770
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/history-of-javascript.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/history-of-javascript.json
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/http-caching.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/http-caching.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7acc472d
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/jwt-authentication.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/jwt-authentication.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e1c486fa7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/jwt-authentication.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/levels-of-seniority.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/levels-of-seniority.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..07704edaf
--- /dev/null
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+{"pageProps":{"guide":{"id":"levels-of-seniority","title":"Levels of Seniority","description":"How to Step Up as a Junior, Mid Level or a Senior Developer?","isPro":false,"authorUsername":"kamranahmedse","updatedAt":"2020-12-03T12:13:00.860Z","createdAt":"2020-12-03T12:13:00.860Z","formattedCreatedAt":"December 3, 2020","formattedUpdatedAt":"December 3, 2020","author":{"username":"kamranahmedse","name":"Kamran Ahmed","twitter":"kamranahmedse","picture":"/authors/kamranahmedse.jpeg","bio":"Lead engineer at Tajawal. Lover of all things web and opensource. Created roadmap.sh to help the confused ones."}}},"__N_SSG":true}
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/oauth.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/oauth.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f07f5cab3
--- /dev/null
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+{"pageProps":{"guide":{"id":"oauth","title":"OAuth — Open Authorization","description":"Learn and understand what is OAuth and how it works","isPro":false,"authorUsername":"kamranahmedse","updatedAt":"2021-06-28T19:59:14.191Z","createdAt":"2021-06-28T19:59:14.191Z","formattedCreatedAt":"June 28, 2021","formattedUpdatedAt":"June 28, 2021","author":{"username":"kamranahmedse","name":"Kamran Ahmed","twitter":"kamranahmedse","picture":"/authors/kamranahmedse.jpeg","bio":"Lead engineer at Tajawal. Lover of all things web and opensource. Created roadmap.sh to help the confused ones."}}},"__N_SSG":true}
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/proxy-servers.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/proxy-servers.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0e1c3de5e
--- /dev/null
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+{"pageProps":{"guide":{"id":"proxy-servers","title":"Proxy Servers","description":"How do proxy servers work and what are forward and reverse proxies?","isPro":false,"authorUsername":"ebrahimbharmal007","createdAt":"2017-10-24T17:00:00.860Z","updatedAt":"2017-10-24T17:00:00.860Z","formattedCreatedAt":"October 24, 2017","formattedUpdatedAt":"October 24, 2017","author":{"username":"ebrahimbharmal007","name":"Ebrahim Bharmal","twitter":"BharmalEbrahim","picture":"/authors/ebrahimbharmal007.png","bio":"Love building projects using tools completely new to me. Python forever. Senior at University of Texas at Arlington (2021)"}}},"__N_SSG":true}
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/random-numbers.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/random-numbers.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..45da5a209
--- /dev/null
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+{"pageProps":{"guide":{"id":"random-numbers","title":"Random Numbers: Are they?","description":"Learn how they are generated and why they may not be truly random.","isPro":false,"authorUsername":"kamranahmedse","updatedAt":"2021-03-14T15:48:21.191Z","createdAt":"2021-03-14T15:48:21.191Z","formattedCreatedAt":"March 14, 2021","formattedUpdatedAt":"March 14, 2021","author":{"username":"kamranahmedse","name":"Kamran Ahmed","twitter":"kamranahmedse","picture":"/authors/kamranahmedse.jpeg","bio":"Lead engineer at Tajawal. Lover of all things web and opensource. Created roadmap.sh to help the confused ones."}}},"__N_SSG":true}
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/scaling-databases.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/scaling-databases.json
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
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+{"pageProps":{"guide":{"id":"scaling-databases","title":"Scaling Databases","description":"Learn the ups and downs of different database scaling strategies","isPro":false,"authorUsername":"kamranahmedse","updatedAt":"2021-02-18T15:48:21.191Z","createdAt":"2021-02-18T15:48:21.191Z","formattedCreatedAt":"February 18, 2021","formattedUpdatedAt":"February 18, 2021","author":{"username":"kamranahmedse","name":"Kamran Ahmed","twitter":"kamranahmedse","picture":"/authors/kamranahmedse.jpeg","bio":"Lead engineer at Tajawal. Lover of all things web and opensource. Created roadmap.sh to help the confused ones."}}},"__N_SSG":true}
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/session-authentication.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/session-authentication.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b30c9a097
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/session-authentication.json
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+{"pageProps":{"guide":{"id":"session-authentication","title":"Session Based Authentication","description":"Understand what is session based authentication and how it is implemented","isPro":false,"authorUsername":"kamranahmedse","updatedAt":"2021-05-26T20:59:14.191Z","createdAt":"2021-05-26T20:59:14.191Z","formattedCreatedAt":"May 26, 2021","formattedUpdatedAt":"May 26, 2021","author":{"username":"kamranahmedse","name":"Kamran Ahmed","twitter":"kamranahmedse","picture":"/authors/kamranahmedse.jpeg","bio":"Lead engineer at Tajawal. Lover of all things web and opensource. Created roadmap.sh to help the confused ones."}}},"__N_SSG":true}
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/ssl-tls-https-ssh.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/ssl-tls-https-ssh.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc9775eca
--- /dev/null
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+{"pageProps":{"guide":{"id":"ssl-tls-https-ssh","title":"SSL vs TLS vs SSH","description":"Quick tidbit on the differences between SSL, TLS, HTTPS and SSH","isPro":false,"authorUsername":"kamranahmedse","updatedAt":"2021-04-22T15:48:21.191Z","createdAt":"2021-04-22T15:48:21.191Z","formattedCreatedAt":"April 22, 2021","formattedUpdatedAt":"April 22, 2021","author":{"username":"kamranahmedse","name":"Kamran Ahmed","twitter":"kamranahmedse","picture":"/authors/kamranahmedse.jpeg","bio":"Lead engineer at Tajawal. Lover of all things web and opensource. Created roadmap.sh to help the confused ones."}}},"__N_SSG":true}
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/sso.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/sso.json
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
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+{"pageProps":{"guide":{"id":"sso","title":"SSO — Single Sign On","description":"Learn the basics of SAML and understand how does Single Sign On work.","isPro":false,"authorUsername":"kamranahmedse","updatedAt":"2021-07-01T19:59:14.191Z","createdAt":"2021-07-01T19:59:14.191Z","formattedCreatedAt":"July 1, 2021","formattedUpdatedAt":"July 1, 2021","author":{"username":"kamranahmedse","name":"Kamran Ahmed","twitter":"kamranahmedse","picture":"/authors/kamranahmedse.jpeg","bio":"Lead engineer at Tajawal. Lover of all things web and opensource. Created roadmap.sh to help the confused ones."}}},"__N_SSG":true}
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/token-authentication.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/token-authentication.json
new file mode 100644
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+{"pageProps":{"guide":{"id":"token-authentication","title":"Token Based Authentication","description":"Understand what is token based authentication and how it is implemented","isPro":false,"authorUsername":"kamranahmedse","updatedAt":"2021-06-02T20:59:14.191Z","createdAt":"2021-06-02T20:59:14.191Z","formattedCreatedAt":"June 2, 2021","formattedUpdatedAt":"June 2, 2021","author":{"username":"kamranahmedse","name":"Kamran Ahmed","twitter":"kamranahmedse","picture":"/authors/kamranahmedse.jpeg","bio":"Lead engineer at Tajawal. Lover of all things web and opensource. Created roadmap.sh to help the confused ones."}}},"__N_SSG":true}
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/torrent-client.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/torrent-client.json
new file mode 100644
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+{"pageProps":{"guide":{"id":"torrent-client","title":"Building a BitTorrent Client","description":"Learn everything you need to know about BitTorrent by writing a client in Go","isPro":false,"authorUsername":"jesse","updatedAt":"2021-01-17T15:48:21.191Z","createdAt":"2021-01-17T15:48:21.191Z","canonical":"https://blog.jse.li/posts/torrent/","formattedCreatedAt":"January 17, 2021","formattedUpdatedAt":"January 17, 2021","author":{"username":"jesse","name":"Jesse Li","twitter":"__jesse_li","picture":"/authors/jesse.png","bio":"Software engineer."}}},"__N_SSG":true}
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/unfamiliar-codebase.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/unfamiliar-codebase.json
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/what-are-web-vitals.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/what-are-web-vitals.json
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
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+{"pageProps":{"guide":{"id":"what-are-web-vitals","title":"What are Web Vitals?","description":"Learn what are the core web vitals and how to measure them.","isPro":false,"authorUsername":"kamranahmedse","updatedAt":"2021-09-05T19:59:14.191Z","createdAt":"2021-09-05T19:59:14.191Z","formattedCreatedAt":"September 5, 2021","formattedUpdatedAt":"September 5, 2021","author":{"username":"kamranahmedse","name":"Kamran Ahmed","twitter":"kamranahmedse","picture":"/authors/kamranahmedse.jpeg","bio":"Lead engineer at Tajawal. Lover of all things web and opensource. Created roadmap.sh to help the confused ones."}}},"__N_SSG":true}
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/what-is-internet.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/what-is-internet.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f5c43012
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/what-is-sli-slo-sla.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/what-is-sli-slo-sla.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..69786addf
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/why-build-it-and-they-will-come-wont-work-anymore.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/guides/why-build-it-and-they-will-come-wont-work-anymore.json
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/index.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/index.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f198a329d
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/all-about-http-caching.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/all-about-http-caching.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/arrays-and-objects-in-javascript.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/arrays-and-objects-in-javascript.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/async-javascript.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/async-javascript.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/content-delivery-networks.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/content-delivery-networks.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/dns-explained.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/dns-explained.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/dns-records.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/dns-records.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/promises-in-javascript.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/promises-in-javascript.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/random-number-generators.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/random-number-generators.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/scaling-the-unscalable.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/scaling-the-unscalable.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/ssh-ssl-tls.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/ssh-ssl-tls.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/system-design-101.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/system-design-101.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/tcp-ip-model.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/tcp-ip-model.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/transport-protocols-tcp-vs-udp.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/transport-protocols-tcp-vs-udp.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/what-is-cap-theorem.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/what-is-cap-theorem.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/what-is-dependency-injection.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/what-is-dependency-injection.json
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/what-is-dom-shadow-dom-virtual-dom.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/what-is-dom-shadow-dom-virtual-dom.json
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/what-is-eventual-consistency.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/what-is-eventual-consistency.json
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/yaml-in-depth.json b/_next/data/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/watch/yaml-in-depth.json
new file mode 100644
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similarity index 100%
rename from _next/static/LGOXuDvKrgBu4rd66pTMs/_buildManifest.js
rename to _next/static/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/_buildManifest.js
diff --git a/_next/static/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/_middlewareManifest.js b/_next/static/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/_middlewareManifest.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a17fc8bf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/static/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/_middlewareManifest.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+self.__MIDDLEWARE_MANIFEST=[];self.__MIDDLEWARE_MANIFEST_CB&&self.__MIDDLEWARE_MANIFEST_CB()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/static/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/_ssgManifest.js b/_next/static/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/_ssgManifest.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..30999250d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_next/static/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/_ssgManifest.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+self.__SSG_MANIFEST=new Set(["\u002Fguides","\u002Fwatch","\u002F","\u002Froadmaps","\u002F[roadmap]\u002Finteractive","\u002Fwatch\u002F[video]","\u002F[roadmap]\u002F[group]","\u002F[roadmap]","\u002F[roadmap]\u002Fresources","\u002Fguides\u002F[guide]"]);self.__SSG_MANIFEST_CB&&self.__SSG_MANIFEST_CB()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/static/LGOXuDvKrgBu4rd66pTMs/_middlewareManifest.js b/_next/static/LGOXuDvKrgBu4rd66pTMs/_middlewareManifest.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 28929c374..000000000
--- a/_next/static/LGOXuDvKrgBu4rd66pTMs/_middlewareManifest.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-self.__MIDDLEWARE_MANIFEST=new Set,self.__MIDDLEWARE_MANIFEST_CB&&self.__MIDDLEWARE_MANIFEST_CB();
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_next/static/LGOXuDvKrgBu4rd66pTMs/_ssgManifest.js b/_next/static/LGOXuDvKrgBu4rd66pTMs/_ssgManifest.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 0511aa895..000000000
--- a/_next/static/LGOXuDvKrgBu4rd66pTMs/_ssgManifest.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-self.__SSG_MANIFEST=new Set,self.__SSG_MANIFEST_CB&&self.__SSG_MANIFEST_CB();
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/about.html b/about.html
index c1a399a7f..efcb92e89 100644
--- a/about.html
+++ b/about.html
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
             function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}
             gtag('js', new Date());
             gtag('config', 'UA-139582634-1');
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+          </script><meta name="next-head-count" content="34"/><link rel="preload" href="/_next/static/css/e04f03d5f7fd936c.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/css/e04f03d5f7fd936c.css" data-n-g=""/><noscript data-n-css=""></noscript><script defer="" nomodule="" src="/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-5cd94c89d3acac5f.js"></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/webpack-378e68e29c265886.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/framework-91d7f78b5b4003c8.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/main-7a5ae73f0e3e91d3.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-a9b7869f2e3c14f1.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/709-e21506a95db1e17e.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/22-5e16bc1f52d67473.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/515-100e7e5de90f7342.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/about-95631976460cd53d.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/_buildManifest.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/_ssgManifest.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/5WXt76-4uz5r-D4Mw_Eek/_middlewareManifest.js" defer=""></script><style data-styled="" data-styled-version="5.3.3">.kiIUjN{line-height:27px;font-size:16px;color:black;margin-bottom:18px;}/*!sc*/
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@@ -47,4 +47,4 @@ decide to contribute.</p><h2 id="can-i-redistribute-the-content" class="sc-dkPtR
 anywhere. You can use it for personal use or share the link to the content if you have to but redistribution is not
 allowed.</p><h2 id="what-is-the-best-way-to-contact-you" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-is-the-best-way-to-contact-you" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What is the best way to contact you?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Tweet or send me a message <a href="https://twitter.com/kamranahmedse" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">@kamranahmedse</a> or email me
 at <a href="mailto:kamranahmed.se@gmail.com" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">kamranahmed.se@gmail.com</a>. I get lots of messages so apologies in advance if you don&#x27;t hear back
-from me soon but I do reply to everyone.</p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 1bjthgu">.css-1bjthgu{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-100);margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1bjthgu{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:5px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1bjthgu{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:15px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1bjthgu">Stay Informed</h2><style data-emotion="css 1ne3i1y">.css-1ne3i1y{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1ne3i1y{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1ne3i1y{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-1ne3i1y">Subscribe yourself to get updates, new guides, videos and roadmaps in your inbox.</p><style data-emotion="css u91i2o">.css-u91i2o{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-u91i2o{-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-u91i2o{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}}</style><div class="css-u91i2o"><style data-emotion="css bjg6se">.css-bjg6se{margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-bjg6se{margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-bjg6se{margin-right:20px;margin-bottom:0px;}}</style><div class="css-bjg6se"><style data-emotion="css 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1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The intent of this guide is to give you an idea about the Android development landscape and to help guide your learning if you are confused. Before we start, please note that the roadmap is opinionated, and you might have different opinions than those of the author. Having said that, <a href="https://github.com/kamranahmedse/developer-roadmap/issues/new" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">we would love to hear your opinions</a> and incorporate them in the roadmap if suitable.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">There are multiple ways to develop applications for the android; you can go down the path of hybrid application development where <a href="https://flutter.dev/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">flutter</a>, <a href="https://reactnative.dev/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">react-native</a>, or <a href="https://www.nativescript.org/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">NativeScript</a> are the most common contenders. Flutter uses Dart, whereas React Native and Native Script rely on JavaScript. Answering the question of hybrid vs native is out of the scope of this roadmap. This roadmap is focused on the native Android apps development but if you are interested in learning any hybrid framework, my personal preference is <a href="https://reactnative.dev" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">react-native</a> and I would recommend you to checkout the <a href="/frontend" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Frontend Developer Roadmap</a>.</p><h2 id="complete-roadmap" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#complete-roadmap" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Complete Roadmap</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Here is the full version of the roadmap in a single image and after that we have the broken down version with the resources and links to learn more about each of the boxes.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><a href="/roadmaps/android/roadmap.png" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK"><img src="/roadmaps/android/roadmap.svg" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></a></p><h2 id="broken-down-version" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#broken-down-version" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Broken Down Version</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Below is the broken down version of the roadmap with links and resources to learn more about each of the items listed in the complete roadmap above.</p><h2 id="pick-a-language" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#pick-a-language" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Pick a Language</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">For the languages, you can develop android apps either by using Kotlin or Java.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><a href="/roadmaps/android/pick-language.svg" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK"><img src="/roadmaps/android/pick-language.svg" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></a></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Although, you can use both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Kotlin</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Java</a> to develop native android apps, <a href="https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2019/05/google-io-2019-empowering-developers-to-build-experiences-on-Android-Play.html" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Google announced in 2019</a> to make Kotlin the preferred way of developing android applications. If you were to start learning android development today, Kotlin should be your language of choice.</p><h2 id="the-fundamentals" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#the-fundamentals" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>The Fundamentals</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Install the <a href="https://developer.android.com/studio" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Android Studio</a> and learn the basics of Kotlin to get started. </p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><a href="/roadmaps/android/the-fundamentals.png" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK"><img src="/roadmaps/android/the-fundamentals.png" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></a></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">We have also listed down some free resources which you can use for the items listed in the image above. If you have some better ones, please do suggest. Also, you don&#x27;t need to go through all of them, just go through them and pick what you like.</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://blog.teamtreehouse.com/absolute-beginners-guide-kotlin" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Learn the basics of Kotlin</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/basic-syntax.html" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Kotlin Docs</a> and <a href="https://kotlinlang.org/docs/tutorials/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Official Kotlin Tutorials</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://www.studytonight.com/data-structures/introduction-to-data-structures" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Data Structures and Algorithms</a>. Also <a href="https://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_structures_algorithms/index.htm" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">check this</a>.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/collections-overview.html" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Kotlin DataStructures</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://github.com/bmaslakov/kotlin-algorithm-club" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Algorithms and DataStructures in Kotlin</a></li></ul><h2 id="version-control-systems" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#version-control-systems" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Version Control Systems</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Version control systems record your changes to the codebase and allow you to recall specific versions later. There are multiple Version Control Systems available but <a href="https://git-scm.com/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Git</a> is the most common one these days.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><a href="/roadmaps/android/git-github.png" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK"><img src="/roadmaps/android/git-github.png" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></a></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Here are some of the resources to get you started. Feel free to google and find something else that you find easier.</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://www.udacity.com/course/version-control-with-git--ud123" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Udacity — Version Control with Git</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://guides.github.com/activities/hello-world/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">GitHub Hello World</a></li></ul><h2 id="building-an-application" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#building-an-application" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Building an Application</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Here is the list of items that you are going to need when developing Android applications. Please note that, this is an exhaustive list, and you don&#x27;t need to know it all from the get-go. Get an idea of the items listed, and just start building some apps and keep the items listed in the back of your mind and have a deep dive when using them. </p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><a href="/roadmaps/android/build-an-application.png" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK"><img src="/roadmaps/android/build-an-application.png" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></a></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">To learn more about the items listed in the image above, here are the links to the relevant docs</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/components/activities/intro-activities" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Using Activities and Activity Life Cycles</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Building Flexible Interfaces using <a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/components/fragments" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Fragments</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://developer.android.com/studio/debug" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Debugging using Android Studio Debugger</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://developer.android.com/work/managed-configurations" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Handling App Configurations</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/components/intents-filters" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Using Intents and Intent Filters</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://guides.codepath.com/android/Using-Context" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Understand Context</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://developer.android.com/training/multiple-threads" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Learn about Multithreading</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://www.raywenderlich.com/6901838-data-privacy-for-android" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Data Privacy</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://www.raywenderlich.com/5634-securing-network-data-tutorial-for-android" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Securing Network Data</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://developer.android.com/training/dependency-injection" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Dependency Injection</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/providers/content-providers" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Content Providers</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://github.com/bumptech/glide" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Glide</a>, <a href="https://square.github.io/retrofit/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Retrofit</a>, <a href="https://firebase.google.com/docs/crashlytics/get-started" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Crashlytics</a>, <a href="https://github.com/google/gson" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">GSON</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/architecture/room" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Room</a>, <a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/navigation/navigation-getting-started" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Navigation</a>, <a href="https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/architecture/workmanager" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Work Manager</a>, <a href="https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/architecture/livedata" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">LiveData</a>, <a href="https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/data-binding" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Data Binding</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://github.com/ReactiveX/RxJava" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">RxJava</a>, <a href="https://github.com/ReactiveX/RxKotlin" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">RxKotlin</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://developer.android.com/topic/performance/memory-overview" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Memory Management Overview</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://proandroiddev.com/diving-deeper-into-context-oriented-programming-in-kotlin-3ecb4ec38814" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Diving deeper into context-oriented programming in Kotlin</a>  </li></ul><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">I would highly recommend watching <a href="https://www.udacity.com/course/developing-android-apps-with-kotlin--ud9012" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">this free course</a> from google on Developing Android Apps with Kotlin. Also, here are some of the resources to learn more about the topics listed above.</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://www.udacity.com/course/developing-android-apps-with-kotlin--ud9012" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Developing Android Apps with Kotlin</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://developer.android.com/guide" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Android Developer Guides</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://www.raywenderlich.com" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Raywenderlich</a></li></ul><h2 id="wrap-up" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#wrap-up" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Wrap Up</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">That wraps it up for the android developer roadmap. Again, remember to not be exhausted by the list; just learn the basics and start working on some project, rest of the learnings will come along the way. 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48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>We are still preparing the resources</strong>. 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1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The intent of this guide is to give you an idea about the Angular ecosystem and to help guide your learning if you are confused. We have another <a href="/frontend" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">roadmap on the Frontend Development</a> that focuses on the frontend development if you are interested in that.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Also, please note that the list below is exhaustive, and the items are listed in no particular order. You don&#x27;t need to learn everything listed in the picture, however knowing what you don&#x27;t know is as important as knowing things.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><img src="/roadmaps/angular.png" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Please note that the list is opinionated, and you might have different opinions than those of the author. 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>We are still preparing the resources</strong>. Please check back later or <a href="/signup" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">subscribe to get notified</a>.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">While we prepare the list, follow this simple advice to learn anything</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Just <strong>pick a project and start working on it</strong>, you will learn all that you need along the way.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>→</strong> <!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/roadmaps" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">All Roadmaps</a> <!-- --> <!-- -->•<!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/guides" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Programming guides</a> <!-- --> <!-- -->•<!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/signup" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Subscribe</a></p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>Roadmap is not ready yet</strong>. Please check back later or <a href="/signup" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">subscribe to get notified</a>.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">While we prepare the roadmap, follow this simple advice to learn anything</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Just <strong>pick a project and start working on it</strong>, you will learn all that you need along the way.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>→</strong> <!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/roadmaps" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">All Roadmaps</a> <!-- --> <!-- -->•<!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/guides" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Programming guides</a> <!-- --> <!-- -->•<!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/signup" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Subscribe</a> </p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>We are still preparing the resources</strong>. Please check back later or <a href="/signup" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">subscribe to get notified</a>.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">While we prepare the list, follow this simple advice to learn anything</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Just <strong>pick a project and start working on it</strong>, you will learn all that you need along the way.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>→</strong> <!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/roadmaps" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">All Roadmaps</a> <!-- --> <!-- -->•<!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/guides" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Programming guides</a> <!-- --> <!-- -->•<!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/signup" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Subscribe</a></p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. 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48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe 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.new-badge{background:var(--chakra-colors-blue-700);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link chakra-text css-8rku7f" href="https://youtube.com/theroadmap?sub_confirmation=1"><style data-emotion="css tte0u6">.css-tte0u6{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-1);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-1);text-transform:uppercase;font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-xs);border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-sm);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);background:var(--chakra-colors-red-500);color:var(--chakra-colors-white);-webkit-transition:all 300ms;transition:all 300ms;margin-right:7px;}</style><span class="chakra-badge new-badge css-tte0u6">New</span><style data-emotion="css fl3k9t">.css-fl3k9t{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;display:none;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-fl3k9t{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-fl3k9t">Roadmap topics to be covered on our YouTube Channel</span><style data-emotion="css 22e5fy">.css-22e5fy{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;display:inline;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-22e5fy{display:none;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-22e5fy">Topic videos being made on YouTube</span><style data-emotion="css o5uqvq">.css-o5uqvq{margin-left:5px;}</style><span class="chakra-text css-o5uqvq">»</span></a><style data-emotion="css icqtwo">.css-icqtwo{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:28px;line-height:1.33;color:var(--chakra-colors-black);margin-bottom:2px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-icqtwo{font-size:33px;margin-bottom:2px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-icqtwo{font-size:40px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:5px;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-icqtwo">Backend Developer</h1><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>We are still preparing the resources</strong>. 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>We are still preparing the resources</strong>. Please check back later or <a href="/signup" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">subscribe to get notified</a>.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">While we prepare the list, follow this simple advice to learn anything</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Just <strong>pick a project and start working on it</strong>, you will learn all that you need along the way.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>→</strong> <!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/roadmaps" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">All Roadmaps</a> <!-- --> <!-- -->•<!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/guides" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Programming guides</a> <!-- --> <!-- -->•<!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/signup" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Subscribe</a></p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. 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.new-badge{background:var(--chakra-colors-blue-700);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link chakra-text css-8rku7f" href="https://youtube.com/theroadmap?sub_confirmation=1"><style data-emotion="css tte0u6">.css-tte0u6{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-1);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-1);text-transform:uppercase;font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-xs);border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-sm);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);background:var(--chakra-colors-red-500);color:var(--chakra-colors-white);-webkit-transition:all 300ms;transition:all 300ms;margin-right:7px;}</style><span class="chakra-badge new-badge css-tte0u6">New</span><style data-emotion="css fl3k9t">.css-fl3k9t{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;display:none;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-fl3k9t{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-fl3k9t">Roadmap topics to be covered on our YouTube Channel</span><style data-emotion="css 22e5fy">.css-22e5fy{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;display:inline;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-22e5fy{display:none;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-22e5fy">Topic videos being made on YouTube</span><style data-emotion="css o5uqvq">.css-o5uqvq{margin-left:5px;}</style><span class="chakra-text css-o5uqvq">»</span></a><style data-emotion="css icqtwo">.css-icqtwo{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:28px;line-height:1.33;color:var(--chakra-colors-black);margin-bottom:2px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-icqtwo{font-size:33px;margin-bottom:2px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-icqtwo{font-size:40px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:5px;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-icqtwo">Frontend Developer</h1><style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/build-tools" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">build tools</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/linters-formatters" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">linters formatters</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media 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13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/build-tools" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">build tools</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/linters-formatters" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">linters formatters</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/prettier" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">prettier</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-space-x-reverse:0;--chakra-space-y-reverse:0;--chakra-colors-transparent:transparent;--chakra-colors-current:currentColor;--chakra-colors-black:#000000;--chakra-colors-white:#FFFFFF;--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-50:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-100:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-200:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-300:rgba(255, 255, 255, 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/build-tools" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">build tools</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/task-runners" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">task runners</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/css-architecture" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">css architecture</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/css-architecture" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">css architecture</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/oocss" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">oocss</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/guides">Guides</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/watch">Videos</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/thanks">Thanks</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><style data-emotion="css t88ydv">.css-t88ydv{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;margin-left:10px;background-image:linear-gradient(to left, var(--chakra-colors-yellow-700), var(--chakra-colors-red-600));padding:7px 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/css-frameworks" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">css frameworks</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/css-frameworks" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">css frameworks</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/css-first" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">css first</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/bootstrap" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">bootstrap</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-space-x-reverse:0;--chakra-space-y-reverse:0;--chakra-colors-transparent:transparent;--chakra-colors-current:currentColor;--chakra-colors-black:#000000;--chakra-colors-white:#FFFFFF;--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-50:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-100:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-200:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-300:rgba(255, 255, 255, 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/css-frameworks" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">css frameworks</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/js-first" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">js first</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/chakra-ui" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">chakra ui</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-space-x-reverse:0;--chakra-space-y-reverse:0;--chakra-colors-transparent:transparent;--chakra-colors-current:currentColor;--chakra-colors-black:#000000;--chakra-colors-white:#FFFFFF;--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-50:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-100:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-200:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-300:rgba(255, 255, 255, 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0 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);--chakra-shadows-sm:0 1px 2px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);--chakra-shadows-base:0 1px 3px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),0 1px 2px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);--chakra-shadows-md:0 4px 6px -1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),0 2px 4px -1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);--chakra-shadows-lg:0 10px 15px -3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),0 4px 6px -2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);--chakra-shadows-xl:0 20px 25px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),0 10px 10px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);--chakra-shadows-2xl:0 25px 50px -12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);--chakra-shadows-outline:0 0 0 3px rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-shadows-inner:inset 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.06);--chakra-shadows-none:none;--chakra-shadows-dark-lg:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 0px 0px 1px,rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 5px 10px,rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4) 0px 15px 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0, 1, 1);--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out:cubic-bezier(0, 0, 0.2, 1);--chakra-transition-easing-ease-in-out:cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);--chakra-transition-duration-ultra-fast:50ms;--chakra-transition-duration-faster:100ms;--chakra-transition-duration-fast:150ms;--chakra-transition-duration-normal:200ms;--chakra-transition-duration-slow:300ms;--chakra-transition-duration-slower:400ms;--chakra-transition-duration-ultra-slow:500ms;--chakra-blur-none:0;--chakra-blur-sm:4px;--chakra-blur-base:8px;--chakra-blur-md:12px;--chakra-blur-lg:16px;--chakra-blur-xl:24px;--chakra-blur-2xl:40px;--chakra-blur-3xl:64px;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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class="chakra-stack css-1w38872"><style data-emotion="css 1qy82gu">.css-1qy82gu{display:inline-block;-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;min-width:0px;}</style><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><style data-emotion="css lstwx6">.css-lstwx6{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:0;border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);font-weight:500;}.css-lstwx6:hover,.css-lstwx6[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-white);}.css-lstwx6:focus,.css-lstwx6[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/roadmaps">Roadmaps</a></div><div 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media 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13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/css-frameworks" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">css frameworks</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/js-first" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">js first</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/material-ui" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">material ui</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-space-x-reverse:0;--chakra-space-y-reverse:0;--chakra-colors-transparent:transparent;--chakra-colors-current:currentColor;--chakra-colors-black:#000000;--chakra-colors-white:#FFFFFF;--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-50:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-100:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-200:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-300:rgba(255, 255, 255, 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/radix-ui" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">radix ui</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-space-x-reverse:0;--chakra-space-y-reverse:0;--chakra-colors-transparent:transparent;--chakra-colors-current:currentColor;--chakra-colors-black:#000000;--chakra-colors-white:#FFFFFF;--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-50:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-100:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-200:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-300:rgba(255, 255, 255, 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1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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class="chakra-stack css-1w38872"><style data-emotion="css 1qy82gu">.css-1qy82gu{display:inline-block;-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;min-width:0px;}</style><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><style data-emotion="css lstwx6">.css-lstwx6{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:0;border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);font-weight:500;}.css-lstwx6:hover,.css-lstwx6[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-white);}.css-lstwx6:focus,.css-lstwx6[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/roadmaps">Roadmaps</a></div><div 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media 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13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/css-frameworks" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">css frameworks</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/js-first" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">js first</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/tailwind-css" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">tailwind css</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-space-x-reverse:0;--chakra-space-y-reverse:0;--chakra-colors-transparent:transparent;--chakra-colors-current:currentColor;--chakra-colors-black:#000000;--chakra-colors-white:#FFFFFF;--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-50:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-100:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-200:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-300:rgba(255, 255, 255, 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item 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13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/css-preprocessors" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">css preprocessors</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/less" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">less</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/css-preprocessors" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">css preprocessors</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/sass" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">sass</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item 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13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/css" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">css</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/learn-the-basics" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">learn the basics</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/css" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">css</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/responsive-design-and-media-queries" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">responsive design and media queries</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-space-x-reverse:0;--chakra-space-y-reverse:0;--chakra-colors-transparent:transparent;--chakra-colors-current:currentColor;--chakra-colors-black:#000000;--chakra-colors-white:#FFFFFF;--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-50:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-100:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-200:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-300:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.16);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-400:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.24);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-500:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.36);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-600:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.48);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-700:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.64);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-800:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.80);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-900:rgba(255, 255, 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/desktop-applications" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">desktop applications</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/carlo" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">carlo</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/desktop-applications" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">desktop applications</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/proton-native" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">proton native</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/graphql" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">graphql</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/apollo" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">apollo</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css 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css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/home" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">home</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/html" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">html</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/accessibility" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">accessibility</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/html" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">html</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/forms-and-validations" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">forms and validations</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/html" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">html</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/seo-basics" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">seo basics</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Here is the internet</p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/internet" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">internet</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/browsers-and-how-they-work" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">browsers and how they work</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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class="chakra-stack css-1w38872"><style data-emotion="css 1qy82gu">.css-1qy82gu{display:inline-block;-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;min-width:0px;}</style><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><style data-emotion="css lstwx6">.css-lstwx6{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:0;border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);font-weight:500;}.css-lstwx6:hover,.css-lstwx6[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-white);}.css-lstwx6:focus,.css-lstwx6[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/roadmaps">Roadmaps</a></div><div 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Here is how the internet work</p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/internet" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">internet</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/what-is-hosting" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">what is hosting</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/javascript" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">javascript</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/guides">Guides</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/watch">Videos</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/thanks">Thanks</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><style data-emotion="css t88ydv">.css-t88ydv{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;margin-left:10px;background-image:linear-gradient(to left, var(--chakra-colors-yellow-700), var(--chakra-colors-red-600));padding:7px 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/mobile-applications" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">mobile applications</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/mobile-applications" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">mobile applications</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/ionic" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">ionic</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/guides">Guides</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/watch">Videos</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/thanks">Thanks</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><style data-emotion="css t88ydv">.css-t88ydv{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;margin-left:10px;background-image:linear-gradient(to left, var(--chakra-colors-yellow-700), var(--chakra-colors-red-600));padding:7px 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/mobile-applications" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">mobile applications</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/react-native" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">react native</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/modern-css" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">modern css</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/css-modules" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">css modules</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/guides">Guides</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/watch">Videos</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/thanks">Thanks</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><style data-emotion="css t88ydv">.css-t88ydv{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;margin-left:10px;background-image:linear-gradient(to left, var(--chakra-colors-yellow-700), var(--chakra-colors-red-600));padding:7px 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/modern-css" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">modern css</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/styled-components" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">styled components</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-space-x-reverse:0;--chakra-space-y-reverse:0;--chakra-colors-transparent:transparent;--chakra-colors-current:currentColor;--chakra-colors-black:#000000;--chakra-colors-white:#FFFFFF;--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-50:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-100:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-200:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-300:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.16);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-400:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.24);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-500:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.36);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-600:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.48);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-700:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.64);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-800:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.80);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-900:rgba(255, 255, 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/package-managers" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">package managers</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/package-managers" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">package managers</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/yarn" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">yarn</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item 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13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/pick-a-framework" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">pick a framework</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/angular" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">angular</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/pick-a-framework" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">pick a framework</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/angular" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">angular</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/guides">Guides</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/watch">Videos</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/thanks">Thanks</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><style data-emotion="css t88ydv">.css-t88ydv{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;margin-left:10px;background-image:linear-gradient(to left, var(--chakra-colors-yellow-700), var(--chakra-colors-red-600));padding:7px 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/pick-a-framework" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">pick a framework</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/react-js" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">react js</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/mobx" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">mobx</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-space-x-reverse:0;--chakra-space-y-reverse:0;--chakra-colors-transparent:transparent;--chakra-colors-current:currentColor;--chakra-colors-black:#000000;--chakra-colors-white:#FFFFFF;--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-50:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-100:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-200:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-300:rgba(255, 255, 255, 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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class="chakra-stack css-1w38872"><style data-emotion="css 1qy82gu">.css-1qy82gu{display:inline-block;-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;min-width:0px;}</style><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><style data-emotion="css lstwx6">.css-lstwx6{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:0;border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);font-weight:500;}.css-lstwx6:hover,.css-lstwx6[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-white);}.css-lstwx6:focus,.css-lstwx6[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/roadmaps">Roadmaps</a></div><div 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media 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13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/pick-a-framework" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">pick a framework</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/react-js" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">react js</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/redux" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">redux</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-space-x-reverse:0;--chakra-space-y-reverse:0;--chakra-colors-transparent:transparent;--chakra-colors-current:currentColor;--chakra-colors-black:#000000;--chakra-colors-white:#FFFFFF;--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-50:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-100:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-200:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-300:rgba(255, 255, 255, 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/pick-a-framework" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">pick a framework</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/vue-js" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">vue js</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/progressive-web-apps" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">progressive web apps</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/apis" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">apis</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css 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css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/repo-hosting-services" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">repo hosting services</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item 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13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/repo-hosting-services" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">repo hosting services</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/github" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">github</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><div class="alert alert-primary" style="margin-bottom:-10px">This page is incomplete and is being worked upon. Please check back later or <a href="/signup" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">subscribe</a> / <a href="https://twitter.com/kamranahmedse" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">follow me on twitter</a> to get notified. Also, feel free to contribute by suggesting the resources in <a href="https://github.com/kamranahmedse/developer-roadmap" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">the issues</a>.</div><h1 id="become-a-frontend-developer" class="sc-dkPtRN SekzN"><a href="#become-a-frontend-developer" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Become a Frontend Developer</h1><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Before I go ahead and list down the resources, please know that the roadmap and the list below is exhaustive and you don&#x27;t need to know it all from the get go. For frontend development, all you need to get started with is learn some basic HTML, CSS and JavaScript and start working on projects; everything else you will learn along the way. </p><h2 id="internet-and-how-it-works" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#internet-and-how-it-works" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Internet and how it works?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Get the basic understanding of internet, browsers, networks and other relevant knowledge. </p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><style data-emotion="css 12595yo">.css-12595yo{margin-bottom:0px;}</style><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><style data-emotion="css p3psa">.css-p3psa{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;font-weight:500;}.css-p3psa:hover,.css-p3psa[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-p3psa:focus,.css-p3psa[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="/guides/what-is-internet"><style data-emotion="css 1a1b0ol">.css-1a1b0ol{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-1);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-1);text-transform:uppercase;font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-xs);border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-sm);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);background:var(--chakra-colors-purple-100);color:var(--chakra-colors-purple-800);}</style><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Read</span> <!-- -->What is Internet?</a></p></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_LPdttKXPc"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Watch</span> <!-- -->How the internet works in 5 minutes</a></p></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://kamranahmed.info/blog/2016/08/13/http-in-depth/"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Read</span> <!-- -->What is HTTP and how it evolved?</a></p></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://blog.cloudflare.com/http3-the-past-present-and-future/"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Read</span> <!-- -->HTTP/3: the past, the present, and the future</a></p></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://kinsta.com/blog/http3/"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Read</span> <!-- -->What Is HTTP/3 – Lowdown on the Fast New UDP-Based Protocol</a></p></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/internals/howbrowserswork/"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Read</span> <!-- -->How Browsers Work: Behind the scenes of modern web browsers</a></p></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rck3BALhI5c"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Watch</span> <!-- -->DNS as Fast As Possible</a></p></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://howdns.works/"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Read</span> <!-- -->How DNS works?</a></p></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="/guides/dns-in-one-picture"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Read</span> <!-- -->DNS in One Picture</a></p></li></ul><h2 id="learn-html" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#learn-html" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Learn HTML</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">HTML provides the skeleton of a webpage. Learn the basics of HTML; learn the basic tags, learn how to write semantic HTML, understand basic SEO, learn how to divide your pages into sections that will help you style them. </p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Please know that I have put multiple links for each resource. While you may pick something new while going through each, you don&#x27;t need to go through all of them - if you feel like you have understood the concepts and are just repeating what you learnt, you may skip the resource and move to exercises section.</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UB1O30fR-EE"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Watch</span> <!-- -->HTML Crash Course For Absolute Beginners</a></p></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://www.w3schools.com/html/default.asp"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Read</span> <!-- -->W3Schools – HTML Tutorial</a></p></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQN-pnXPaVg"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Watch</span> <!-- -->HTML Full Course - Build a Website Tutorial</a></p></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://hacks.mozilla.org/2016/08/a-few-html-tips/"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Read</span> <!-- -->A few HTML tips</a></p></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://hackernoon.com/six-tips-to-set-up-a-better-html-document-ud1033z3z"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Read</span> <!-- -->Six tips to set up a better HTML document</a></p></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_semantic_elements.asp"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Read</span> <!-- -->HTML Semantic Elements</a></p></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Read</span> <!-- -->HTML elements reference</a></p></li></ul><h2 id="style-your-pages-with-css" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#style-your-pages-with-css" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Style your pages with CSS</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">With the help of HTML, you create structure for your pages. CSS allows you to style your pages and make them pretty. If you take the analogy of human body, the skeleton would be the HTML, skin would be the CSS and muscles that help us move would be JavaScript - we will learn more about JavaScript in the coming sections.</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://www.w3schools.com/css/"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Read</span> <!-- -->W3Schools – CSS Tutorial</a></p></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfoY53QXEnI"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Watch</span> <!-- -->CSS Crash Course For Absolute Beginners</a></p></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wm6CUkswsNw"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Watch</span> <!-- -->Build An HTML5 Website With A Responsive Layout</a></p></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://youtu.be/JJSoEo8JSnc?t=46"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Watch</span> <!-- -->Flexbox CSS In 20 Minutes</a></p></li></ul><h2 id="basics-of-javascript" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#basics-of-javascript" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Basics of JavaScript</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">JavaScript allows you to add interactivity to your pages. Common examples that you may have seen on the websites are sliders, click interactions, popups and so on. In this section, you will learn the basics of JavaScript.</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://www.w3schools.com/js/"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Read</span> <!-- -->W3Schools – JavaScript Tutorial</a></p></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://youtu.be/hdI2bqOjy3c?t=2"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Watch</span> <!-- -->JavaScript Crash Course for Beginners</a></p></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://youtu.be/P7t13SGytRk?t=22"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Watch</span> <!-- -->Build a Netflix Landing Page Clone with HTML, CSS &amp; JS</a></p></li></ul><h2 id="version-control-systems-and-git" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#version-control-systems-and-git" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Version Control Systems and Git</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Version control systems allow you to track changes to your codebase/files over time. They allow you to go back to some previous version of the codebase without any issues. Also, they help in collaborating with people working on the same code – if you’ve ever collaborated with other people on a project, you might already know the frustration of copying and merging the changes from someone else into your codebase; version control systems allow you to get rid of this issue.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In this section, you will learn what version control systems are and understand how to use Git which is the de facto VCS.  </p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbKdDsNNOhg"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Watch</span> <!-- -->Version Control System Introduction</a></p></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SWYqp7iY_Tc"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Watch</span> <!-- -->Git &amp; GitHub Crash Course For Beginners</a></p></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://youtu.be/Y9XZQO1n_7c?t=21"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Watch</span> <!-- -->Learn Git in 20 Minutes</a></p></li></ul><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Now that you know what git is go ahead and create an account on <a href="https://github.com" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">GitHub</a> and push everything that you do from now on to GitHub so that you can get the practice and get it reviewed from the other people in the community.</p><h2 id="modern-javascript" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#modern-javascript" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Modern JavaScript</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In this section you will learn how to use package managers and get started with the &quot;modern JavaScript&quot;.</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://medium.com/the-node-js-collection/modern-javascript-explained-for-dinosaurs-f695e9747b70"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Read</span> <!-- -->Modern JavaScript for Dinosaurs (Don&#x27;t worry if you don&#x27;t understand some parts of it)</a></p></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Rmj5UY5mJk"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Watch</span> <!-- -->What is NPM and how to use it</a></p></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><p class="chakra-text css-12595yo"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-p3psa" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jHDhaSSKmB0"><span class="chakra-badge css-1a1b0ol" style="position:relative;top:-2px">Watch</span> <!-- -->NPM Crash Course</a></p></li></ul><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/guides">Guides</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/watch">Videos</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/thanks">Thanks</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><style data-emotion="css t88ydv">.css-t88ydv{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;margin-left:10px;background-image:linear-gradient(to left, var(--chakra-colors-yellow-700), var(--chakra-colors-red-600));padding:7px 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/server-side-rendering" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">server side rendering</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/guides">Guides</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/watch">Videos</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/thanks">Thanks</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><style data-emotion="css t88ydv">.css-t88ydv{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;margin-left:10px;background-image:linear-gradient(to left, var(--chakra-colors-yellow-700), var(--chakra-colors-red-600));padding:7px 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/server-side-rendering" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">server side rendering</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/angular" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">angular</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/universal" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">universal</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-space-x-reverse:0;--chakra-space-y-reverse:0;--chakra-colors-transparent:transparent;--chakra-colors-current:currentColor;--chakra-colors-black:#000000;--chakra-colors-white:#FFFFFF;--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-50:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-100:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-200:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-300:rgba(255, 255, 255, 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/server-side-rendering" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">server side rendering</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/react-js" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">react js</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/after-js" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">after js</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-space-x-reverse:0;--chakra-space-y-reverse:0;--chakra-colors-transparent:transparent;--chakra-colors-current:currentColor;--chakra-colors-black:#000000;--chakra-colors-white:#FFFFFF;--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-50:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-100:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-200:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-300:rgba(255, 255, 255, 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/server-side-rendering" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">server side rendering</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/vue-js" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">vue js</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/static-site-generators" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">static site generators</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/static-site-generators" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">static site generators</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/hugo" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">hugo</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item 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13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/static-site-generators" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">static site generators</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/next-js" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">next js</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/testing-your-apps" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">testing your apps</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/cypress" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">cypress</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/testing-your-apps" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">testing your apps</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/jest" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">jest</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/type-checkers" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">type checkers</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/flow" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">flow</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/version-control-systems" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">version control systems</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/guides">Guides</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/watch">Videos</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/thanks">Thanks</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><style data-emotion="css t88ydv">.css-t88ydv{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;margin-left:10px;background-image:linear-gradient(to left, var(--chakra-colors-yellow-700), var(--chakra-colors-red-600));padding:7px 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/web-assembly" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">web assembly</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/web-components" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">web components</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/custom-elements" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">custom elements</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:5px;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:auto;min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);padding:0px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);cursor:pointer;}.css-lpr56g:focus,.css-lpr56g[data-focus]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g[disabled],.css-lpr56g[aria-disabled=true],.css-lpr56g[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-lpr56g:hover,.css-lpr56g[data-hover]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-lpr56g:active,.css-lpr56g[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 1cvsr4b">.css-1cvsr4b{display:block;margin:60px 0 20px;}</style><div class="css-1cvsr4b"><style data-emotion="css 14go5ty">.css-14go5ty{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);}</style><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-14go5ty"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><style data-emotion="css 18biwo">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><style data-emotion="css t3sbfb">.css-t3sbfb{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);}.css-t3sbfb:hover,.css-t3sbfb[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-t3sbfb:focus,.css-t3sbfb[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a href="/frontend" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">Frontend</a><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq">.css-t4q1nq{-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;-webkit-margin-end:0.5rem;margin-inline-end:0.5rem;}</style><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><style data-emotion="css 13izzit">.css-13izzit{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/web-components" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">web components</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-13izzit"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="/frontend/shadow-dom" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-t3sbfb">shadow dom</a></li></ol></nav></div><style data-emotion="css-global 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 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1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 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1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The intent of this guide is to give you an idea about the Go ecosystem and to help guide your learning if you are confused. We have another roadmap on the <a href="/backend" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Backend Development</a> that focuses on the backend development if you are interested in that.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Also, please note that the list below is exhaustive, and the items are listed in no particular order. 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>We are still preparing the resources</strong>. Please check back later or <a href="/signup" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">subscribe to get notified</a>.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">While we prepare the list, follow this simple advice to learn anything</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Just <strong>pick a project and start working on it</strong>, you will learn all that you need along the way.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>→</strong> <!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/roadmaps" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">All Roadmaps</a> <!-- --> <!-- -->•<!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/guides" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Programming guides</a> <!-- --> <!-- -->•<!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/signup" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Subscribe</a></p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. 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dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><a href="/guides/avoid-render-blocking-javascript-with-async-defer.png" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK"><img src="/guides/avoid-render-blocking-javascript-with-async-defer.png" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></a></p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);display:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-weight:600;}.css-tomzwu:hover,.css-tomzwu[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-tomzwu:focus,.css-tomzwu[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-tomzwu" href="https://twitter.com/kamranahmedse"><style data-emotion="css 1bgbs7z">.css-1bgbs7z{border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-full);margin-right:7px;width:22px;}</style><img alt="" src="/authors/kamranahmedse.jpeg" class="chakra-image css-1bgbs7z"/>Kamran Ahmed</a><style data-emotion="css 16hbmpr">.css-16hbmpr{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-16hbmpr">·</span><style data-emotion="css q9k0mw">.css-q9k0mw{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><span class="chakra-text css-q9k0mw">May 19, 2021</span><style data-emotion="css hdjuk6">.css-hdjuk6{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-hdjuk6{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-hdjuk6{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-hdjuk6">·</span><style data-emotion="css 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ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-space-x-reverse:0;--chakra-space-y-reverse:0;--chakra-colors-transparent:transparent;--chakra-colors-current:currentColor;--chakra-colors-black:#000000;--chakra-colors-white:#FFFFFF;--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-50:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-100:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-200:rgba(255, 255, 255, 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zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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114bhkb">.css-114bhkb{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:30px;line-height:40px;color:var(--chakra-colors-black);margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:30px;line-height:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:45px;line-height:53px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-114bhkb">Big-O Notation</h1><style data-emotion="css 1vh4uni">.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-1vh4uni">Easy to understand explanation of Big-O notation without any fancy terms</p></div></div><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Big-O notation is the mathematical notation that helps analyse the algorithms to get an idea about how they might perform as the input grows. 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48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);--chakra-shadows-sm:0 1px 2px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);--chakra-shadows-base:0 1px 3px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),0 1px 2px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);--chakra-shadows-md:0 4px 6px -1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),0 2px 4px -1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);--chakra-shadows-lg:0 10px 15px -3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),0 4px 6px -2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);--chakra-shadows-xl:0 20px 25px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),0 10px 10px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);--chakra-shadows-2xl:0 25px 50px -12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);--chakra-shadows-outline:0 0 0 3px rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-shadows-inner:inset 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.06);--chakra-shadows-none:none;--chakra-shadows-dark-lg:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 0px 0px 1px,rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 5px 10px,rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4) 0px 15px 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0, 1, 1);--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out:cubic-bezier(0, 0, 0.2, 1);--chakra-transition-easing-ease-in-out:cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);--chakra-transition-duration-ultra-fast:50ms;--chakra-transition-duration-faster:100ms;--chakra-transition-duration-fast:150ms;--chakra-transition-duration-normal:200ms;--chakra-transition-duration-slow:300ms;--chakra-transition-duration-slower:400ms;--chakra-transition-duration-ultra-slow:500ms;--chakra-blur-none:0;--chakra-blur-sm:4px;--chakra-blur-base:8px;--chakra-blur-md:12px;--chakra-blur-lg:16px;--chakra-blur-xl:24px;--chakra-blur-2xl:40px;--chakra-blur-3xl:64px;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The image below details the differences between the continuous integration and continuous delivery. 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1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Design patterns are solutions to recurring problems; <strong>guidelines on how to tackle certain problems</strong>. They are not classes, packages or libraries that you can plug into your application and wait for the magic to happen. These are, rather, guidelines on how to tackle certain problems in certain situations.</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Design patterns are solutions to recurring problems; guidelines on how to tackle certain problems</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia describes them as</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In software engineering, a software design pattern is a general reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem within a given context in software design. It is not a finished design that can be transformed directly into source or machine code. It is a description or template for how to solve a problem that can be used in many different situations.</p></blockquote><h2 id="be-careful" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#be-careful" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Be Careful</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Developers, mostly beginners, make the mistake of over-thinking and forcing the design patterns which results in a horrible un-maintainable mess. The rule of thumb is to keep the codebase as simple as possible, once you start developing, you will start to see the patterns repeating in the codebase in which case you can go ahead and implement the relevant design patterns.</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Design patterns are not a silver bullet to all your problems.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Do not try to force them; bad things are supposed to happen, if done so. </li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Keep in mind that design patterns are solutions <strong>to</strong> problems, not solutions <strong>finding</strong> problems; so don&#x27;t overthink.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">If used in a correct place in a correct manner, they can prove to be a savior; or else they can result in a horrible mess of a code.</li></ul><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Also note that the code samples below are in PHP-7, however this shouldn&#x27;t stop you because the concepts are same anyways.</p></blockquote><h2 id="types-of-design-patterns" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#types-of-design-patterns" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Types of Design Patterns</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">This guide is about Gang of Four (GoF) design patterns, which refers to the four authors of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_Patterns" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">the book which introduced these design patterns</a>. There are three types of design patterns:</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#creational-design-patterns" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Creational</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#structural-design-patterns" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Structural</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#behavioral-design-patterns" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Behavioral</a></li></ul><h2 id="creational-design-patterns" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#creational-design-patterns" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Creational Design Patterns</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In plain words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Creational patterns are focused towards how to instantiate an object or group of related objects.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In software engineering, creational design patterns are design patterns that deal with object creation mechanisms, trying to create objects in a manner suitable to the situation. The basic form of object creation could result in design problems or added complexity to the design. Creational design patterns solve this problem by somehow controlling this object creation.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">There are 6 types of Creational patterns</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#-simple-factory" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Simple Factory</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#-factory-method" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Factory Method</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#-abstract-factory" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Abstract Factory</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#-builder" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Builder</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#-prototype" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Prototype</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#-singleton" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Singleton</a></li></ul><h2 id="-simple-factory" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#-simple-factory" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>🏠 Simple Factory</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Real world example</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Consider, you are building a house and you need doors. You can either put on your carpenter clothes, bring some wood, glue, nails and all the tools required to build the door and start building it in your house or you can simply call the factory and get the built door delivered to you so that you don&#x27;t need to learn anything about the door making or to deal with the mess that comes with making it.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In plain words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Simple factory simply generates an instance for client without exposing any instantiation logic to the client</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In object-oriented programming (OOP), a factory is an object for creating other objects – formally a factory is a function or method that returns objects of a varying prototype or class from some method call, which is assumed to be &quot;new&quot;.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>Programmatic Example</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">First of all we have a door interface and the implementation</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><style data-emotion="css 4m8w8z">.css-4m8w8z{display:inline-block;font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-mono);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);-webkit-padding-start:0.2em;padding-inline-start:0.2em;-webkit-padding-end:0.2em;padding-inline-end:0.2em;border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-sm);background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-100);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);}</style><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">interface</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Door</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getWidth</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token keyword return-type">float</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getHeight</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token keyword return-type">float</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">WoodenDoor</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Door</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$width</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$height</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">float</span> <span class="token variable">$width</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword type-hint">float</span> <span class="token variable">$height</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">width</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$width</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">height</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$height</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getWidth</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token keyword return-type">float</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">width</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getHeight</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token keyword return-type">float</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">height</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Then we have our door factory that makes the door and returns it</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">DoorFactory</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">makeDoor</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$width</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token variable">$height</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token class-name return-type">Door</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">WoodenDoor</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$width</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token variable">$height</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">And then it can be used as</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token comment">// Make me a door of 100x200</span>
+<span class="token variable">$door</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token scope">DoorFactory<span class="token punctuation">::</span></span><span class="token function">makeDoor</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">200</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Width: &#x27;</span> <span class="token operator">.</span> <span class="token variable">$door</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getWidth</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Height: &#x27;</span> <span class="token operator">.</span> <span class="token variable">$door</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getHeight</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Make me a door of 50x100</span>
+<span class="token variable">$door2</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token scope">DoorFactory<span class="token punctuation">::</span></span><span class="token function">makeDoor</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">50</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>When to Use?</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">When creating an object is not just a few assignments and involves some logic, it makes sense to put it in a dedicated factory instead of repeating the same code everywhere.</p><h2 id="-factory-method" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#-factory-method" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>🏭 Factory Method</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Real world example</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Consider the case of a hiring manager. It is impossible for one person to interview for each of the positions. Based on the job opening, she has to decide and delegate the interview steps to different people.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In plain words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">It provides a way to delegate the instantiation logic to child classes.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In class-based programming, the factory method pattern is a creational pattern that uses factory methods to deal with the problem of creating objects without having to specify the exact class of the object that will be created. This is done by creating objects by calling a factory method—either specified in an interface and implemented by child classes, or implemented in a base class and optionally overridden by derived classes—rather than by calling a constructor.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"> <strong>Programmatic Example</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Taking our hiring manager example above. First of all we have an interviewer interface and some implementations for it</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">interface</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Interviewer</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">askQuestions</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Developer</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Interviewer</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">askQuestions</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Asking about design patterns!&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">CommunityExecutive</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Interviewer</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">askQuestions</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Asking about community building&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Now let us create our <code>HiringManager</code></p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">abstract</span> <span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">HiringManager</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+
+    <span class="token comment">// Factory method</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">abstract</span> <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">makeInterviewer</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token class-name return-type">Interviewer</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">takeInterview</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token variable">$interviewer</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">makeInterviewer</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token variable">$interviewer</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">askQuestions</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Now any child can extend it and provide the required interviewer</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">DevelopmentManager</span> <span class="token keyword">extends</span> <span class="token class-name">HiringManager</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">makeInterviewer</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token class-name return-type">Interviewer</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Developer</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">MarketingManager</span> <span class="token keyword">extends</span> <span class="token class-name">HiringManager</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">makeInterviewer</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token class-name return-type">Interviewer</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">CommunityExecutive</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">and then it can be used as</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token variable">$devManager</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">DevelopmentManager</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$devManager</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">takeInterview</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// Output: Asking about design patterns</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$marketingManager</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">MarketingManager</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$marketingManager</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">takeInterview</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// Output: Asking about community building.</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>When to use?</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Useful when there is some generic processing in a class but the required sub-class is dynamically decided at runtime. Or putting it in other words, when the client doesn&#x27;t know what exact sub-class it might need.</p><h2 id="-abstract-factory" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#-abstract-factory" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>🔨 Abstract Factory</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Real world example</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Extending our door example from Simple Factory. Based on your needs you might get a wooden door from a wooden door shop, iron door from an iron shop or a PVC door from the relevant shop. Plus you might need a guy with different kind of specialities to fit the door, for example a carpenter for wooden door, welder for iron door etc. As you can see there is a dependency between the doors now, wooden door needs carpenter, iron door needs a welder etc.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In plain words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">A factory of factories; a factory that groups the individual but related/dependent factories together without specifying their concrete classes.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The abstract factory pattern provides a way to encapsulate a group of individual factories that have a common theme without specifying their concrete classes</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>Programmatic Example</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Translating the door example above. First of all we have our <code>Door</code> interface and some implementation for it</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">interface</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Door</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getDescription</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">WoodenDoor</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Door</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getDescription</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;I am a wooden door&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">IronDoor</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Door</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getDescription</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;I am an iron door&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Then we have some fitting experts for each door type</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">interface</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">DoorFittingExpert</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getDescription</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Welder</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">DoorFittingExpert</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getDescription</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;I can only fit iron doors&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Carpenter</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">DoorFittingExpert</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getDescription</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;I can only fit wooden doors&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Now we have our abstract factory that would let us make family of related objects i.e. wooden door factory would create a wooden door and wooden door fitting expert and iron door factory would create an iron door and iron door fitting expert</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">interface</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">DoorFactory</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">makeDoor</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token class-name return-type">Door</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">makeFittingExpert</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token class-name return-type">DoorFittingExpert</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Wooden factory to return carpenter and wooden door</span>
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">WoodenDoorFactory</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">DoorFactory</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">makeDoor</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token class-name return-type">Door</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">WoodenDoor</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">makeFittingExpert</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token class-name return-type">DoorFittingExpert</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Carpenter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Iron door factory to get iron door and the relevant fitting expert</span>
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">IronDoorFactory</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">DoorFactory</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">makeDoor</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token class-name return-type">Door</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">IronDoor</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">makeFittingExpert</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token class-name return-type">DoorFittingExpert</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Welder</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">And then it can be used as</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token variable">$woodenFactory</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">WoodenDoorFactory</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$door</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$woodenFactory</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">makeDoor</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$expert</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$woodenFactory</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">makeFittingExpert</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$door</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getDescription</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>  <span class="token comment">// Output: I am a wooden door</span>
+<span class="token variable">$expert</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getDescription</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// Output: I can only fit wooden doors</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Same for Iron Factory</span>
+<span class="token variable">$ironFactory</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">IronDoorFactory</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$door</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$ironFactory</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">makeDoor</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$expert</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$ironFactory</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">makeFittingExpert</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$door</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getDescription</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>  <span class="token comment">// Output: I am an iron door</span>
+<span class="token variable">$expert</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getDescription</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// Output: I can only fit iron doors</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">As you can see the wooden door factory has encapsulated the <code>carpenter</code> and the <code>wooden door</code> also iron door factory has encapsulated the <code>iron door</code> and <code>welder</code>. And thus it had helped us make sure that for each of the created door, we do not get a wrong fitting expert.   </p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>When to use?</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">When there are interrelated dependencies with not-that-simple creation logic involved</p><h2 id="-builder" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#-builder" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>👷 Builder</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Real world example</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Imagine you are at Hardee&#x27;s and you order a specific deal, lets say, &quot;Big Hardee&quot; and they hand it over to you without <em>any questions</em>; this is the example of simple factory. But there are cases when the creation logic might involve more steps. For example you want a customized Subway deal, you have several options in how your burger is made e.g what bread do you want? what types of sauces would you like? What cheese would you want? etc. In such cases builder pattern comes to the rescue.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In plain words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Allows you to create different flavors of an object while avoiding constructor pollution. Useful when there could be several flavors of an object. Or when there are a lot of steps involved in creation of an object.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The builder pattern is an object creation software design pattern with the intentions of finding a solution to the telescoping constructor anti-pattern.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Having said that let me add a bit about what telescoping constructor anti-pattern is. At one point or the other we have all seen a constructor like below:</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$size</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token variable">$cheese</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token constant boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token variable">$pepperoni</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token constant boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token variable">$tomato</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token constant boolean">false</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token variable">$lettuce</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token constant boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">As you can see; the number of constructor parameters can quickly get out of hand and it might become difficult to understand the arrangement of parameters. Plus this parameter list could keep on growing if you would want to add more options in future. This is called telescoping constructor anti-pattern.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>Programmatic Example</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The sane alternative is to use the builder pattern. First of all we have our burger that we want to make</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Burger</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$size</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$cheese</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token constant boolean">false</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$pepperoni</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token constant boolean">false</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$lettuce</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token constant boolean">false</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$tomato</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token constant boolean">false</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">BurgerBuilder</span> <span class="token variable">$builder</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">size</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$builder</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">size</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">cheese</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$builder</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">cheese</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">pepperoni</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$builder</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">pepperoni</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">lettuce</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$builder</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">lettuce</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">tomato</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$builder</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">tomato</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">And then we have the builder</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">BurgerBuilder</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token variable">$size</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token variable">$cheese</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token constant boolean">false</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token variable">$pepperoni</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token constant boolean">false</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token variable">$lettuce</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token constant boolean">false</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token variable">$tomato</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token constant boolean">false</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">int</span> <span class="token variable">$size</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">size</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$size</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">addPepperoni</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">pepperoni</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token constant boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">addLettuce</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">lettuce</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token constant boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">addCheese</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">cheese</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token constant boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">addTomato</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">tomato</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token constant boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">build</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token class-name return-type">Burger</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Burger</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">And then it can be used as:</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token variable">$burger</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">BurgerBuilder</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">14</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+                    <span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">addPepperoni</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+                    <span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">addLettuce</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+                    <span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">addTomato</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+                    <span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">build</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>When to use?</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">When there could be several flavors of an object and to avoid the constructor telescoping. The key difference from the factory pattern is that; factory pattern is to be used when the creation is a one step process while builder pattern is to be used when the creation is a multi step process.</p><h2 id="-prototype" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#-prototype" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>🐑 Prototype</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Real world example</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Remember dolly? The sheep that was cloned! Lets not get into the details but the key point here is that it is all about cloning</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In plain words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Create object based on an existing object through cloning.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The prototype pattern is a creational design pattern in software development. It is used when the type of objects to create is determined by a prototypical instance, which is cloned to produce new objects.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In short, it allows you to create a copy of an existing object and modify it to your needs, instead of going through the trouble of creating an object from scratch and setting it up.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>Programmatic Example</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In PHP, it can be easily done using <code>clone</code></p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Sheep</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$name</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$category</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">string</span> <span class="token variable">$name</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword type-hint">string</span> <span class="token variable">$category</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Mountain Sheep&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">name</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$name</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">category</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$category</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">setName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">string</span> <span class="token variable">$name</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">name</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$name</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">name</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">setCategory</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">string</span> <span class="token variable">$category</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">category</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$category</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getCategory</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">category</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Then it can be cloned like below</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token variable">$original</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Sheep</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Jolly&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token variable">$original</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// Jolly</span>
+<span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token variable">$original</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getCategory</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// Mountain Sheep</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Clone and modify what is required</span>
+<span class="token variable">$cloned</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">clone</span> <span class="token variable">$original</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$cloned</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">setName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Dolly&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token variable">$cloned</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// Dolly</span>
+<span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token variable">$cloned</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getCategory</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// Mountain sheep</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Also you could use the magic method <code>__clone</code> to modify the cloning behavior.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>When to use?</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">When an object is required that is similar to existing object or when the creation would be expensive as compared to cloning.</p><h2 id="-singleton" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#-singleton" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>💍 Singleton</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Real world example</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">There can only be one president of a country at a time. The same president has to be brought to action, whenever duty calls. President here is singleton.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In plain words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Ensures that only one object of a particular class is ever created.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In software engineering, the singleton pattern is a software design pattern that restricts the instantiation of a class to one object. This is useful when exactly one object is needed to coordinate actions across the system.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Singleton pattern is actually considered an anti-pattern and overuse of it should be avoided. It is not necessarily bad and could have some valid use-cases but should be used with caution because it introduces a global state in your application and change to it in one place could affect in the other areas and it could become pretty difficult to debug. The other bad thing about them is it makes your code tightly coupled plus mocking the singleton could be difficult.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>Programmatic Example</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">To create a singleton, make the constructor private, disable cloning, disable extension and create a static variable to house the instance</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">final</span> <span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">President</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token variable">$instance</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token comment">// Hide the constructor</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getInstance</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token class-name return-type">President</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token operator">!</span><span class="token scope"><span class="token keyword">self</span><span class="token punctuation">::</span></span><span class="token variable">$instance</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+            <span class="token scope"><span class="token keyword">self</span><span class="token punctuation">::</span></span><span class="token variable">$instance</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token keyword">self</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token scope"><span class="token keyword">self</span><span class="token punctuation">::</span></span><span class="token variable">$instance</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__clone</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token comment">// Disable cloning</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__wakeup</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token comment">// Disable unserialize</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Then in order to use</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token variable">$president1</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token scope">President<span class="token punctuation">::</span></span><span class="token function">getInstance</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$president2</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token scope">President<span class="token punctuation">::</span></span><span class="token function">getInstance</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token function">var_dump</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$president1</span> <span class="token operator">===</span> <span class="token variable">$president2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// true</span>
+</code></pre><h2 id="structural-design-patterns" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#structural-design-patterns" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Structural Design Patterns</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In plain words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Structural patterns are mostly concerned with object composition or in other words how the entities can use each other. Or yet another explanation would be, they help in answering &quot;How to build a software component?&quot;</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In software engineering, structural design patterns are design patterns that ease the design by identifying a simple way to realize relationships between entities.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">There are 7 types of structural patterns</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#-adapter" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Adapter</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#-bridge" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Bridge</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#-composite" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Composite</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#-decorator" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Decorator</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#-facade" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Facade</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#-flyweight" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Flyweight</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#-proxy" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Proxy</a></li></ul><h2 id="-adapter" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#-adapter" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>🔌 Adapter</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Real world example</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Consider that you have some pictures in your memory card and you need to transfer them to your computer. In order to transfer them you need some kind of adapter that is compatible with your computer ports so that you can attach memory card to your computer. In this case card reader is an adapter.
+Another example would be the famous power adapter; a three legged plug can&#x27;t be connected to a two pronged outlet, it needs to use a power adapter that makes it compatible with the two pronged outlet.
+Yet another example would be a translator translating words spoken by one person to another</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In plain words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Adapter pattern lets you wrap an otherwise incompatible object in an adapter to make it compatible with another class.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In software engineering, the adapter pattern is a software design pattern that allows the interface of an existing class to be used as another interface. It is often used to make existing classes work with others without modifying their source code.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>Programmatic Example</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Consider a game where there is a hunter and he hunts lions.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">First we have an interface <code>Lion</code> that all types of lions have to implement</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">interface</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Lion</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">roar</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">AfricanLion</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Lion</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">roar</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">AsianLion</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Lion</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">roar</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">And hunter expects any implementation of <code>Lion</code> interface to hunt.</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Hunter</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">hunt</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">Lion</span> <span class="token variable">$lion</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token variable">$lion</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">roar</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Now let&#x27;s say we have to add a <code>WildDog</code> in our game so that hunter can hunt that also. But we can&#x27;t do that directly because dog has a different interface. To make it compatible for our hunter, we will have to create an adapter that is compatible</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token comment">// This needs to be added to the game</span>
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">WildDog</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">bark</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Adapter around wild dog to make it compatible with our game</span>
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">WildDogAdapter</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Lion</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$dog</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">WildDog</span> <span class="token variable">$dog</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">dog</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$dog</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">roar</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">dog</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">bark</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">And now the <code>WildDog</code> can be used in our game using <code>WildDogAdapter</code>.</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token variable">$wildDog</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">WildDog</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$wildDogAdapter</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">WildDogAdapter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$wildDog</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$hunter</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Hunter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$hunter</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">hunt</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$wildDogAdapter</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+</code></pre><h2 id="-bridge" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#-bridge" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>🚡 Bridge</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Real world example</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Consider you have a website with different pages and you are supposed to allow the user to change the theme. What would you do? Create multiple copies of each of the pages for each of the themes or would you just create separate theme and load them based on the user&#x27;s preferences? Bridge pattern allows you to do the second i.e.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><img src="https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/11269635/23065293/33b7aea0-f515-11e6-983f-98823c9845ee.png" alt="With and without the bridge pattern" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In Plain Words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Bridge pattern is about preferring composition over inheritance. Implementation details are pushed from a hierarchy to another object with a separate hierarchy.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The bridge pattern is a design pattern used in software engineering that is meant to &quot;decouple an abstraction from its implementation so that the two can vary independently&quot;</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>Programmatic Example</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Translating our WebPage example from above. Here we have the <code>WebPage</code> hierarchy</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">interface</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">WebPage</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">Theme</span> <span class="token variable">$theme</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getContent</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">About</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">WebPage</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$theme</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">Theme</span> <span class="token variable">$theme</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">theme</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$theme</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getContent</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string double-quoted-string">&quot;About page in &quot;</span> <span class="token operator">.</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">theme</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getColor</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Careers</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">WebPage</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$theme</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">Theme</span> <span class="token variable">$theme</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">theme</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$theme</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getContent</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string double-quoted-string">&quot;Careers page in &quot;</span> <span class="token operator">.</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">theme</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getColor</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">And the separate theme hierarchy</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z">
+<span class="token keyword">interface</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Theme</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getColor</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">DarkTheme</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Theme</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getColor</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Dark Black&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">LightTheme</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Theme</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getColor</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Off white&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">AquaTheme</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Theme</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getColor</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Light blue&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">And both the hierarchies</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token variable">$darkTheme</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">DarkTheme</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$about</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">About</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$darkTheme</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$careers</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Careers</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$darkTheme</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token variable">$about</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getContent</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// &quot;About page in Dark Black&quot;;</span>
+<span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token variable">$careers</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getContent</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// &quot;Careers page in Dark Black&quot;;</span>
+</code></pre><h2 id="-composite" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#-composite" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>🌿 Composite</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Real world example</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Every organization is composed of employees. Each of the employees has the same features i.e. has a salary, has some responsibilities, may or may not report to someone, may or may not have some subordinates etc.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In plain words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Composite pattern lets clients treat the individual objects in a uniform manner.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In software engineering, the composite pattern is a partitioning design pattern. The composite pattern describes that a group of objects is to be treated in the same way as a single instance of an object. The intent of a composite is to &quot;compose&quot; objects into tree structures to represent part-whole hierarchies. Implementing the composite pattern lets clients treat individual objects and compositions uniformly.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>Programmatic Example</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Taking our employees example from above. Here we have different employee types</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">interface</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Employee</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">string</span> <span class="token variable">$name</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword type-hint">float</span> <span class="token variable">$salary</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token keyword return-type">string</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">setSalary</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">float</span> <span class="token variable">$salary</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getSalary</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token keyword return-type">float</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getRoles</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token keyword return-type">array</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Developer</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Employee</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$salary</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$name</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$roles</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">string</span> <span class="token variable">$name</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword type-hint">float</span> <span class="token variable">$salary</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">name</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$name</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">salary</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$salary</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token keyword return-type">string</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">name</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">setSalary</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">float</span> <span class="token variable">$salary</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">salary</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$salary</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getSalary</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token keyword return-type">float</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">salary</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getRoles</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token keyword return-type">array</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">roles</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Designer</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Employee</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$salary</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$name</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$roles</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">string</span> <span class="token variable">$name</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword type-hint">float</span> <span class="token variable">$salary</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">name</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$name</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">salary</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$salary</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token keyword return-type">string</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">name</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">setSalary</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">float</span> <span class="token variable">$salary</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">salary</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$salary</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getSalary</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token keyword return-type">float</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">salary</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getRoles</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token keyword return-type">array</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">roles</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Then we have an organization which consists of several different types of employees</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Organization</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$employees</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">addEmployee</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">Employee</span> <span class="token variable">$employee</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">employees</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$employee</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getNetSalaries</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token keyword return-type">float</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token variable">$netSalary</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+        <span class="token keyword">foreach</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">employees</span> <span class="token keyword">as</span> <span class="token variable">$employee</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+            <span class="token variable">$netSalary</span> <span class="token operator">+=</span> <span class="token variable">$employee</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getSalary</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token variable">$netSalary</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">And then it can be used as</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token comment">// Prepare the employees</span>
+<span class="token variable">$john</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Developer</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;John Doe&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">12000</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$jane</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Designer</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Jane Doe&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">15000</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Add them to organization</span>
+<span class="token variable">$organization</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Organization</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$organization</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">addEmployee</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$john</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$organization</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">addEmployee</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$jane</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string double-quoted-string">&quot;Net salaries: &quot;</span> <span class="token operator">.</span> <span class="token variable">$organization</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getNetSalaries</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// Net Salaries: 27000</span>
+</code></pre><h2 id="-decorator" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#-decorator" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>☕ Decorator</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Real world example</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Imagine you run a car service shop offering multiple services. Now how do you calculate the bill to be charged? You pick one service and dynamically keep adding to it the prices for the provided services till you get the final cost. Here each type of service is a decorator.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In plain words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Decorator pattern lets you dynamically change the behavior of an object at run time by wrapping them in an object of a decorator class.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In object-oriented programming, the decorator pattern is a design pattern that allows behavior to be added to an individual object, either statically or dynamically, without affecting the behavior of other objects from the same class. The decorator pattern is often useful for adhering to the Single Responsibility Principle, as it allows functionality to be divided between classes with unique areas of concern.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>Programmatic Example</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Lets take coffee for example. First of all we have a simple coffee implementing the coffee interface</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">interface</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Coffee</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getCost</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getDescription</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">SimpleCoffee</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Coffee</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getCost</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getDescription</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Simple coffee&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">We want to make the code extensible to allow options to modify it if required. Lets make some add-ons (decorators)</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">MilkCoffee</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Coffee</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$coffee</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">Coffee</span> <span class="token variable">$coffee</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">coffee</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$coffee</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getCost</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">coffee</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getCost</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getDescription</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">coffee</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getDescription</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">.</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;, milk&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">WhipCoffee</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Coffee</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$coffee</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">Coffee</span> <span class="token variable">$coffee</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">coffee</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$coffee</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getCost</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">coffee</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getCost</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getDescription</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">coffee</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getDescription</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">.</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;, whip&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">VanillaCoffee</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Coffee</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$coffee</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">Coffee</span> <span class="token variable">$coffee</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">coffee</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$coffee</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getCost</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">coffee</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getCost</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getDescription</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">coffee</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getDescription</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">.</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;, vanilla&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Lets make a coffee now</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token variable">$someCoffee</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">SimpleCoffee</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token variable">$someCoffee</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getCost</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// 10</span>
+<span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token variable">$someCoffee</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getDescription</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// Simple Coffee</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$someCoffee</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">MilkCoffee</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$someCoffee</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token variable">$someCoffee</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getCost</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// 12</span>
+<span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token variable">$someCoffee</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getDescription</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// Simple Coffee, milk</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$someCoffee</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">WhipCoffee</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$someCoffee</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token variable">$someCoffee</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getCost</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// 17</span>
+<span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token variable">$someCoffee</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getDescription</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// Simple Coffee, milk, whip</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$someCoffee</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">VanillaCoffee</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$someCoffee</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token variable">$someCoffee</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getCost</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// 20</span>
+<span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token variable">$someCoffee</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getDescription</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// Simple Coffee, milk, whip, vanilla</span>
+</code></pre><h2 id="-facade" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#-facade" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>📦 Facade</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Real world example</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">How do you turn on the computer? &quot;Hit the power button&quot; you say! That is what you believe because you are using a simple interface that computer provides on the outside, internally it has to do a lot of stuff to make it happen. This simple interface to the complex subsystem is a facade.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In plain words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Facade pattern provides a simplified interface to a complex subsystem.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">A facade is an object that provides a simplified interface to a larger body of code, such as a class library.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>Programmatic Example</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Taking our computer example from above. Here we have the computer class</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Computer</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getElectricShock</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string double-quoted-string">&quot;Ouch!&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">makeSound</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string double-quoted-string">&quot;Beep beep!&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">showLoadingScreen</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string double-quoted-string">&quot;Loading..&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">bam</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string double-quoted-string">&quot;Ready to be used!&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">closeEverything</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string double-quoted-string">&quot;Bup bup bup buzzzz!&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">sooth</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string double-quoted-string">&quot;Zzzzz&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">pullCurrent</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string double-quoted-string">&quot;Haaah!&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Here we have the facade</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">ComputerFacade</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$computer</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">Computer</span> <span class="token variable">$computer</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">computer</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$computer</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">turnOn</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">computer</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getElectricShock</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">computer</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">makeSound</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">computer</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">showLoadingScreen</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">computer</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">bam</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">turnOff</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">computer</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">closeEverything</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">computer</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">pullCurrent</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">computer</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">sooth</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Now to use the facade</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token variable">$computer</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">ComputerFacade</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Computer</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$computer</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">turnOn</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// Ouch! Beep beep! Loading.. Ready to be used!</span>
+<span class="token variable">$computer</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">turnOff</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// Bup bup buzzz! Haah! Zzzzz</span>
+</code></pre><h2 id="-flyweight" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#-flyweight" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>🍃 Flyweight</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Real world example</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Did you ever have fresh tea from some stall? They often make more than one cup that you demanded and save the rest for any other customer so to save the resources e.g. gas etc. Flyweight pattern is all about that i.e. sharing.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In plain words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">It is used to minimize memory usage or computational expenses by sharing as much as possible with similar objects.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In computer programming, flyweight is a software design pattern. A flyweight is an object that minimizes memory use by sharing as much data as possible with other similar objects; it is a way to use objects in large numbers when a simple repeated representation would use an unacceptable amount of memory.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>Programmatic example</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Translating our tea example from above. First of all we have tea types and tea maker</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token comment">// Anything that will be cached is flyweight.</span>
+<span class="token comment">// Types of tea here will be flyweights.</span>
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">KarakTea</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Acts as a factory and saves the tea</span>
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">TeaMaker</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$availableTea</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">make</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$preference</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">empty</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">availableTea</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token variable">$preference</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+            <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">availableTea</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token variable">$preference</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">KarakTea</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">availableTea</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token variable">$preference</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Then we have the <code>TeaShop</code> which takes orders and serves them</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">TeaShop</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$orders</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$teaMaker</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">TeaMaker</span> <span class="token variable">$teaMaker</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">teaMaker</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$teaMaker</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">takeOrder</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">string</span> <span class="token variable">$teaType</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword type-hint">int</span> <span class="token variable">$table</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">orders</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token variable">$table</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">teaMaker</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">make</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$teaType</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">serve</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">foreach</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">orders</span> <span class="token keyword">as</span> <span class="token variable">$table</span> <span class="token operator">=&gt;</span> <span class="token variable">$tea</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+            <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string double-quoted-string">&quot;Serving tea to table# &quot;</span> <span class="token operator">.</span> <span class="token variable">$table</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">And it can be used as below</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token variable">$teaMaker</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">TeaMaker</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$shop</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">TeaShop</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$teaMaker</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$shop</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">takeOrder</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;less sugar&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$shop</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">takeOrder</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;more milk&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$shop</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">takeOrder</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;without sugar&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$shop</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">serve</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token comment">// Serving tea to table# 1</span>
+<span class="token comment">// Serving tea to table# 2</span>
+<span class="token comment">// Serving tea to table# 5</span>
+</code></pre><h2 id="-proxy" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#-proxy" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>🎱 Proxy</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Real world example</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Have you ever used an access card to go through a door? There are multiple options to open that door i.e. it can be opened either using access card or by pressing a button that bypasses the security. The door&#x27;s main functionality is to open but there is a proxy added on top of it to add some functionality. Let me better explain it using the code example below.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In plain words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Using the proxy pattern, a class represents the functionality of another class.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">A proxy, in its most general form, is a class functioning as an interface to something else. A proxy is a wrapper or agent object that is being called by the client to access the real serving object behind the scenes. Use of the proxy can simply be forwarding to the real object, or can provide additional logic. In the proxy extra functionality can be provided, for example caching when operations on the real object are resource intensive, or checking preconditions before operations on the real object are invoked.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>Programmatic Example</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Taking our security door example from above. Firstly we have the door interface and an implementation of door</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">interface</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Door</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">LabDoor</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Door</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string double-quoted-string">&quot;Opening lab door&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string double-quoted-string">&quot;Closing the lab door&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Then we have a proxy to secure any doors that we want</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">SecuredDoor</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$door</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">Door</span> <span class="token variable">$door</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">door</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$door</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$password</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">authenticate</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$password</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+            <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">door</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">else</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+            <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string double-quoted-string">&quot;Big no! It ain&#x27;t possible.&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">authenticate</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$password</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token variable">$password</span> <span class="token operator">===</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;$ecr@t&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">door</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">And here is how it can be used</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token variable">$door</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">SecuredDoor</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">LabDoor</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$door</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;invalid&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// Big no! It ain&#x27;t possible.</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$door</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;$ecr@t&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// Opening lab door</span>
+<span class="token variable">$door</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// Closing lab door</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Yet another example would be some sort of data-mapper implementation. For example, I recently made an ODM (Object Data Mapper) for MongoDB using this pattern where I wrote a proxy around mongo classes while utilizing the magic method <code>__call()</code>. All the method calls were proxied to the original mongo class and result retrieved was returned as it is but in case of <code>find</code> or <code>findOne</code> data was mapped to the required class objects and the object was returned instead of <code>Cursor</code>.</p><h2 id="behavioral-design-patterns" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#behavioral-design-patterns" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Behavioral Design Patterns</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In plain words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">It is concerned with assignment of responsibilities between the objects. What makes them different from structural patterns is they don&#x27;t just specify the structure but also outline the patterns for message passing/communication between them. Or in other words, they assist in answering &quot;How to run a behavior in software component?&quot;</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In software engineering, behavioral design patterns are design patterns that identify common communication patterns between objects and realize these patterns. By doing so, these patterns increase flexibility in carrying out this communication.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">There are 10 types of behavioral design patterns</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#-chain-of-responsibility" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Chain of Responsibility</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#-command" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Command</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#-iterator" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Iterator</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#-mediator" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Mediator</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#-memento" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Memento</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#-observer" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Observer</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#-visitor" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Visitor</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#-strategy" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Strategy</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#-state" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">State</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#-template-method" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Template Method</a></li></ul><h2 id="-chain-of-responsibility" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#-chain-of-responsibility" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>🔗 Chain of Responsibility</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Real world example</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">For example, you have three payment methods (<code>A</code>, <code>B</code> and <code>C</code>) setup in your account; each having a different amount in it. <code>A</code> has 100 USD, <code>B</code> has 300 USD and <code>C</code> having 1000 USD and the preference for payments is chosen as <code>A</code> then <code>B</code> then <code>C</code>. You try to purchase something that is worth 210 USD. Using Chain of Responsibility, first of all account <code>A</code> will be checked if it can make the purchase, if yes purchase will be made and the chain will be broken. If not, request will move forward to account <code>B</code> checking for amount if yes chain will be broken otherwise the request will keep forwarding till it finds the suitable handler. Here <code>A</code>, <code>B</code> and <code>C</code> are links of the chain and the whole phenomenon is Chain of Responsibility.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In plain words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">It helps building a chain of objects. Request enters from one end and keeps going from object to object till it finds the suitable handler.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In object-oriented design, the chain-of-responsibility pattern is a design pattern consisting of a source of command objects and a series of processing objects. Each processing object contains logic that defines the types of command objects that it can handle; the rest are passed to the next processing object in the chain.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>Programmatic Example</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Translating our account example above. First of all we have a base account having the logic for chaining the accounts together and some accounts</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">abstract</span> <span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Account</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$successor</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$balance</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">setNext</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">Account</span> <span class="token variable">$account</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">successor</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$account</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">pay</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">float</span> <span class="token variable">$amountToPay</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">canPay</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$amountToPay</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+            <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token function">sprintf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Paid %s using %s&#x27;</span> <span class="token operator">.</span> <span class="token constant">PHP_EOL</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token variable">$amountToPay</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">get_called_class</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">elseif</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">successor</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+            <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token function">sprintf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Cannot pay using %s. Proceeding ..&#x27;</span> <span class="token operator">.</span> <span class="token constant">PHP_EOL</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">get_called_class</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+            <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">successor</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">pay</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$amountToPay</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">else</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+            <span class="token keyword">throw</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Exception</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;None of the accounts have enough balance&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">canPay</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$amount</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token keyword return-type">bool</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">balance</span> <span class="token operator">&gt;=</span> <span class="token variable">$amount</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Bank</span> <span class="token keyword">extends</span> <span class="token class-name">Account</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$balance</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">float</span> <span class="token variable">$balance</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">balance</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$balance</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Paypal</span> <span class="token keyword">extends</span> <span class="token class-name">Account</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$balance</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">float</span> <span class="token variable">$balance</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">balance</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$balance</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Bitcoin</span> <span class="token keyword">extends</span> <span class="token class-name">Account</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$balance</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">float</span> <span class="token variable">$balance</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">balance</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$balance</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Now let&#x27;s prepare the chain using the links defined above (i.e. Bank, Paypal, Bitcoin)</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token comment">// Let&#x27;s prepare a chain like below</span>
+<span class="token comment">//      $bank-&gt;$paypal-&gt;$bitcoin</span>
+<span class="token comment">//</span>
+<span class="token comment">// First priority bank</span>
+<span class="token comment">//      If bank can&#x27;t pay then paypal</span>
+<span class="token comment">//      If paypal can&#x27;t pay then bit coin</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$bank</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Bank</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>          <span class="token comment">// Bank with balance 100</span>
+<span class="token variable">$paypal</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Paypal</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">200</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>      <span class="token comment">// Paypal with balance 200</span>
+<span class="token variable">$bitcoin</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Bitcoin</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">300</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>    <span class="token comment">// Bitcoin with balance 300</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$bank</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">setNext</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$paypal</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$paypal</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">setNext</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$bitcoin</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Let&#x27;s try to pay using the first priority i.e. bank</span>
+<span class="token variable">$bank</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">pay</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">259</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Output will be</span>
+<span class="token comment">// ==============</span>
+<span class="token comment">// Cannot pay using bank. Proceeding ..</span>
+<span class="token comment">// Cannot pay using paypal. Proceeding ..:</span>
+<span class="token comment">// Paid 259 using Bitcoin!</span>
+</code></pre><h2 id="-command" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#-command" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>👮 Command</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Real world example</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">A generic example would be you ordering food at a restaurant. You (i.e. <code>Client</code>) ask the waiter (i.e. <code>Invoker</code>) to bring some food (i.e. <code>Command</code>) and waiter simply forwards the request to Chef (i.e. <code>Receiver</code>) who has the knowledge of what and how to cook.
+Another example would be you (i.e. <code>Client</code>) switching on (i.e. <code>Command</code>) the television (i.e. <code>Receiver</code>) using a remote control (<code>Invoker</code>).</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In plain words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Allows you to encapsulate actions in objects. The key idea behind this pattern is to provide the means to decouple client from receiver.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In object-oriented programming, the command pattern is a behavioral design pattern in which an object is used to encapsulate all information needed to perform an action or trigger an event at a later time. This information includes the method name, the object that owns the method and values for the method parameters.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>Programmatic Example</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">First of all we have the receiver that has the implementation of every action that could be performed</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token comment">// Receiver</span>
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Bulb</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">turnOn</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string double-quoted-string">&quot;Bulb has been lit&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">turnOff</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string double-quoted-string">&quot;Darkness!&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">then we have an interface that each of the commands are going to implement and then we have a set of commands</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">interface</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Command</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">execute</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">undo</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">redo</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Command</span>
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">TurnOn</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Command</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$bulb</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">Bulb</span> <span class="token variable">$bulb</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">bulb</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$bulb</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">execute</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">bulb</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">turnOn</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">undo</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">bulb</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">turnOff</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">redo</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">execute</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">TurnOff</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Command</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$bulb</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">Bulb</span> <span class="token variable">$bulb</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">bulb</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$bulb</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">execute</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">bulb</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">turnOff</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">undo</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">bulb</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">turnOn</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">redo</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">execute</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Then we have an <code>Invoker</code> with whom the client will interact to process any commands</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token comment">// Invoker</span>
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">RemoteControl</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">submit</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">Command</span> <span class="token variable">$command</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token variable">$command</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">execute</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Finally let&#x27;s see how we can use it in our client</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token variable">$bulb</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Bulb</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$turnOn</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">TurnOn</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$bulb</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$turnOff</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">TurnOff</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$bulb</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$remote</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">RemoteControl</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$remote</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">submit</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$turnOn</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// Bulb has been lit!</span>
+<span class="token variable">$remote</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">submit</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$turnOff</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// Darkness!</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Command pattern can also be used to implement a transaction based system. Where you keep maintaining the history of commands as soon as you execute them. If the final command is successfully executed, all good otherwise just iterate through the history and keep executing the <code>undo</code> on all the executed commands.</p><h2 id="-iterator" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#-iterator" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>➿ Iterator</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Real world example</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">An old radio set will be a good example of iterator, where user could start at some channel and then use next or previous buttons to go through the respective channels. Or take an example of MP3 player or a TV set where you could press the next and previous buttons to go through the consecutive channels or in other words they all provide an interface to iterate through the respective channels, songs or radio stations.  </p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In plain words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">It presents a way to access the elements of an object without exposing the underlying presentation.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In object-oriented programming, the iterator pattern is a design pattern in which an iterator is used to traverse a container and access the container&#x27;s elements. The iterator pattern decouples algorithms from containers; in some cases, algorithms are necessarily container-specific and thus cannot be decoupled.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>Programmatic example</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In PHP it is quite easy to implement using SPL (Standard PHP Library). Translating our radio stations example from above. First of all we have <code>RadioStation</code></p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">RadioStation</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$frequency</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">float</span> <span class="token variable">$frequency</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">frequency</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$frequency</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getFrequency</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token keyword return-type">float</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">frequency</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Then we have our iterator</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">use</span> <span class="token package">Countable</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token keyword">use</span> <span class="token package">Iterator</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">StationList</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Countable</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> Iterator
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token doc-comment comment">/** <span class="token keyword">@var</span> <span class="token class-name">RadioStation<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span></span> <span class="token parameter">$stations</span> */</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$stations</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token doc-comment comment">/** <span class="token keyword">@var</span> <span class="token class-name"><span class="token keyword">int</span></span> <span class="token parameter">$counter</span> */</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$counter</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">addStation</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">RadioStation</span> <span class="token variable">$station</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">stations</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$station</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">removeStation</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">RadioStation</span> <span class="token variable">$toRemove</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token variable">$toRemoveFrequency</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$toRemove</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getFrequency</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">stations</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">array_filter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">stations</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">RadioStation</span> <span class="token variable">$station</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">use</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$toRemoveFrequency</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+            <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token variable">$station</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getFrequency</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">!==</span> <span class="token variable">$toRemoveFrequency</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">count</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token keyword return-type">int</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token function">count</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">stations</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">current</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token class-name return-type">RadioStation</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">stations</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">counter</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">key</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">counter</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">next</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">counter</span><span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">rewind</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">counter</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">valid</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token keyword return-type">bool</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token keyword">isset</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">stations</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">counter</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">And then it can be used as</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token variable">$stationList</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">StationList</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$stationList</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">addStation</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">RadioStation</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">89</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$stationList</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">addStation</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">RadioStation</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">101</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$stationList</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">addStation</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">RadioStation</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">102</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$stationList</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">addStation</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">RadioStation</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">103.2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">foreach</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$stationList</span> <span class="token keyword">as</span> <span class="token variable">$station</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token variable">$station</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getFrequency</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">.</span> <span class="token constant">PHP_EOL</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$stationList</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">removeStation</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">RadioStation</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">89</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// Will remove station 89</span>
+</code></pre><h2 id="-mediator" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#-mediator" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>👽 Mediator</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Real world example</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">A general example would be when you talk to someone on your mobile phone, there is a network provider sitting between you and them and your conversation goes through it instead of being directly sent. In this case network provider is mediator.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In plain words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Mediator pattern adds a third party object (called mediator) to control the interaction between two objects (called colleagues). It helps reduce the coupling between the classes communicating with each other. Because now they don&#x27;t need to have the knowledge of each other&#x27;s implementation.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In software engineering, the mediator pattern defines an object that encapsulates how a set of objects interact. This pattern is considered to be a behavioral pattern due to the way it can alter the program&#x27;s running behavior.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>Programmatic Example</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Here is the simplest example of a chat room (i.e. mediator) with users (i.e. colleagues) sending messages to each other.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">First of all, we have the mediator i.e. the chat room</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">interface</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">ChatRoomMediator</span> 
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">showMessage</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">User</span> <span class="token variable">$user</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword type-hint">string</span> <span class="token variable">$message</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Mediator</span>
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">ChatRoom</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">ChatRoomMediator</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">showMessage</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">User</span> <span class="token variable">$user</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword type-hint">string</span> <span class="token variable">$message</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token variable">$time</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">date</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;M d, y H:i&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token variable">$sender</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$user</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token variable">$time</span> <span class="token operator">.</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;[&#x27;</span> <span class="token operator">.</span> <span class="token variable">$sender</span> <span class="token operator">.</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;]:&#x27;</span> <span class="token operator">.</span> <span class="token variable">$message</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Then we have our users i.e. colleagues</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">User</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$name</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$chatMediator</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">string</span> <span class="token variable">$name</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token class-name type-declaration">ChatRoomMediator</span> <span class="token variable">$chatMediator</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">name</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$name</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">chatMediator</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$chatMediator</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">name</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">send</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$message</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">chatMediator</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">showMessage</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token variable">$message</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">And the usage</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token variable">$mediator</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">ChatRoom</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$john</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">User</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;John Doe&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token variable">$mediator</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$jane</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">User</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Jane Doe&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token variable">$mediator</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$john</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">send</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Hi there!&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$jane</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">send</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Hey!&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Output will be</span>
+<span class="token comment">// Feb 14, 10:58 [John]: Hi there!</span>
+<span class="token comment">// Feb 14, 10:58 [Jane]: Hey!</span>
+</code></pre><h2 id="-memento" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#-memento" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>💾 Memento</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Real world example</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Take the example of calculator (i.e. originator), where whenever you perform some calculation the last calculation is saved in memory (i.e. memento) so that you can get back to it and maybe get it restored using some action buttons (i.e. caretaker).</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In plain words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Memento pattern is about capturing and storing the current state of an object in a manner that it can be restored later on in a smooth manner.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The memento pattern is a software design pattern that provides the ability to restore an object to its previous state (undo via rollback).</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Usually useful when you need to provide some sort of undo functionality.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>Programmatic Example</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Lets take an example of text editor which keeps saving the state from time to time and that you can restore if you want.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">First of all we have our memento object that will be able to hold the editor state</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">EditorMemento</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$content</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">string</span> <span class="token variable">$content</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">content</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$content</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getContent</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">content</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Then we have our editor i.e. originator that is going to use memento object</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Editor</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$content</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">type</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">string</span> <span class="token variable">$words</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">content</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">content</span> <span class="token operator">.</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27; &#x27;</span> <span class="token operator">.</span> <span class="token variable">$words</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getContent</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">content</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">save</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">EditorMemento</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">content</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">restore</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">EditorMemento</span> <span class="token variable">$memento</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">content</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$memento</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getContent</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">And then it can be used as</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token variable">$editor</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Editor</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Type some stuff</span>
+<span class="token variable">$editor</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">type</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;This is the first sentence.&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$editor</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">type</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;This is second.&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Save the state to restore to : This is the first sentence. This is second.</span>
+<span class="token variable">$saved</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$editor</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">save</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Type some more</span>
+<span class="token variable">$editor</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">type</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;And this is third.&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Output: Content before Saving</span>
+<span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token variable">$editor</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getContent</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// This is the first sentence. This is second. And this is third.</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Restoring to last saved state</span>
+<span class="token variable">$editor</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">restore</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$saved</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$editor</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getContent</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// This is the first sentence. This is second.</span>
+</code></pre><h2 id="-observer" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#-observer" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>😎 Observer</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Real world example</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">A good example would be the job seekers where they subscribe to some job posting site and they are notified whenever there is a matching job opportunity.   </p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In plain words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Defines a dependency between objects so that whenever an object changes its state, all its dependents are notified.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The observer pattern is a software design pattern in which an object, called the subject, maintains a list of its dependents, called observers, and notifies them automatically of any state changes, usually by calling one of their methods.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>Programmatic example</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Translating our example from above. First of all we have job seekers that need to be notified for a job posting</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">JobPost</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$title</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">string</span> <span class="token variable">$title</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">title</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$title</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">getTitle</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">title</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">JobSeeker</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Observer</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$name</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">string</span> <span class="token variable">$name</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">name</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$name</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">onJobPosted</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">JobPost</span> <span class="token variable">$job</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token comment">// Do something with the job posting</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Hi &#x27;</span> <span class="token operator">.</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">name</span> <span class="token operator">.</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;! New job posted: &#x27;</span><span class="token operator">.</span> <span class="token variable">$job</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">getTitle</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Then we have our job postings to which the job seekers will subscribe</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">EmploymentAgency</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Observable</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$observers</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">notify</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">JobPost</span> <span class="token variable">$jobPosting</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">foreach</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">observers</span> <span class="token keyword">as</span> <span class="token variable">$observer</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+            <span class="token variable">$observer</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">onJobPosted</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$jobPosting</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">attach</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">Observer</span> <span class="token variable">$observer</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">observers</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$observer</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">addJob</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">JobPost</span> <span class="token variable">$jobPosting</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">notify</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$jobPosting</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Then it can be used as</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token comment">// Create subscribers</span>
+<span class="token variable">$johnDoe</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">JobSeeker</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;John Doe&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$janeDoe</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">JobSeeker</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Jane Doe&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Create publisher and attach subscribers</span>
+<span class="token variable">$jobPostings</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">EmploymentAgency</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$jobPostings</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">attach</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$johnDoe</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$jobPostings</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">attach</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$janeDoe</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Add a new job and see if subscribers get notified</span>
+<span class="token variable">$jobPostings</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">addJob</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">JobPost</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Software Engineer&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Output</span>
+<span class="token comment">// Hi John Doe! New job posted: Software Engineer</span>
+<span class="token comment">// Hi Jane Doe! New job posted: Software Engineer</span>
+</code></pre><h2 id="-visitor" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#-visitor" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>🏃 Visitor</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Real world example</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Consider someone visiting Dubai. They just need a way (i.e. visa) to enter Dubai. After arrival, they can come and visit any place in Dubai on their own without having to ask for permission or to do some leg work in order to visit any place here; just let them know of a place and they can visit it. Visitor pattern lets you do just that, it helps you add places to visit so that they can visit as much as they can without having to do any legwork.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In plain words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Visitor pattern lets you add further operations to objects without having to modify them.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In object-oriented programming and software engineering, the visitor design pattern is a way of separating an algorithm from an object structure on which it operates. A practical result of this separation is the ability to add new operations to existing object structures without modifying those structures. It is one way to follow the open/closed principle.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>Programmatic example</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Let&#x27;s take an example of a zoo simulation where we have several different kinds of animals and we have to make them Sound. Let&#x27;s translate this using visitor pattern</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token comment">// Visitee</span>
+<span class="token keyword">interface</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Animal</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">accept</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">AnimalOperation</span> <span class="token variable">$operation</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Visitor</span>
+<span class="token keyword">interface</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">AnimalOperation</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">visitMonkey</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">Monkey</span> <span class="token variable">$monkey</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">visitLion</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">Lion</span> <span class="token variable">$lion</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">visitDolphin</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">Dolphin</span> <span class="token variable">$dolphin</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Then we have our implementations for the animals</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Monkey</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Animal</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">shout</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Ooh oo aa aa!&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">accept</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">AnimalOperation</span> <span class="token variable">$operation</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token variable">$operation</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">visitMonkey</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Lion</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Animal</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">roar</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Roaaar!&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">accept</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">AnimalOperation</span> <span class="token variable">$operation</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token variable">$operation</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">visitLion</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Dolphin</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">Animal</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">speak</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Tuut tuttu tuutt!&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">accept</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">AnimalOperation</span> <span class="token variable">$operation</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token variable">$operation</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">visitDolphin</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Let&#x27;s implement our visitor</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Speak</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">AnimalOperation</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">visitMonkey</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">Monkey</span> <span class="token variable">$monkey</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token variable">$monkey</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">shout</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">visitLion</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">Lion</span> <span class="token variable">$lion</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token variable">$lion</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">roar</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">visitDolphin</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">Dolphin</span> <span class="token variable">$dolphin</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token variable">$dolphin</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">speak</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">And then it can be used as</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token variable">$monkey</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Monkey</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$lion</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Lion</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$dolphin</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Dolphin</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$speak</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Speak</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$monkey</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">accept</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$speak</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>    <span class="token comment">// Ooh oo aa aa!    </span>
+<span class="token variable">$lion</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">accept</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$speak</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>      <span class="token comment">// Roaaar!</span>
+<span class="token variable">$dolphin</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">accept</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$speak</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>   <span class="token comment">// Tuut tutt tuutt!</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">We could have done this simply by having an inheritance hierarchy for the animals but then we would have to modify the animals whenever we would have to add new actions to animals. But now we will not have to change them. For example, let&#x27;s say we are asked to add the jump behavior to the animals, we can simply add that by creating a new visitor i.e.</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Jump</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">AnimalOperation</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">visitMonkey</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">Monkey</span> <span class="token variable">$monkey</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Jumped 20 feet high! on to the tree!&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">visitLion</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">Lion</span> <span class="token variable">$lion</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Jumped 7 feet! Back on the ground!&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">visitDolphin</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">Dolphin</span> <span class="token variable">$dolphin</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Walked on water a little and disappeared&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">And for the usage</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token variable">$jump</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Jump</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$monkey</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">accept</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$speak</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>   <span class="token comment">// Ooh oo aa aa!</span>
+<span class="token variable">$monkey</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">accept</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$jump</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>    <span class="token comment">// Jumped 20 feet high! on to the tree!</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$lion</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">accept</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$speak</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>     <span class="token comment">// Roaaar!</span>
+<span class="token variable">$lion</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">accept</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$jump</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>      <span class="token comment">// Jumped 7 feet! Back on the ground!</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$dolphin</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">accept</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$speak</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>  <span class="token comment">// Tuut tutt tuutt!</span>
+<span class="token variable">$dolphin</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">accept</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$jump</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>   <span class="token comment">// Walked on water a little and disappeared</span>
+</code></pre><h2 id="-strategy" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#-strategy" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>💡 Strategy</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Real world example</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Consider the example of sorting, we implemented bubble sort but the data started to grow and bubble sort started getting very slow. In order to tackle this we implemented Quick sort. But now although the quick sort algorithm was doing better for large datasets, it was very slow for smaller datasets. In order to handle this we implemented a strategy where for small datasets, bubble sort will be used and for larger, quick sort.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In plain words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Strategy pattern allows you to switch the algorithm or strategy based upon the situation.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In computer programming, the strategy pattern (also known as the policy pattern) is a behavioural software design pattern that enables an algorithm&#x27;s behavior to be selected at runtime.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>Programmatic example</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Translating our example from above. First of all we have our strategy interface and different strategy implementations</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">interface</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">SortStrategy</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">sort</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">array</span> <span class="token variable">$dataset</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token keyword return-type">array</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">BubbleSortStrategy</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">SortStrategy</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">sort</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">array</span> <span class="token variable">$dataset</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token keyword return-type">array</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string double-quoted-string">&quot;Sorting using bubble sort&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+        <span class="token comment">// Do sorting</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token variable">$dataset</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">QuickSortStrategy</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">SortStrategy</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">sort</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">array</span> <span class="token variable">$dataset</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token keyword return-type">array</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string double-quoted-string">&quot;Sorting using quick sort&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+        <span class="token comment">// Do sorting</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token variable">$dataset</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">And then we have our client that is going to use any strategy</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Sorter</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$sorter</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">SortStrategy</span> <span class="token variable">$sorter</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">sorter</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$sorter</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">sort</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">array</span> <span class="token variable">$dataset</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token keyword return-type">array</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">sorter</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">sort</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$dataset</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">And it can be used as</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token variable">$dataset</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">8</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$sorter</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Sorter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">BubbleSortStrategy</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$sorter</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">sort</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$dataset</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// Output : Sorting using bubble sort</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$sorter</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Sorter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">QuickSortStrategy</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$sorter</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">sort</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$dataset</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// Output : Sorting using quick sort</span>
+</code></pre><h2 id="-state" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#-state" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>💢 State</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Real world example</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Imagine you are using some drawing application, you choose the paint brush to draw. Now the brush changes its behavior based on the selected color i.e. if you have chosen red color it will draw in red, if blue then it will be in blue etc.  </p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In plain words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">It lets you change the behavior of a class when the state changes.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The state pattern is a behavioral software design pattern that implements a state machine in an object-oriented way. With the state pattern, a state machine is implemented by implementing each individual state as a derived class of the state pattern interface, and implementing state transitions by invoking methods defined by the pattern&#x27;s superclass.
+The state pattern can be interpreted as a strategy pattern which is able to switch the current strategy through invocations of methods defined in the pattern&#x27;s interface.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>Programmatic example</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Let&#x27;s take an example of text editor, it lets you change the state of text that is typed i.e. if you have selected bold, it starts writing in bold, if italic then in italics etc.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">First of all we have our state interface and some state implementations</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">interface</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">WritingState</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">string</span> <span class="token variable">$words</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">UpperCase</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">WritingState</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">string</span> <span class="token variable">$words</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token function">strtoupper</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$words</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">LowerCase</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">WritingState</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">string</span> <span class="token variable">$words</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token function">strtolower</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$words</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">DefaultText</span> <span class="token keyword">implements</span> <span class="token class-name">WritingState</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">string</span> <span class="token variable">$words</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token variable">$words</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Then we have our editor</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">TextEditor</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">protected</span> <span class="token variable">$state</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">__construct</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">WritingState</span> <span class="token variable">$state</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">state</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$state</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">setState</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name type-declaration">WritingState</span> <span class="token variable">$state</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">state</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$state</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">type</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword type-hint">string</span> <span class="token variable">$words</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token property">state</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$words</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">And then it can be used as</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token variable">$editor</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">TextEditor</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">DefaultText</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$editor</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">type</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;First line&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$editor</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">setState</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">UpperCase</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$editor</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">type</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Second line&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$editor</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">type</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Third line&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$editor</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">setState</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">LowerCase</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$editor</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">type</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Fourth line&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$editor</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">type</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Fifth line&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Output:</span>
+<span class="token comment">// First line</span>
+<span class="token comment">// SECOND LINE</span>
+<span class="token comment">// THIRD LINE</span>
+<span class="token comment">// fourth line</span>
+<span class="token comment">// fifth line</span>
+</code></pre><h2 id="-template-method" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#-template-method" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>📒 Template Method</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Real world example</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Suppose we are getting some house built. The steps for building might look like</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Prepare the base of house</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Build the walls</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Add roof</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Add other floors</li></ul></blockquote><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The order of these steps could never be changed i.e. you can&#x27;t build the roof before building the walls etc but each of the steps could be modified for example walls can be made of wood or polyester or stone.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In plain words</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Template method defines the skeleton of how a certain algorithm could be performed, but defers the implementation of those steps to the children classes.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Wikipedia says</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In software engineering, the template method pattern is a behavioral design pattern that defines the program skeleton of an algorithm in an operation, deferring some steps to subclasses. It lets one redefine certain steps of an algorithm without changing the algorithm&#x27;s structure.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>Programmatic Example</strong></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Imagine we have a build tool that helps us test, lint, build, generate build reports (i.e. code coverage reports, linting report etc) and deploy our app on the test server.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">First of all we have our base class that specifies the skeleton for the build algorithm</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">abstract</span> <span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">Builder</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+
+    <span class="token comment">// Template method</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">final</span> <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">build</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">test</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">lint</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">assemble</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+        <span class="token this">$this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">deploy</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">abstract</span> <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">test</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">abstract</span> <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">lint</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">abstract</span> <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">assemble</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">abstract</span> <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">deploy</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Then we can have our implementations</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">AndroidBuilder</span> <span class="token keyword">extends</span> <span class="token class-name">Builder</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">test</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Running android tests&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">lint</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Linting the android code&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">assemble</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Assembling the android build&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">deploy</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Deploying android build to server&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name-definition class-name">IosBuilder</span> <span class="token keyword">extends</span> <span class="token class-name">Builder</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">test</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Running ios tests&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">lint</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Linting the ios code&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">assemble</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Assembling the ios build&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function-definition function">deploy</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string single-quoted-string">&#x27;Deploying ios build to server&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">And then it can be used as</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-php"><code class="chakra-code language-php css-4m8w8z"><span class="token variable">$androidBuilder</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">AndroidBuilder</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$androidBuilder</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">build</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Output:</span>
+<span class="token comment">// Running android tests</span>
+<span class="token comment">// Linting the android code</span>
+<span class="token comment">// Assembling the android build</span>
+<span class="token comment">// Deploying android build to server</span>
+
+<span class="token variable">$iosBuilder</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">IosBuilder</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+<span class="token variable">$iosBuilder</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span><span class="token function">build</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Output:</span>
+<span class="token comment">// Running ios tests</span>
+<span class="token comment">// Linting the ios code</span>
+<span class="token comment">// Assembling the ios build</span>
+<span class="token comment">// Deploying ios build to server</span>
+</code></pre><h2 id="wrap-up-folks" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#wrap-up-folks" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Wrap Up Folks</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">And that about wraps it up. I will continue to improve this, so you might want to watch/star this repository to revisit. Also, I have plans on writing the same about the architectural patterns, stay tuned for it.</p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><a href="/guides/dhcp.png" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK"><img src="/guides/dhcp.png" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></a></p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">DNS or Domain Name System is one of the fundamental blocks of the internet. As a developer, you should have at-least the basic understanding of how it works. This article is a brief introduction to what is DNS and how it works.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">DNS at its simplest is like a phonebook on your mobile phone. Whenever you have to call one of your contacts, you can either dial their number from your memory or use their name which will then be used by your mobile phone to search their number in your phone book to call them. Every time you make a new friend, or your existing friend gets a mobile phone, you have to memorize their phone number or save it in your phonebook to be able to call them later on. DNS or Domain Name System, in a similar fashion, is a mechanism that allows you to browse websites on the internet. Just like your mobile phone does not know how to call without knowing the phone number, your browser does not know how to open a website just by the domain name; it needs to know the IP Address for the website to open. You can either type the IP Address to open, or provide the domain name and press enter which will then be used by your browser to find the IP address by going through several hoops. The picture below is the illustration of how your browser finds a website on the internet.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><a href="https://i.imgur.com/z9rwm5A.png" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK"><img src="https://i.imgur.com/z9rwm5A.png" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></a></p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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114bhkb">.css-114bhkb{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:30px;line-height:40px;color:var(--chakra-colors-black);margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:30px;line-height:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:45px;line-height:53px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-114bhkb">Brief History of JavaScript</h1><style data-emotion="css 1vh4uni">.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-1vh4uni">How JavaScript was introduced and evolved over the years</p></div></div><style data-emotion="css 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1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Around 10 years ago, Jeff Atwood (the founder of stackoverflow) made a case that JavaScript is going to be the future and he coined the “Atwood Law” which states that <em>Any application that can be written in JavaScript will eventually be written in JavaScript</em>. Fast-forward to today, 10 years later, if you look at it it rings truer than ever. JavaScript is continuing to gain more and more adoption.</p><h3 id="javascript-is-announced" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#javascript-is-announced" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>JavaScript is announced</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">JavaScript was initially created by <a href="https://twitter.com/BrendanEich" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Brendan Eich</a> of NetScape and was first announced in a press release by Netscape in 1995. It has a bizarre history of naming; initally it was named <code>Mocha</code> by the creator, which was later renamed to <code>LiveScript</code>.  In 1996, about a year later after the release, NetScape decided to rename it to be <code>JavaScript</code> with hopes of capitalizing on the Java community (although JavaScript did not have any relationship with Java) and released Netscape 2.0 with the official support of JavaScript.</p><h3 id="es1,-es2-and-es3" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#es1,-es2-and-es3" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>ES1, ES2 and ES3</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In 1996, Netscape decided to submit it to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecma_International" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">ECMA International</a> with the hopes of getting it standardized. First edition of the standard specification was released in 1997 and the language was standardized. After the initial release, <code>ECMAScript</code> was continued to be worked upon and in no-time two more versions were released ECMAScript 2 in 1998 and ECMAScript 3 in 1999.</p><h3 id="decade-of-silence-and-es4" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#decade-of-silence-and-es4" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Decade of Silence and ES4</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">After the release of ES3 in 1999, there was a complete silence for a decade and no changes were made to the official standard. There was some work on the fourth edition in the initial days; some of the features that were being discussed included classes, modules, static typings, destructuring etc. It was being targeted to be released by 2008 but was abandoned due to political differences concerning language complexity. However, the vendors kept introducing the extensions to the language and the developers were left scratching their heads — adding polyfills to battle compatibility issues between different browsers.</p><h3 id="from-silence-to-es5" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#from-silence-to-es5" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>From silence to ES5</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Google, Microsoft, Yahoo and other disputers of ES4 came together and decided to work on a less ambitious update to ES3 tentatively named ES3.1. But the teams were still fighting about what to include from ES4 and what not. Finally, in 2009 ES5 was released mainly focusing on fixing the compatibility and security issues etc. But there wasn’t much of a splash in the water — it took ages for the vendors to incorporate the standards and many developers were still using ES3 without being aware of the “modern” standards.</p><h3 id="release-of-es6-ecmascript-2015" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#release-of-es6-ecmascript-2015" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Release of ES6 — ECMAScript 2015</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">After a few years of the release of ES5, things started to change, TC39 (the committee under ECMA international responsible for ECMAScript standardization) kept working on the next version of ECMAScript (ES6) which was originally named ES Harmony, before being eventually released with the name ES2015. ES2015 adds significant features and syntactic sugar to allow writing complex applications. Some of the features that ES6 has to offer, include Classes, Modules, Arrows, Enhanced object literals, Template strings, Destructuring, Default param values + rest + spread, Let and Const, Iterators + for..of, Generators, Maps + Sets, Proxies, Symbols, Promises, math + number + string + array + object APIs <a href="http://es6-features.org/#Constants" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">etc</a></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Browser support for ES6 is still scarce but everything that ES6 has to offer is still available to developers by transpiling the ES6 code to ES5. With the release of 6th version of ECMAScript, TC39 decided to move to yearly model of releasing updates to ECMAScript so to make sure that the new features are added as soon as they are approved and we don’t have to wait for the full specification to be drafted and approved — thus 6th version of ECMAScript was renamed as ECMAScript 2015 or ES2015 before the release in June 2015. And the next versions of ECMAScript were decided to published in June of every year.</p><h3 id="release-of-es7-ecmascript-2016" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#release-of-es7-ecmascript-2016" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Release of ES7 — ECMAScript 2016</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In June 2016, seventh version of ECMAScript was released. As ECMAScript has been moved to an yearly release model, ECMAScript 2016 (ES2016) comparatively did not have much to offer. ES2016 includes just two new features</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Exponentiation operator <code>**</code></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><code>Array.prototype.includes</code></li></ul><h3 id="release-of-es8-ecmascript-2017" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#release-of-es8-ecmascript-2017" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Release of ES8 — ECMAScript 2017</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The eighth version of ECMAScript was released in June 2017. The key highlight of ES8 was the addition of async functions. Here is the list of new features in ES8</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><code>Object.values()</code> and <code>Object.entries()</code></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">String padding i.e. <code>String.prototype.padEnd()</code> and <code>String.prototype.padStart()</code></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><code>Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors</code></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Trailing commas in function parameter lists and calls</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Async functions</li></ul><h3 id="what-is-esnext-then" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#what-is-esnext-then" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What is ESNext then?</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">ESNext is a dynamic name that refers to whatever the current version of ECMAScript is at the given time. For example, at the time of this writing <code>ES2017</code> or <code>ES8</code> is <code>ESNext</code>.</p><h3 id="what-does-the-future-hold" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#what-does-the-future-hold" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What does the future hold?</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Since the release of ES6, <a href="https://github.com/tc39" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">TC39</a> has quite streamlined their process. TC39 operates through a Github organization now and there are <a href="https://github.com/tc39/proposals" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">several proposals</a> for new features or syntax to be added to the next versions of ECMAScript. Any one can go ahead and <a href="https://github.com/tc39/proposals" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">submit a proposal</a> thus resulting in increasing the participation from the community. Every proposal goes through <a href="https://tc39.github.io/process-document/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">four stages of maturity</a> before it makes it into the specification.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">And that about wraps it up. Feel free to leave your feedback in the comments section below. Also here are the links to original language specifications <a href="https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">ES6</a>, <a href="https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/7.0/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">ES7</a> and <a href="https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/8.0/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">ES8</a>.</p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. 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0 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);--chakra-shadows-sm:0 1px 2px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);--chakra-shadows-base:0 1px 3px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),0 1px 2px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);--chakra-shadows-md:0 4px 6px -1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),0 2px 4px -1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);--chakra-shadows-lg:0 10px 15px -3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),0 4px 6px -2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);--chakra-shadows-xl:0 20px 25px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),0 10px 10px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);--chakra-shadows-2xl:0 25px 50px -12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);--chakra-shadows-outline:0 0 0 3px rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-shadows-inner:inset 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.06);--chakra-shadows-none:none;--chakra-shadows-dark-lg:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 0px 0px 1px,rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 5px 10px,rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4) 0px 15px 40px;--chakra-sizes-1:0.25rem;--chakra-sizes-2:0.5rem;--chakra-sizes-3:0.75rem;--chakra-sizes-4:1rem;--chakra-sizes-5:1.25rem;--chakra-sizes-6:1.5rem;--chakra-sizes-7:1.75rem;--chakra-sizes-8:2rem;--chakra-sizes-9:2.25rem;--chakra-sizes-10:2.5rem;--chakra-sizes-12:3rem;--chakra-sizes-14:3.5rem;--chakra-sizes-16:4rem;--chakra-sizes-20:5rem;--chakra-sizes-24:6rem;--chakra-sizes-28:7rem;--chakra-sizes-32:8rem;--chakra-sizes-36:9rem;--chakra-sizes-40:10rem;--chakra-sizes-44:11rem;--chakra-sizes-48:12rem;--chakra-sizes-52:13rem;--chakra-sizes-56:14rem;--chakra-sizes-60:15rem;--chakra-sizes-64:16rem;--chakra-sizes-72:18rem;--chakra-sizes-80:20rem;--chakra-sizes-96:24rem;--chakra-sizes-px:1px;--chakra-sizes-0\.5:0.125rem;--chakra-sizes-1\.5:0.375rem;--chakra-sizes-2\.5:0.625rem;--chakra-sizes-3\.5:0.875rem;--chakra-sizes-max:max-content;--chakra-sizes-min:min-content;--chakra-sizes-full:100%;--chakra-sizes-3xs:14rem;--chakra-sizes-2xs:16rem;--chakra-sizes-xs:20rem;--chakra-sizes-sm:24rem;--chakra-sizes-md:28rem;--chakra-sizes-lg:32rem;--chakra-sizes-xl:36rem;--chakra-sizes-2xl:42rem;--chakra-sizes-3xl:48rem;--chakra-sizes-4xl:56rem;--chakra-sizes-5xl:64rem;--chakra-sizes-6xl:72rem;--chakra-sizes-7xl:80rem;--chakra-sizes-8xl:90rem;--chakra-sizes-container-sm:640px;--chakra-sizes-container-md:768px;--chakra-sizes-container-lg:1024px;--chakra-sizes-container-xl:1280px;--chakra-zIndices-hide:-1;--chakra-zIndices-auto:auto;--chakra-zIndices-base:0;--chakra-zIndices-docked:10;--chakra-zIndices-dropdown:1000;--chakra-zIndices-sticky:1100;--chakra-zIndices-banner:1200;--chakra-zIndices-overlay:1300;--chakra-zIndices-modal:1400;--chakra-zIndices-popover:1500;--chakra-zIndices-skipLink:1600;--chakra-zIndices-toast:1700;--chakra-zIndices-tooltip:1800;--chakra-transition-property-common:background-color,border-color,color,fill,stroke,opacity,box-shadow,transform;--chakra-transition-property-colors:background-color,border-color,color,fill,stroke;--chakra-transition-property-dimensions:width,height;--chakra-transition-property-position:left,right,top,bottom;--chakra-transition-property-background:background-color,background-image,background-position;--chakra-transition-easing-ease-in:cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 1, 1);--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out:cubic-bezier(0, 0, 0.2, 1);--chakra-transition-easing-ease-in-out:cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);--chakra-transition-duration-ultra-fast:50ms;--chakra-transition-duration-faster:100ms;--chakra-transition-duration-fast:150ms;--chakra-transition-duration-normal:200ms;--chakra-transition-duration-slow:300ms;--chakra-transition-duration-slower:400ms;--chakra-transition-duration-ultra-slow:500ms;--chakra-blur-none:0;--chakra-blur-sm:4px;--chakra-blur-base:8px;--chakra-blur-md:12px;--chakra-blur-lg:16px;--chakra-blur-xl:24px;--chakra-blur-2xl:40px;--chakra-blur-3xl:64px;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">As users, we easily get frustrated by the buffering videos, the images that take seconds to load, pages that got stuck because the content is being loaded. Loading the resources from some cache is much faster than fetching the same from the originating server. It reduces latency, speeds up the loading of resources, decreases the load on server, cuts down the bandwidth costs etc. </p><h3 id="introduction" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#introduction" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Introduction</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">What is web cache? It is something that sits somewhere between the client and the server, continuously looking at the requests and their responses, looking for any responses that can be cached. So that there is less time consumed when the same request is made again. </p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><img src="https://i.imgur.com/mJYVvTh.png" alt="Web Cache" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Note that this image is just to give you an idea. Depending upon the type of cache, the place where it is implemented could vary. More on this later.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Before we get into further details, let me give you an overview of the terms that will be used, further in the article</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Client</strong> could be your browser or any application requesting the server for some resource</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Origin Server</strong>, the source of truth, houses all the content required by the client and is responsible for fulfilling the client requests.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Stale Content</strong> is the cached but expired content</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Fresh Content</strong> is the content available in cache that hasn&#x27;t expired yet</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Cache Validation</strong> is the process of contacting the server to check the validity of the cached content and get it updated for when it is going to expire</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Cache Invalidation</strong> is the process of removing any stale content available in the cache</li></ul><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><img src="https://i.imgur.com/9MjlzvW.png" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></p><h3 id="caching-locations" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#caching-locations" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Caching Locations</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Web cache can be shared or private depending upon the location where it exists. Here is the list of different caching locations</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#browser-cache" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Browser Cache</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#proxy-cache" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Proxy Cache</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#reverse-proxy-cache" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Reverse Proxy Cache</a></li></ul><h4 id="browser-cache" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-jRQBWg SekzN gRXaYU"><a href="#browser-cache" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Browser Cache</h4><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You might have noticed that when you click the back button in your browser it takes less time to load the page than the time that it took during the first load; this is the browser cache in play. Browser cache is the most common location for caching and browsers usually reserve some space for it.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><img src="https://i.imgur.com/mJYVvTh.png" alt="Web Cache" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">A browser cache is limited to just one user and unlike other caches, it can store the &quot;private&quot; responses. More on it later.</p><h4 id="proxy-cache" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-jRQBWg SekzN gRXaYU"><a href="#proxy-cache" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Proxy Cache</h4><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Unlike browser cache which serves a single user, proxy caches may serve hundreds of different users accessing the same content. They are usually implemented on a broader level by ISPs or any other independent entities for example.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><img src="https://i.imgur.com/3mj6e1O.png" alt="Proxy Cache" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></p><h4 id="reverse-proxy-cache" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-jRQBWg SekzN gRXaYU"><a href="#reverse-proxy-cache" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Reverse Proxy Cache</h4><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Reverse proxy cache or surrogate cache is implemented close to the origin servers in order to reduce the load on server. Unlike proxy caches which are implemented by ISPs etc to reduce the bandwidth usage in a network, surrogates or reverse proxy caches are implemented near to the origin servers by the server administrators to reduce the load on server.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><img src="http://i.imgur.com/Eg4Cru3.png" alt="Reverse Proxy Cache" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Although you can control the reverse proxy caches (since it is implemented by you on your server) you can not avoid or control browser and proxy caches. And if your website is not configured to use these caches properly, it will still be cached using whatever the defaults are set on these caches.</p><h3 id="caching-headers" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#caching-headers" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Caching Headers</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">So, how do we control the web cache? Whenever the server emits some response, it is accompanied with some HTTP headers to guide the caches whether and how to cache this response. Content provider is the one that has to make sure to return proper HTTP headers to force the caches on how to cache the content.</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#expires" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Expires</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#pragma" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Pragma</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#cache-control" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Cache-Control</a><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#private" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">private</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#public" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">public</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#no-store" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">no-store</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#no-cache" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">no-cache</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#max-age" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">max-age: seconds</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#s-maxage" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">s-maxage: seconds</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#must-revalidate" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">must-revalidate</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#proxy-revalidate" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">proxy-revalidate</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#mixing-values" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Mixing Values</a></li></ul></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#validators" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Validators</a><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#etag" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">ETag</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#last-modified" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Last-Modified</a></li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="expires" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-jRQBWg SekzN gRXaYU"><a href="#expires" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Expires</h4><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Before HTTP/1.1 and introduction of <code>Cache-Control</code>, there was <code>Expires</code> header which is simply a timestamp telling the caches how long should some content be considered fresh. Possible value to this header is absolute expiry date; where date has to be in GMT. Below is the sample header</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-html"><style data-emotion="css 4m8w8z">.css-4m8w8z{display:inline-block;font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-mono);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);-webkit-padding-start:0.2em;padding-inline-start:0.2em;-webkit-padding-end:0.2em;padding-inline-end:0.2em;border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-sm);background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-100);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);}</style><code class="chakra-code language-html css-4m8w8z">Expires: Mon, 13 Mar 2017 12:22:00 GMT
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">It should be noted that the date cannot be more than a year and if the date format is wrong, content will be considered stale. Also, the clock on cache has to be in sync with the clock on server, otherwise the desired results might not be achieved. </p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Although, <code>Expires</code> header is still valid and is supported widely by the caches, preference should be given to HTTP/1.1 successor of it i.e. <code>Cache-Control</code>.  </p><h4 id="pragma" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-jRQBWg SekzN gRXaYU"><a href="#pragma" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Pragma</h4><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Another one from the old, pre HTTP/1.1 days, is <code>Pragma</code>. Everything that it could do is now possible using the cache-control header given below. However, one thing I would like to point out about it is, you might see <code>Pragma: no-cache</code> being used here and there in hopes of stopping the response from being cached. It might not necessarily work; as HTTP specification discusses it in the request headers and there is no mention of it in the response headers. Rather <code>Cache-Control</code> header should be used to control the caching.</p><h4 id="cache-control" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-jRQBWg SekzN gRXaYU"><a href="#cache-control" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Cache-Control</h4><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Cache-Control specifies how long and in what manner should the content be cached. This family of headers was introduced in HTTP/1.1 to overcome the limitations of the <code>Expires</code> header.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Value for the <code>Cache-Control</code> header is composite i.e. it can have multiple directive/values. Let&#x27;s look at the possible values that this header may contain. </p><h5 id="private" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-gKclnd SekzN dZmLzd"><a href="#private" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>private</h5><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Setting the cache to <code>private</code> means that the content will not be cached in any of the proxies and it will only be cached by the client (i.e. browser)</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-html"><code class="chakra-code language-html css-4m8w8z">Cache-Control: private
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Having said that, don&#x27;t let it fool you in to thinking that setting this header will make your data any secure; you still have to use SSL for that purpose. </p><h5 id="public" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-gKclnd SekzN dZmLzd"><a href="#public" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>public</h5><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">If set to <code>public</code>, apart from being cached by the client, it can also be cached by the proxies; serving many other users</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-html"><code class="chakra-code language-html css-4m8w8z">Cache-Control: public
+</code></pre><h5 id="no-store" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-gKclnd SekzN dZmLzd"><a href="#no-store" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>no-store</h5><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong><code>no-store</code></strong> specifies that the content is not to be cached by any of the caches</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-html"><code class="chakra-code language-html css-4m8w8z">Cache-Control: no-store
+</code></pre><h5 id="no-cache" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-gKclnd SekzN dZmLzd"><a href="#no-cache" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>no-cache</h5><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong><code>no-cache</code></strong> indicates that the cache can be maintained but the cached content is to be re-validated (using <code>ETag</code> for example) from the server before being served. That is, there is still a request to server but for validation and not to download the cached content.</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-html"><code class="chakra-code language-html css-4m8w8z">Cache-Control: max-age=3600, no-cache, public
+</code></pre><h5 id="max-age:-seconds" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-gKclnd SekzN dZmLzd"><a href="#max-age:-seconds" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>max-age: seconds</h5><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong><code>max-age</code></strong> specifies the number of seconds for which the content will be cached. For example, if the <code>cache-control</code> looks like below:</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-html"><code class="chakra-code language-html css-4m8w8z">Cache-Control: max-age=3600, public
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">it would mean that the content is publicly cacheable and will be considered stale after 60 minutes</p><h5 id="s-maxage:-seconds" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-gKclnd SekzN dZmLzd"><a href="#s-maxage:-seconds" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>s-maxage: seconds</h5><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong><code>s-maxage</code></strong> here <code>s-</code> prefix stands for shared. This directive specifically targets the shared caches. Like <code>max-age</code> it also gets the number of seconds for which something is to be cached. If present, it will override <code>max-age</code> and <code>expires</code> headers for shared caching.</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-html"><code class="chakra-code language-html css-4m8w8z">Cache-Control: s-maxage=3600, public
+</code></pre><h5 id="must-revalidate" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-gKclnd SekzN dZmLzd"><a href="#must-revalidate" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>must-revalidate</h5><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong><code>must-revalidate</code></strong> it might happen sometimes that if you have network problems and the content cannot be retrieved from the server, browser may serve stale content without validation. <code>must-revalidate</code> avoids that. If this directive is present, it means that stale content cannot be served in any case and the data must be re-validated from the server before serving. </p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-html"><code class="chakra-code language-html css-4m8w8z">Cache-Control: max-age=3600, public, must-revalidate
+</code></pre><h5 id="proxy-revalidate" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-gKclnd SekzN dZmLzd"><a href="#proxy-revalidate" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>proxy-revalidate</h5><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong><code>proxy-revalidate</code></strong> is similar to <code>must-revalidate</code> but it specifies the same for shared or proxy caches. In other words <code>proxy-revalidate</code> is to <code>must-revalidate</code> as <code>s-maxage</code> is to <code>max-age</code>. But why did they not call it <code>s-revalidate</code>?. I have no idea why, if you have any clue please leave a comment below. </p><h5 id="mixing-values" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-gKclnd SekzN dZmLzd"><a href="#mixing-values" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Mixing Values</h5><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You can combine these directives in different ways to achieve different caching behaviors, however <code>no-cache/no-store</code> and <code>public/private</code> are mutually exclusive. </p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">If you specify both <code>no-store</code> and <code>no-cache</code>, <code>no-store</code> will be given precedence over <code>no-cache</code>.</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-html"><code class="chakra-code language-html css-4m8w8z">; If specified both
+Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache
+
+; Below will be considered
+Cache-Control: no-store
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">For <code>private/public</code>, for any unauthenticated requests cache is considered <code>public</code> and for any authenticated ones cache is considered <code>private</code>.</p><h3 id="validators" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#validators" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Validators</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Up until now we only discussed how the content is cached and how long the cached content is to be considered fresh but we did not discuss how the client does the validation from the server. Below we discuss the headers used for this purpose.</p><h4 id="etag" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-jRQBWg SekzN gRXaYU"><a href="#etag" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>ETag</h4><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Etag or &quot;entity tag&quot; was introduced in HTTP/1.1 specs. Etag is just a unique identifier that the server attaches with some resource. This ETag is later on used by the client to make conditional HTTP requests stating <code>&quot;give me this resource if ETag is not same as the ETag that I have&quot;</code> and the content is downloaded only if the etags do not match. </p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Method by which ETag is generated is not specified in the HTTP docs and usually some collision-resistant hash function is used to assign etags to each version of a resource. There could be two types of etags i.e. strong and weak</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-html"><code class="chakra-code language-html css-4m8w8z">ETag: &quot;j82j8232ha7sdh0q2882&quot; - Strong Etag
+ETag: W/&quot;j82j8232ha7sdh0q2882&quot; - Weak Etag (prefixed with `W/`)
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">A strong validating ETag means that two resources are <strong>exactly</strong> same and there is no difference between them at all. While a weak ETag means that two resources are although not strictly same but could be considered same. Weak etags might be useful for dynamic content, for example.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Now you know what etags are but how does the browser make this request? by making a request to server while sending the available Etag in <code>If-None-Match</code> header.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Consider the scenario, you opened a web page which loaded a logo image with caching period of 60 seconds and ETag of <code>abc123xyz</code>. After about 30 minutes you reload the page, browser will notice that the logo which was fresh for 60 seconds is now stale; it will trigger a request to server, sending the ETag of the stale logo image in <code>if-none-match</code> header</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-html"><code class="chakra-code language-html css-4m8w8z">If-None-Match: &quot;abc123xyz&quot;
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Server will then compare this ETag with the ETag of the current version of resource. If both etags are matched, server will send back the response of <code>304 Not Modified</code> which will tell the client that the copy that it has is still good and it will be considered fresh for another 60 seconds. If both the etags do not match i.e. the logo has likely changed and client will be sent the new logo which it will use to replace the stale logo that it has.</p><h4 id="last-modified" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-jRQBWg SekzN gRXaYU"><a href="#last-modified" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Last-Modified</h4><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Server might include the <code>Last-Modified</code> header indicating the date and time at which some content was last modified on.</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-html"><code class="chakra-code language-html css-4m8w8z">Last-Modified: Wed, 15 Mar 2017 12:30:26 GMT
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">When the content gets stale, client will make a conditional request including the last modified date that it has inside the header called <code>If-Modified-Since</code> to server to get the updated <code>Last-Modified</code> date; if it matches the date that the client has, <code>Last-Modified</code> date for the content is updated to be considered fresh for another <code>n</code> seconds. If the received <code>Last-Modified</code> date does not match the one that the client has, content is reloaded from the server and replaced with the content that client has.</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-html"><code class="chakra-code language-html css-4m8w8z">If-Modified-Since: Wed, 15 Mar 2017 12:30:26 GMT
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You might be questioning now, what if the cached content has both the <code>Last-Modified</code> and <code>ETag</code> assigned to it? Well, in that case both are to be used i.e. there will not be any re-downloading of the resource if and only if <code>ETag</code> matches the newly retrieved one and so does the <code>Last-Modified</code> date. If either the <code>ETag</code> does not match or the <code>Last-Modified</code> is greater than the one from the server, content has to be downloaded again. </p><h3 id="where-do-i-start" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#where-do-i-start" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Where do I start?</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Now that we have got <em>everything</em> covered, let us put everything in perspective and see how you can use this information.</p><h4 id="utilizing-server" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-jRQBWg SekzN gRXaYU"><a href="#utilizing-server" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Utilizing Server</h4><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Before we get into the possible caching strategies , let me add the fact that most of the servers including Apache and Nginx allow you to implement your caching policy through the server so that you don&#x27;t have to juggle with headers in your code. </p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>For example</strong>, if you are using Apache and you have your static content placed at <code>/static</code>, you can put below <code>.htaccess</code> file in the directory to make all the content in it be cached for an year using below</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-html"><code class="chakra-code language-html css-4m8w8z"># Cache everything for an year
+Header set Cache-Control &quot;max-age=31536000, public&quot;
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You can further use <code>filesMatch</code> directive to add conditionals and use different caching strategy for different kinds of files e.g.</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-html"><code class="chakra-code language-html css-4m8w8z"># Cache any images for one year
+<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>filesMatch</span> <span class="token attr-name">&quot;.(png|jpg|jpeg|gif)$&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
+    Header set Cache-Control &quot;max-age=31536000, public&quot;
+<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>filesMatch</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
+
+# Cache any CSS and JS files for a month
+<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>filesMatch</span> <span class="token attr-name">&quot;.(css|js)$&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
+    Header set Cache-Control &quot;max-age=2628000, public&quot;
+<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>filesMatch</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Or if you don&#x27;t want to use the <code>.htaccess</code> file you can modify Apache&#x27;s configuration file <code>http.conf</code>. Same goes for Nginx, you can add the caching information in the location or server block.  </p><h4 id="caching-recommendations" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-jRQBWg SekzN gRXaYU"><a href="#caching-recommendations" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Caching Recommendations</h4><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">There is no golden rule or set standards about how your caching policy should look like, each of the application is different and you have to look and find what suits your application the best. However, just to give you a rough idea</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">You can have aggressive caching (e.g. cache for an year) on any static content and use fingerprinted filenames (e.g. <code>style.ju2i90.css</code>) so that the cache is automatically rejected whenever the files are updated.
+Also it should be noted that you should not cross the upper limit of one year as it <a href="https://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.9" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">might not be honored</a> </li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Look and decide do you even need caching for any dynamic content, if yes how long it should be. For example, in case of some RSS feed of a blog there could be the caching of a few hours but there couldn&#x27;t be any caching for inventory items in an ERP.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Always add the validators (preferably ETags) in your response.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Pay attention while choosing the visibility (private or public) of the cached content. Make sure that you do not accidentally cache any user-specific or sensitive content in any public proxies. When in doubt, do not use cache at all.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Separate the content that changes often from the content that doesn&#x27;t change that often (e.g. in javascript bundles) so that when it is updated it doesn&#x27;t need to make the whole cached content stale.  </li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Test and monitor the caching headers being served by your site. You can use the browser console or <code>curl -I http://some-url.com</code> for that purpose. </li></ul><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">And that about wraps it up. 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zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">I have been working on redoing the <a href="https://roadmap.sh" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">roadmaps</a> – splitting the skillset based on the seniority levels to make them easier to follow and not scare the new developers away. Since the roadmaps are going to be just about the technical knowledge, I thought it would be a good idea to reiterate and have an article on what I think of different seniority roles.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">I have seen many organizations decide the seniority of developers by giving more significance to the years of experience than they should. I have seen developers labeled &quot;Junior&quot; doing the work of Senior Developers and I have seen &quot;Lead&quot; developers who weren&#x27;t even qualified to be called &quot;Senior&quot;. The seniority of a developer cannot just be decided by their age, years of experience or technical knowledge that they have got. There are other factors in play here -- their perception of work, how they interact with their peers and how they approach problems. We discuss these three key factors in detail for each of the seniority levels below.</p><h3 id="different-seniority-titles" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#different-seniority-titles" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Different Seniority Titles</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Different organizations might have different seniority titles but they mainly fall into three categories:</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Junior Developer</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Mid Level Developer</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Senior Developer</li></ul><h3 id="junior-developer" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#junior-developer" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Junior Developer</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Junior developers are normally fresh graduates and it&#x27;s either they don&#x27;t have or they have minimal industry experience. Not only they have weak coding skills but there are also a few other things that give Junior developers away:</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Their main mantra is &quot;making it work&quot; without giving much attention to how the solution is achieved. To them, a working software and good software are equivalent. </li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">They usually require very specific and structured directions to achieve something. They suffer from tunnel vision, need supervision and continuous guidance to be effective team members.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Most of the Junior developers just try to live up to the role and, when stuck, they might leave work for a senior developer instead of at least trying to take a stab at something.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">They don&#x27;t know about the business side of the company and don&#x27;t realize how management/sales/marketing/etc think and they don&#x27;t realize how much rework, wasted effort, and end-user aggravation could be saved by getting to know the business domain.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Over-engineering is a major problem, often leading to fragility and bugs.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">When given a problem, they often try to fix just the current problem a.k.a. fixing the symptoms instead of fixing the root problem.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">You might notice the &quot;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody_else%27s_problem" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Somebody Else&#x27;s Problem</a>&quot; behavior from them.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">They don&#x27;t know what or how much they don&#x27;t know, thanks to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Dunning–Kruger effect</a>.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">They don&#x27;t take initiatives and they might be afraid to work on an unfamiliar codebase.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">They don&#x27;t participate in team discussions.</li></ul><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Being a Junior developer in the team is not necessarily a bad thing; since you are just starting out, you are not expected to be a know-it-all person. However, it is your responsibility to learn, gain experience, not get stuck with the &quot;Junior&quot; title and improve yourself. Here are a few tips for Junior developers to help move up the ladder of seniority:</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">All sorts of problems can be solved if you work on them long enough. Do not give up if Stack Overflow or an issue on GitHub doesn&#x27;t have an answer. Saying &quot;I am stuck, but I have tried X, Y, and Z. Do you have any pointers?&quot; to your lead is much better than saying &quot;This is beyond me.&quot;</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Read a lot of code, not just code in the projects that you are working on, but reference/framework source code, open-source. Ask your fellow developers, perhaps on Reddit too, about the good open-source examples for the language/tools of your choice. </li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Do personal side-projects, share them with people, contribute to the open-source community. Reach out to people for help. You will be surprised how much support you can get from the community. I still remember my first open-source project on GitHub from around 6 years ago which was a small PHP script (a library) that fetched details for a given address from Google&#x27;s Geocoding API. The codebase was super messy, it did not have any tests, did not have any linters or sniffers, and it did not have any CI because I didn&#x27;t know about any of this at that time. I am not sure how but one kind soul somehow found the project, forked it, refactored it, &quot;modernized&quot; it, added linting, code sniffing, added CI and opened the pull request. This one pull request taught me so many things that I might have never learned that fast on my own because I was still in college, working for a small service-based company and doing just small websites all on my own without knowing what is right and what is not. This one PR on GitHub was my introduction to open-source and I owe everything to that. </li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Avoid what is known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody_else%27s_problem" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">&quot;Somebody Else&#x27;s Problem Field&quot;</a> behavior. </li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">When given a problem to solve, try to identify the root cause and fix that instead of fixing the symptoms. And remember, not being able to reproduce means not solved. It is solved when you understand why it occurred and why it no longer does.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Have respect for the code that was written before you. Be generous when passing judgment on the architecture or the design decisions made in the codebase. Understand that code is often ugly and weird for a reason other than incompetence. Learning to live with and thrive with legacy code is a great skill. Never assume anybody is stupid. Instead, figure out how these intelligent, well-intentioned and experienced people have come to a decision that is stupid now. Approach inheriting legacy code with an &quot;opportunity mindset&quot; rather than a complaining one.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">It&#x27;s okay to not know things. You don&#x27;t need to be ashamed of not knowing things already. There are no stupid questions, ask however many questions that would allow you to work effectively.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Don&#x27;t let yourself be limited by the job title that you have. Keep working on your self-improvement.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Do your homework. Predict what’s coming down the pipe. Be involved in the team discussions. Even if you are wrong, you will learn something.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Learn about the domain that you are working with. Understand the product end-to-end as an end-user. Do not assume things, ask questions and get things cleared when in doubt.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Learn to communicate effectively - soft skills matter. Learn how to write good emails, how to present your work, how to phrase your questions in a thoughtful manner.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Sit with the senior developers, watch them work, find a mentor. No one likes a know-it-all. Get hold of your ego and be humble enough to take lessons from experienced people.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Don&#x27;t just blindly follow the advice of &quot;experts&quot;, take it with a grain of salt.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">If you are asked to provide an estimate for some work, do not give an answer unless you have all the details to make a reasonable estimate. If you are forced to do that, pad it 2x or more depending on how much you don&#x27;t know about what needs to be done for the task to be marked &#x27;done&#x27;.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Take some time to learn how to use a debugger. Debuggers are quite beneficial when navigating new, undocumented or poorly documented codebase, or to debug weird issues. </li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Avoid saying &quot;it works on my machine&quot; -- yes, I have heard that a lot.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Try to turn any feelings of inadequacy or imposter syndrome into energy to push yourself forward and increase your skills and knowledge.</li></ul><h3 id="mid-level-developers" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#mid-level-developers" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Mid Level Developers</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The next level after the Junior developers is Mid Level developers. They are technically stronger than the Junior developers and can work with minimal supervision. They still have some issues to address in order to jump to Senior level.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Intermediate developers are more competent than the Junior developer. They start to see the flaws in their old codebase. They gain the knowledge but they get trapped into the next chain i.e. messing things up while trying to do them &quot;the right way&quot; e.g. hasty abstractions, overuse or unnecessary usage of Design Patterns -- they may be able to provide solution faster than the Junior developers but the solution might put you into another rabbit-hole in the long run. Without supervision, they might delay the execution while trying to &quot;do things properly&quot;. They don&#x27;t know when to make tradeoffs and they still don&#x27;t know when to be dogmatic and when to be pragmatic. They can easily become attached to their solution, become myopic, and be unable to take feedback.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Mid-level developers are quite common. Most of the organizations wrongly label them as &quot;Senior Developers&quot;. However, they need further mentoring in order to become Senior Developers. The next section describes the responsibilities of a senior developer and how you can become one.</p><h3 id="senior-developers" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#senior-developers" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Senior Developers</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Senior developers are the next level after the Mid-level developers. They are the people who can get things done on their own without any supervision and without creating any issues down the road. They are more mature, have gained experience by delivering both good and bad software in the past and have learned from it — they know how to be pragmatic. Here is the list of things that are normally expected of a Senior Developer:</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">With their past experiences, mistakes made, issues faced by over-designed or under-designed software, they can foresee the problems and persuade the direction of the codebase or the architecture. </li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">They don&#x27;t have a &quot;Shiny-Toy&quot; syndrome. They are pragmatic in the execution. They can make the tradeoffs when required, and they know why. They know where to be dogmatic and where to be pragmatic.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">They have a good picture of the field, know what the best tool for the job is in most cases (even if they don&#x27;t know the tool). They have the innate ability to pick up a new tool/language/paradigm/etc in order to solve a problem that requires it.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">They are aware they&#x27;re on a team. They view it as a part of their responsibility to mentor others. This can range from pair programming with junior devs to taking un-glorious tasks of writing docs or tests or whatever else needs to be done.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">They have a deep understanding of the domain - they know about the business side of the company and realize how management/sales/marketing/etc think and benefit from their knowledge of the business domain during the development.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">They don&#x27;t make empty complaints, they make judgments based on the empirical evidence and they have suggestions for solutions.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">They think much more than just code - they know that their job is to provide solutions to the problems and not just to write code.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">They have the ability to take on large ill-defined problems, define them, break them up, and execute the pieces. A senior developer can take something big and abstract, and run with it. They will come up with a few options, discuss them with the team and implement them.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">They have respect for the code that was written before them. They are generous when passing judgment on the architecture or the design decisions made in the codebase. They approach inheriting legacy code with an &quot;opportunity mindset&quot; rather than a complaining one.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">They know how to give feedback without hurting anyone.</li></ul><h3 id="conclusion" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#conclusion" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Conclusion</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">All teams are made up of a mix of all these seniority roles. Being content with your role is a bad thing and you should always strive to improve yourself for the next step. This article is based on my beliefs and observations in the industry. Lots of companies care more for the years of experience to decide the seniority which is a crappy metric -- you don&#x27;t gain experience just by spending years. You gain it by continuously solving different sorts of problems, irrespective of the number of years you spend in the industry. I have seen fresh graduates having no industry experience get up to speed quickly and producing work of a Senior Engineer and I have seen Senior developers labeled &quot;senior&quot; merely because of their age and &quot;years of experience&quot;. </p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The most important traits that you need to have in order to step up in your career are: not settling with mediocrity, having an open mindset, being humble, learning from your mistakes, working on the challenging problems and having an opportunity mindset rather than a complaining one.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">With that said, this post comes to an end. What are your thoughts on the levels of seniority of developers? Feel free to send improvements to this guide. 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16hbmpr">.css-16hbmpr{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-16hbmpr">·</span><style data-emotion="css q9k0mw">.css-q9k0mw{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><span class="chakra-text css-q9k0mw">June 28, 2021</span><style data-emotion="css hdjuk6">.css-hdjuk6{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-hdjuk6{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-hdjuk6{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-hdjuk6">·</span><style data-emotion="css 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114bhkb">.css-114bhkb{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:30px;line-height:40px;color:var(--chakra-colors-black);margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:30px;line-height:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:45px;line-height:53px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-114bhkb">OAuth — Open Authorization</h1><style data-emotion="css 1vh4uni">.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-1vh4uni">Learn and understand what is OAuth and how it works</p></div></div><style data-emotion="css 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1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><a href="/guides/oauth.png" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK"><img src="/guides/oauth.png" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></a></p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 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1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Internet has connected people across the world using social media and audio/video calling features along with providing an overabundance of knowledge and tools. All this comes with an inherent danger of security and privacy breaches. In this guide we will talk about <strong>proxies</strong> which play a vital role in mitigating these risks. We will cover the following topics in this guide:    </p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#proxy-server" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Proxy Server</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#forward-proxy-server" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Forward Proxy Server</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#reverse-proxy-server" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Reverse Proxy Server</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="#summary" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Summary</a></li></ul><h2 id="proxy-server" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#proxy-server" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Proxy Server</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong><em>Every web request which is sent from the client to a web server goes through some type of proxy server.</em></strong> A proxy server acts as a gateway between client <em>(you)</em> and the internet and  separates end-users from the websites you browse. It replaces the source IP address of the web request with the proxy server&#x27;s IP address and then forwards it to the web server. The web server is unaware of the client, it only sees the proxy server.    </p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><img src="/guides/proxy/proxy-example.png" alt="Proxy Server Description" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/>    </p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">NOTE: This is not an accurate description rather just an illustration.    </p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Proxy servers serve as a single point of control making it easier to enforce security policies. It also provides caching mechanism which stores the requested web pages on the proxy server to improve performance. If the requested web-page is available in cache memory then instead of forwarding the request to the web-server it will send the cached webpage back to the client. This <strong>saves big companies thousands of dollars</strong> by reducing load on their servers as their website is visited by millions of users every day.</p><h2 id="forward-proxy-server" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#forward-proxy-server" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Forward Proxy Server</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">A forward proxy is generally implemented on the client side and <strong>sits in front of multiple clients</strong> or client sources. Forward proxy servers are mainly used by companies to <strong>manage internet usage</strong> of their employees and <strong>restrict content</strong>. It is also used as a <strong>firewall</strong> to secure company&#x27;s network by blocking any request which would pose threat to the companies&#x27;s network. Proxy servers are also used to <strong>bypass geo-restriction</strong> and browse content which might be blocked in user&#x27;s country. It enables users to <strong>browse anonymously</strong>, as the proxy server masks their details from the website&#x27;s servers. </p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><img src="/guides/proxy/forward-proxy.png" alt="Forward Proxy Description" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/>    </p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">NOTE: This is not an accurate description rather just an illustration</p></blockquote><h2 id="reverse-proxy-server" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#reverse-proxy-server" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Reverse Proxy Server</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Reverse proxy servers are implemented on the <strong>server side</strong> instead of the client side. It <strong>sits in front of multiple webservers</strong> and manages the incoming requests by forwarding them to the web servers. It provides anonymity for the <strong>back-end web servers and not the client</strong>. Reverse proxy servers are generally used to perform tasks such as <strong>authentication, content caching, and encryption/decryption</strong> on behalf of the web server. These tasks would <strong>hog CPU cycles</strong> on the web server and degrade performance of the website by introducing high amount of delay in loading the webpage. Reverse proxies are also used as <strong>load balancers</strong> to distribute the incoming traffic efficiently among the web servers but it is <strong>not optimized</strong> for this task. In essence, reverse proxy server is a gateway to a web-server or group of web-servers. </p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><img src="/guides/proxy/reverse-proxy.png" alt="Reverse Proxy Description" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/>    </p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">NOTE: This is not an accurate description rather just an illustration. Red lines represent server&#x27;s response and black lines represent initial request from client(s).    </p></blockquote><h2 id="summary" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#summary" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Summary</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">A proxy server acts as a gateway between client <em>(you)</em> and the internet and  separates end-users from the websites you browse. <strong><em>The position of the proxy server on the network determines whether it is a forward or a reverse proxy server</em></strong>.    Forward proxy is implemented on the client side and <strong>sits in front of multiple clients</strong> or client sources and forwards requests to the web server. Reverse proxy servers are implemented on the <strong>server side</strong> it <strong>sits in front of multiple webservers</strong> and manages the incoming requests by forwarding them to the web servers. </p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">If all this was too much to take in, I have a simple analogy for you.    </p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">At a restaurant the waiter/waitress takes your order and gives it to the kitchen head chef. The head chef then calls out the order and assigns tasks to everyone in the kitchen.    </p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In this analogy: </p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">You are the client</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Your order is the web request</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Waiter/Waitress is your forward proxy server</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Kitchen head chef is the reverse proxy server</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Other chefs working in the kitchen are the web servers</li></ul><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">With that said our guide comes to an end. 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);display:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-weight:600;}.css-tomzwu:hover,.css-tomzwu[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-tomzwu:focus,.css-tomzwu[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-tomzwu" href="https://twitter.com/kamranahmedse"><style data-emotion="css 1bgbs7z">.css-1bgbs7z{border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-full);margin-right:7px;width:22px;}</style><img alt="" src="/authors/kamranahmedse.jpeg" class="chakra-image css-1bgbs7z"/>Kamran Ahmed</a><style data-emotion="css 16hbmpr">.css-16hbmpr{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-16hbmpr">·</span><style data-emotion="css q9k0mw">.css-q9k0mw{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><span class="chakra-text css-q9k0mw">March 14, 2021</span><style data-emotion="css hdjuk6">.css-hdjuk6{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-hdjuk6{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-hdjuk6{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-hdjuk6">·</span><style data-emotion="css 44g9xm">.css-44g9xm{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);display:none;font-weight:500;}.css-44g9xm:hover,.css-44g9xm[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-44g9xm:focus,.css-44g9xm[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-44g9xm{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-44g9xm{display:inline;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-44g9xm" href="https://github.com/kamranahmedse/developer-roadmap/tree/master/content/guides/random-numbers.md">Improve this Guide</a></div><style data-emotion="css 114bhkb">.css-114bhkb{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:30px;line-height:40px;color:var(--chakra-colors-black);margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:30px;line-height:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:45px;line-height:53px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-114bhkb">Random Numbers: Are they?</h1><style data-emotion="css 1vh4uni">.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-1vh4uni">Learn how they are generated and why they may not be truly random.</p></div></div><style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Random numbers are everywhere from computer games to lottery systems, graphics software, statistical sampling, computer simulation and cryptography. 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Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The chart below aims to give you a really basic understanding of how the capability of a DBMS is increased to handle a growing amount of load.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><a href="/guides/scaling-databases.svg" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK"><img src="/guides/scaling-databases.svg" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></a></p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css 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16hbmpr">.css-16hbmpr{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-16hbmpr">·</span><style data-emotion="css q9k0mw">.css-q9k0mw{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><span class="chakra-text css-q9k0mw">May 26, 2021</span><style data-emotion="css hdjuk6">.css-hdjuk6{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-hdjuk6{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-hdjuk6{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-hdjuk6">·</span><style data-emotion="css 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zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><a href="/guides/ssl-tls-https-ssh.png" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK"><img src="/guides/ssl-tls-https-ssh.png" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></a></p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><a href="/guides/sso.png" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK"><img src="/guides/sso.png" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></a></p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css 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48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0, 1, 1);--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out:cubic-bezier(0, 0, 0.2, 1);--chakra-transition-easing-ease-in-out:cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);--chakra-transition-duration-ultra-fast:50ms;--chakra-transition-duration-faster:100ms;--chakra-transition-duration-fast:150ms;--chakra-transition-duration-normal:200ms;--chakra-transition-duration-slow:300ms;--chakra-transition-duration-slower:400ms;--chakra-transition-duration-ultra-slow:500ms;--chakra-blur-none:0;--chakra-blur-sm:4px;--chakra-blur-base:8px;--chakra-blur-md:12px;--chakra-blur-lg:16px;--chakra-blur-xl:24px;--chakra-blur-2xl:40px;--chakra-blur-3xl:64px;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><a href="/guides/token-authentication.png" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK"><img src="/guides/token-authentication.png" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></a></p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 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1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">BitTorrent is a protocol for downloading and distributing files across the Internet. In contrast with the traditional client/server relationship, in which downloaders connect to a central server (for example: watching a movie on Netflix, or loading the web page you&#x27;re reading now), participants in the BitTorrent network, called <strong>peers</strong>, download pieces of files from <em>each other</em>—this is what makes it a <strong>peer-to-peer</strong> protocol. In this article we will investigate how this works, and build our own client that can find peers and exchange data between them.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><img src="/guides/torrent-client/client-server-p2p.png" alt="diagram showing the difference between client/server (all clients connecting to one server) and peer-to-peer (peers connecting to each other) relationships" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The protocol evolved organically over the past 20 years, and various people and organizations added extensions for features like encryption, private torrents, and new ways of finding peers. We&#x27;ll be implementing the <a href="https://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0003.html" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">original spec</a> from 2001 to keep this a weekend-sized project.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">I&#x27;ll be using a <a href="https://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current/amd64/bt-cd/#indexlist" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Debian ISO</a> file as my guinea pig because it&#x27;s big, but not huge, at 350MB. As a popular Linux distribution, there will be lots of fast and cooperative peers for us to connect to. And we&#x27;ll avoid the legal and ethical issues related to downloading pirated content.</p><h2 id="finding-peers" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#finding-peers" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Finding peers</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Here’s a problem: we want to download a file with BitTorrent, but it’s a peer-to-peer protocol and we have no idea where to find peers to download it from. This is a lot like moving to a new city and trying to make friends—maybe we’ll hit up a local pub or a meetup group! Centralized locations like these are the big idea behind trackers, which are central servers that introduce peers to each other. They’re just web servers running over HTTP, and you can find Debian’s at <a href="http://bttracker.debian.org:6969/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">http://bttracker.debian.org:6969/</a></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><img src="/guides/torrent-client/trackers.png" alt="illustration of a desktop computer and laptop sitting at a pub" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Of course, these central servers are liable to get raided by the feds if they facilitate peers exchanging illegal content. You may remember reading about trackers like TorrentSpy, Popcorn Time, and KickassTorrents getting seized and shut down. New methods cut out the middleman by making even <strong>peer discovery</strong> a distributed process. We won&#x27;t be implementing them, but if you&#x27;re interested, some terms you can research are <strong>DHT</strong>, <strong>PEX</strong>, and <strong>magnet links</strong>.</p><h3 id="parsing-a-.torrent-file" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#parsing-a-.torrent-file" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Parsing a .torrent file</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">A .torrent file describes the contents of a torrentable file and information for connecting to a tracker. It&#x27;s all we need in order to kickstart the process of downloading a torrent. Debian&#x27;s .torrent file looks like this:</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-markdown"><style data-emotion="css 4m8w8z">.css-4m8w8z{display:inline-block;font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-mono);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);-webkit-padding-start:0.2em;padding-inline-start:0.2em;-webkit-padding-end:0.2em;padding-inline-end:0.2em;border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-sm);background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-100);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);}</style><code class="chakra-code language-markdown css-4m8w8z">d8:announce41:http://bttracker.debian.org:6969/announce7:comment35:&quot;Debian CD from cdimage.debian.org&quot;13:creation datei1573903810e9:httpseedsl145:https://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/release/10.2.0//srv/cdbuilder.debian.org/dst/deb-cd/weekly-builds/amd64/iso-cd/debian-10.2.0-amd64-netinst.iso145:https://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/archive/10.2.0//srv/cdbuilder.debian.org/dst/deb-cd/weekly-builds/amd64/iso-cd/debian-10.2.0-amd64-netinst.isoe4:infod6:lengthi351272960e4:name31:debian-10.2.0-amd64-netinst.iso12:piece lengthi262144e6:pieces26800:�����PS�^�� (binary blob of the hashes of each piece)ee
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">That mess is encoded in a format called <strong>Bencode</strong> (pronounced <em>bee-encode</em>), and we&#x27;ll need to decode it.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Bencode can encode roughly the same types of structures as JSON—strings, integers, lists, and dictionaries. Bencoded data is not as human-readable/writable as JSON, but it can efficiently handle binary data and it&#x27;s really simple to parse from a stream. Strings come with a length prefix, and look like <code>4:spam</code>. Integers go between <em>start</em> and <em>end</em> markers, so <code>7</code> would encode to <code>i7e</code>. Lists and dictionaries work in a similar way: <code>l4:spami7ee</code> represents <code>[&#x27;spam&#x27;, 7]</code>, while <code>d4:spami7ee</code> means <code>{spam: 7}</code>.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In a prettier format, our .torrent file looks like this:</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-markdown"><code class="chakra-code language-markdown css-4m8w8z">d
+  8:announce
+    41:http://bttracker.debian.org:6969/announce
+  7:comment
+    35:&quot;Debian CD from cdimage.debian.org&quot;
+  13:creation date
+    i1573903810e
+  4:info
+    d
+      6:length
+        i351272960e
+      4:name
+        31:debian-10.2.0-amd64-netinst.iso
+      12:piece length
+        i262144e
+      6:pieces
+        26800:�����PS�^�� (binary blob of the hashes of each piece)
+    e
+e
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In this file, we can spot the URL of the tracker, the creation date (as a Unix timestamp), the name and size of the file, and a big binary blob containing the SHA-1 hashes of each <strong>piece</strong>, which are equally-sized parts of the file we want to download. The exact size of a piece varies between torrents, but they are usually somewhere between 256KB and 1MB. This means that a large file might be made up of <em>thousands</em> of pieces. We&#x27;ll download these pieces from our peers, check them against the hashes from our torrent file, assemble them together, and boom, we&#x27;ve got a file!</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><img src="/guides/torrent-client/pieces.png" alt="&quot;illustration of a file being cut with scissors into multiple pieces, starting with piece 0" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">This mechanism allows us to verify the integrity of each piece as we go. It makes BitTorrent resistant to accidental corruption or intentional <strong>torrent poisoning</strong>. Unless an attacker is capable of breaking SHA-1 with a preimage attack, we will get exactly the content we asked for.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">It would be really fun to write a bencode parser, but parsing isn&#x27;t our focus today. But I found Fredrik Lundh&#x27;s <a href="https://effbot.org/zone/bencode.htm" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">50 line parser</a> to be especially illuminating. For this project, I used <a href="https://github.com/jackpal/bencode-go" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">github.com/jackpal/bencode-go</a>:</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-go"><code class="chakra-code language-go css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">import</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>
+    <span class="token string">&quot;github.com/jackpal/bencode-go&quot;</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">type</span> bencodeInfo <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    Pieces      <span class="token builtin">string</span> <span class="token string">`bencode:&quot;pieces&quot;`</span>
+    PieceLength <span class="token builtin">int</span>    <span class="token string">`bencode:&quot;piece length&quot;`</span>
+    Length      <span class="token builtin">int</span>    <span class="token string">`bencode:&quot;length&quot;`</span>
+    Name        <span class="token builtin">string</span> <span class="token string">`bencode:&quot;name&quot;`</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">type</span> bencodeTorrent <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    Announce <span class="token builtin">string</span>      <span class="token string">`bencode:&quot;announce&quot;`</span>
+    Info     bencodeInfo <span class="token string">`bencode:&quot;info&quot;`</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Open parses a torrent file</span>
+<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token function">Open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>r io<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Reader<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token operator">*</span>bencodeTorrent<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token builtin">error</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    bto <span class="token operator">:=</span> bencodeTorrent<span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+    err <span class="token operator">:=</span> bencode<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Unmarshal</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>r<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>bto<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">if</span> err <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> err
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>bto<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Because I like to keep my structures relatively flat, and I like to keep my application structs separate from my serialization structs, I exported a different, flatter struct named <code>TorrentFile</code> and wrote a few helper functions to convert between the two.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Notably, I split <code>pieces</code> (previously a string) into a slice of hashes (each <code>[20]byte</code>) so that I can easily access individual hashes later. I also computed the SHA-1 hash of the entire bencoded <code>info</code> dict (the one which contained the name, size, and piece hashes). We know this as the <strong>infohash</strong> and it uniquely identifies files when we talk to trackers and peers. More on this later.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><img src="/guides/torrent-client/info-hash.png" alt="a name tag saying &#x27;Hello my name is 86d4c80024a469be4c50bc5a102cf71780310074&#x27;" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-go"><code class="chakra-code language-go css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">type</span> TorrentFile <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    Announce    <span class="token builtin">string</span>
+    InfoHash    <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">byte</span>
+    PieceHashes <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">byte</span>
+    PieceLength <span class="token builtin">int</span>
+    Length      <span class="token builtin">int</span>
+    Name        <span class="token builtin">string</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>bto <span class="token operator">*</span>bencodeTorrent<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token function">toTorrentFile</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token operator">*</span>TorrentFile<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token builtin">error</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token comment">// ...</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><h3 id="retrieving-peers-from-the-tracker" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#retrieving-peers-from-the-tracker" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Retrieving peers from the tracker</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Now that we have information about the file and its tracker, let&#x27;s talk to the tracker to <strong>announce</strong> our presence as a peer and to retrieve a list of other peers. We just need to make a GET request to the <code>announce</code> URL supplied in the .torrent file, with a few query parameters:</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-go"><code class="chakra-code language-go css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>t <span class="token operator">*</span>TorrentFile<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token function">buildTrackerURL</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>peerID <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> port <span class="token builtin">uint16</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token builtin">error</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    base<span class="token punctuation">,</span> err <span class="token operator">:=</span> url<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Parse</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>t<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Announce<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">if</span> err <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> err
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+    params <span class="token operator">:=</span> url<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Values<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token string">&quot;info_hash&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>  <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token function">string</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>t<span class="token punctuation">.</span>InfoHash<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
+        <span class="token string">&quot;peer_id&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>    <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token function">string</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>peerID<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
+        <span class="token string">&quot;port&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>       <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>strconv<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Itoa</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token function">int</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Port<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
+        <span class="token string">&quot;uploaded&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>   <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token string">&quot;0&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
+        <span class="token string">&quot;downloaded&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token string">&quot;0&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
+        <span class="token string">&quot;compact&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>    <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token string">&quot;1&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
+        <span class="token string">&quot;left&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>       <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>strconv<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Itoa</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>t<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Length<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+    base<span class="token punctuation">.</span>RawQuery <span class="token operator">=</span> params<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Encode</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">return</span> base<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">String</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The important ones:</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>info_hash</strong>: Identifies the <em>file</em> we&#x27;re trying to download. It&#x27;s the infohash we calculated earlier from the bencoded <code>info</code> dict. The tracker will use this to figure out which peers to show us.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>peer_id</strong>: A 20 byte name to identify <em>ourselves</em> to trackers and peers. We&#x27;ll just generate 20 random bytes for this. Real BitTorrent clients have IDs like <code>-TR2940-k8hj0wgej6ch</code> which identify the client software and version—in this case, TR2940 stands for Transmission client 2.94.</li></ul><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><img src="/guides/torrent-client/info-hash-peer-id.png" alt="a file with a name tag saying &#x27;info_hash&#x27; and a person with a name tag &#x27;peer_id&#x27;" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></p><h3 id="parsing-the-tracker-response" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#parsing-the-tracker-response" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Parsing the tracker response</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">We get back a bencoded response:</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-markdown"><code class="chakra-code language-markdown css-4m8w8z">d
+  8:interval
+    i900e
+  5:peers
+    252:(another long binary blob)
+e
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><code>Interval</code> tells us how often we&#x27;re supposed to connect to the tracker again to refresh our list of peers. A value of 900 means we should reconnect every 15 minutes (900 seconds).</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><code>Peers</code> is another long binary blob containing the IP addresses of each peer. It&#x27;s made out of <strong>groups of six bytes</strong>. The first four bytes in each group represent the peer&#x27;s IP address—each byte represents a number in the IP. The last two bytes represent the port, as a big-endian <code>uint16</code>. <strong>Big-endian</strong>, or <strong>network order</strong>, means that we can interpret a group of bytes as an integer by just squishing them together left to right. For example, the bytes <code>0x1A</code>, <code>0xE1</code> make <code>0x1AE1</code>, or 6881 in decimal.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><img src="/guides/torrent-client/address.png" alt="diagram showing how 192, 0, 2, 123, 0x1A, 0xE1 can be interpreted as 192.0.1.123:6881" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-go"><code class="chakra-code language-go css-4m8w8z"><span class="token comment">// Peer encodes connection information for a peer</span>
+<span class="token keyword">type</span> Peer <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    IP   net<span class="token punctuation">.</span>IP
+    Port <span class="token builtin">uint16</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Unmarshal parses peer IP addresses and ports from a buffer</span>
+<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token function">Unmarshal</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>peersBin <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>Peer<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token builtin">error</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">const</span> peerSize <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">6</span> <span class="token comment">// 4 for IP, 2 for port</span>
+    numPeers <span class="token operator">:=</span> <span class="token function">len</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>peersBin<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">/</span> peerSize
+    <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token function">len</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>peersBin<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token operator">%</span>peerSize <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        err <span class="token operator">:=</span> fmt<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Errorf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Received malformed peers&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> err
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+    peers <span class="token operator">:=</span> <span class="token function">make</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>Peer<span class="token punctuation">,</span> numPeers<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">for</span> i <span class="token operator">:=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> numPeers<span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">++</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        offset <span class="token operator">:=</span> i <span class="token operator">*</span> peerSize
+        peers<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>IP <span class="token operator">=</span> net<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">IP</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>peersBin<span class="token punctuation">[</span>offset <span class="token punctuation">:</span> offset<span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+        peers<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>Port <span class="token operator">=</span> binary<span class="token punctuation">.</span>BigEndian<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Uint16</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>peersBin<span class="token punctuation">[</span>offset<span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token number">4</span> <span class="token punctuation">:</span> offset<span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token number">6</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">return</span> peers<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><h2 id="downloading-from-peers" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#downloading-from-peers" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Downloading from peers</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Now that we have a list of peers, it&#x27;s time to connect with them and start downloading pieces! We can break down the process into a few steps. For each peer, we want to:</p><ol><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Start a TCP connection with the peer. This is like starting a phone call.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Complete a two-way BitTorrent <strong>handshake</strong>. <em>&quot;Hello?&quot; &quot;Hello.&quot;</em></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Exchange <strong>messages</strong> to download <strong>pieces</strong>. <em>&quot;I&#x27;d like piece #231 please.&quot;</em></li></ol><h2 id="start-a-tcp-connection" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#start-a-tcp-connection" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Start a TCP connection</h2><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-go"><code class="chakra-code language-go css-4m8w8z">conn<span class="token punctuation">,</span> err <span class="token operator">:=</span> net<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">DialTimeout</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;tcp&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> peer<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">String</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token operator">*</span>time<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Second<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+<span class="token keyword">if</span> err <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> err
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">I set a timeout so that I don&#x27;t waste too much time on peers that aren&#x27;t going to let me connect. For the most part, it&#x27;s a pretty standard TCP connection.</p><h3 id="complete-the-handshake" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#complete-the-handshake" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Complete the handshake</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">We&#x27;ve just set up a connection with a peer, but we want do a handshake to validate our assumptions that the peer</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">can communicate using the BitTorrent protocol</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">is able to understand and respond to our messages</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">has the file that we want, or at least knows what we&#x27;re talking about</li></ul><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><img src="/guides/torrent-client/handshake.png" alt="Two computers communicating. One asks &#x27;do you speak BitTorrent and have this file?&#x27; and the other replies &#x27;I speak BitTorrent and have that file&#x27;" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">My father told me that the secret to a good handshake is a firm grip and eye contact. The secret to a good BitTorrent handshake is that it&#x27;s made up of five parts:</p><ol><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">The length of the protocol identifier, which is always 19 (0x13 in hex)</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">The protocol identifier, called the <strong>pstr</strong> which is always <code>BitTorrent protocol</code></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Eight <strong>reserved bytes</strong>, all set to 0. We&#x27;d flip some of them to 1 to indicate that we support certain <a href="http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0010.html" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">extensions</a>. But we don&#x27;t, so we&#x27;ll keep them at 0.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">The <strong>infohash</strong> that we calculated earlier to identify which file we want</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">The <strong>Peer ID</strong> that we made up to identify ourselves</li></ol><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Put together, a handshake string might look like this:</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-markdown"><code class="chakra-code language-markdown css-4m8w8z">\x13BitTorrent protocol\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x86\xd4\xc8\x00\x24\xa4\x69\xbe\x4c\x50\xbc\x5a\x10\x2c\xf7\x17\x80\x31\x00\x74-TR2940-k8hj0wgej6ch
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">After we send a handshake to our peer, we should receive a handshake back in the same format. The infohash we get back should match the one we sent so that we know that we&#x27;re talking about the same file. If everything goes as planned, we&#x27;re good to go. If not, we can sever the connection because there&#x27;s something wrong. <em>&quot;Hello?&quot; &quot;这是谁？ 你想要什么？&quot; &quot;Okay, wow, wrong number.&quot;</em></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In our code, let&#x27;s make a struct to represent a handshake, and write a few methods for serializing and reading them:</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-go"><code class="chakra-code language-go css-4m8w8z"><span class="token comment">// A Handshake is a special message that a peer uses to identify itself</span>
+<span class="token keyword">type</span> Handshake <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    Pstr     <span class="token builtin">string</span>
+    InfoHash <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">byte</span>
+    PeerID   <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">byte</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Serialize serializes the handshake to a buffer</span>
+<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>h <span class="token operator">*</span>Handshake<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token function">Serialize</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">byte</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    buf <span class="token operator">:=</span> <span class="token function">make</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">len</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>h<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Pstr<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token number">49</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    buf<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token function">len</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>h<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Pstr<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    curr <span class="token operator">:=</span> <span class="token number">1</span>
+    curr <span class="token operator">+=</span> <span class="token function">copy</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>buf<span class="token punctuation">[</span>curr<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> h<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Pstr<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    curr <span class="token operator">+=</span> <span class="token function">copy</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>buf<span class="token punctuation">[</span>curr<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">make</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">8</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment">// 8 reserved bytes</span>
+    curr <span class="token operator">+=</span> <span class="token function">copy</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>buf<span class="token punctuation">[</span>curr<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> h<span class="token punctuation">.</span>InfoHash<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    curr <span class="token operator">+=</span> <span class="token function">copy</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>buf<span class="token punctuation">[</span>curr<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> h<span class="token punctuation">.</span>PeerID<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">return</span> buf
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Read parses a handshake from a stream</span>
+<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token function">Read</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>r io<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Reader<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token operator">*</span>Handshake<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token builtin">error</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token comment">// Do Serialize(), but backwards</span>
+    <span class="token comment">// ...</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><h3 id="send-and-receive-messages" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#send-and-receive-messages" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Send and receive messages</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Once we&#x27;ve completed the initial handshake, we can send and receive <strong>messages</strong>. Well, not quite—if the other peer isn&#x27;t ready to accept messages, we can&#x27;t send any until they tell us they&#x27;re ready. In this state, we&#x27;re considered <strong>choked</strong> by the other peer. They&#x27;ll send us an <strong>unchoke</strong> message to let us know that we can begin asking them for data. By default, we assume that we&#x27;re choked until proven otherwise.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Once we&#x27;ve been unchoked, we can then begin sending <strong>requests</strong> for pieces, and they can send us messages back containing pieces.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><img src="/guides/torrent-client/choke.png" alt="&quot;A cartoon in which person 1 says &#x27;hello I would like piece number—&#x27; and person 2 grabs him by the neck and says &#x27;00 00 00 01 00 (choke)&#x27;" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></p><h4 id="interpreting-messages" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-jRQBWg SekzN gRXaYU"><a href="#interpreting-messages" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Interpreting messages</h4><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">A message has a length, an <strong>ID</strong> and a <strong>payload</strong>. On the wire, it looks like:</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><img src="/guides/torrent-client/message.png" alt="A message with 4 byte for the length, 1 byte for ID, and an optional payload" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">A message starts with a length indicator which tells us how many bytes long the message will be. It&#x27;s a 32-bit integer, meaning it&#x27;s made out of four bytes smooshed together in big-endian order. The next byte, the <strong>ID</strong>, tells us which type of message we&#x27;re receiving—for example, a <code>2</code> byte means &quot;interested.&quot; Finally, the optional <strong>payload</strong> fills out the remaining length of the message.</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-go"><code class="chakra-code language-go css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">type</span> messageID <span class="token builtin">uint8</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">const</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>
+    MsgChoke         messageID <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span>
+    MsgUnchoke       messageID <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">1</span>
+    MsgInterested    messageID <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">2</span>
+    MsgNotInterested messageID <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">3</span>
+    MsgHave          messageID <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">4</span>
+    MsgBitfield      messageID <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">5</span>
+    MsgRequest       messageID <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">6</span>
+    MsgPiece         messageID <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">7</span>
+    MsgCancel        messageID <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">8</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Message stores ID and payload of a message</span>
+<span class="token keyword">type</span> Message <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    ID      messageID
+    Payload <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">byte</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Serialize serializes a message into a buffer of the form</span>
+<span class="token comment">// &lt;length prefix&gt;&lt;message ID&gt;&lt;payload&gt;</span>
+<span class="token comment">// Interprets `nil` as a keep-alive message</span>
+<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>m <span class="token operator">*</span>Message<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token function">Serialize</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">byte</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">if</span> m <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token function">make</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+    length <span class="token operator">:=</span> <span class="token function">uint32</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token function">len</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>m<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Payload<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment">// +1 for id</span>
+    buf <span class="token operator">:=</span> <span class="token function">make</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token operator">+</span>length<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    binary<span class="token punctuation">.</span>BigEndian<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">PutUint32</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>buf<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> length<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    buf<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>m<span class="token punctuation">.</span>ID<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token function">copy</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>buf<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> m<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Payload<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">return</span> buf
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">To read a message from a stream, we just follow the format of a message. We read four bytes and interpret them as a <code>uint32</code> to get the <strong>length</strong> of the message. Then, we read that number of bytes to get the <strong>ID</strong> (the first byte) and the <strong>payload</strong> (the remaining bytes).</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-go"><code class="chakra-code language-go css-4m8w8z"><span class="token comment">// Read parses a message from a stream. Returns `nil` on keep-alive message</span>
+<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token function">Read</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>r io<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Reader<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token operator">*</span>Message<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token builtin">error</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    lengthBuf <span class="token operator">:=</span> <span class="token function">make</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token boolean">_</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> err <span class="token operator">:=</span> io<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">ReadFull</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>r<span class="token punctuation">,</span> lengthBuf<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">if</span> err <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> err
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+    length <span class="token operator">:=</span> binary<span class="token punctuation">.</span>BigEndian<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Uint32</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>lengthBuf<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+
+    <span class="token comment">// keep-alive message</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">if</span> length <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    messageBuf <span class="token operator">:=</span> <span class="token function">make</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> length<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token boolean">_</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> err <span class="token operator">=</span> io<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">ReadFull</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>r<span class="token punctuation">,</span> messageBuf<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">if</span> err <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> err
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    m <span class="token operator">:=</span> Message<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        ID<span class="token punctuation">:</span>      <span class="token function">messageID</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>messageBuf<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
+        Payload<span class="token punctuation">:</span> messageBuf<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>m<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><h4 id="bitfields" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-jRQBWg SekzN gRXaYU"><a href="#bitfields" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Bitfields</h4><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">One of the most interesting types of message is the <strong>bitfield</strong>, which is a data structure that peers use to efficiently encode which pieces they are able to send us. A bitfield looks like a byte array, and to check which pieces they have, we just need to look at the positions of the <em>bits</em> set to 1. You can think of it like the digital equivalent of a coffee shop loyalty card. We start with a blank card of all <code>0</code>, and flip bits to <code>1</code> to mark their positions as &quot;stamped.&quot;</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><img src="/guides/torrent-client/bitfield.png" alt="a coffee shop loyalty card with eight slots, with stamps on the first four slots and a stamp on the second to last slot, represented as 11110010" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">By working with <em>bits</em> instead of <em>bytes</em>, this data structure is super compact. We can stuff information about eight pieces in the space of a single byte—the size of a <code>bool</code>. The tradeoff is that accessing values becomes a little more tricky. The smallest unit of memory that computers can address are bytes, so to get to our bits, we have to do some bitwise manipulation:</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-go"><code class="chakra-code language-go css-4m8w8z"><span class="token comment">// A Bitfield represents the pieces that a peer has</span>
+<span class="token keyword">type</span> Bitfield <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">byte</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// HasPiece tells if a bitfield has a particular index set</span>
+<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>bf Bitfield<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token function">HasPiece</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>index <span class="token builtin">int</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token builtin">bool</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    byteIndex <span class="token operator">:=</span> index <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">8</span>
+    offset <span class="token operator">:=</span> index <span class="token operator">%</span> <span class="token number">8</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">return</span> bf<span class="token punctuation">[</span>byteIndex<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">7</span><span class="token operator">-</span>offset<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span><span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token number">0</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// SetPiece sets a bit in the bitfield</span>
+<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>bf Bitfield<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token function">SetPiece</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>index <span class="token builtin">int</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    byteIndex <span class="token operator">:=</span> index <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">8</span>
+    offset <span class="token operator">:=</span> index <span class="token operator">%</span> <span class="token number">8</span>
+    bf<span class="token punctuation">[</span>byteIndex<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">|=</span> <span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">7</span> <span class="token operator">-</span> offset<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><h3 id="putting-it-all-together" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#putting-it-all-together" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Putting it all together</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">We now have all the tools we need to download a torrent: we have a list of peers obtained from the tracker, and we can communicate with them by dialing a TCP connection, initiating a handshake, and sending and receiving messages. Our last big problems are handling the <strong>concurrency</strong> involved in talking to multiple peers at once, and managing the <strong>state</strong> of our peers as we interact with them. These are both classically Hard problems.</p><h4 id="managing-concurrency:-channels-as-queues" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-jRQBWg SekzN gRXaYU"><a href="#managing-concurrency:-channels-as-queues" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Managing concurrency: channels as queues</h4><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In Go, we <a href="https://blog.golang.org/share-memory-by-communicating" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">share memory by communicating</a>, and we can think of a Go channel as a cheap thread-safe queue.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">We&#x27;ll set up two channels to synchronize our concurrent workers: one for dishing out work (pieces to download) between peers, and another for collecting downloaded pieces. As downloaded pieces come in through the results channel, we can copy them into a buffer to start assembling our complete file.</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-go"><code class="chakra-code language-go css-4m8w8z"><span class="token comment">// Init queues for workers to retrieve work and send results</span>
+workQueue <span class="token operator">:=</span> <span class="token function">make</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">chan</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>pieceWork<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">len</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>t<span class="token punctuation">.</span>PieceHashes<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+results <span class="token operator">:=</span> <span class="token function">make</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">chan</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>pieceResult<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+<span class="token keyword">for</span> index<span class="token punctuation">,</span> hash <span class="token operator">:=</span> <span class="token keyword">range</span> t<span class="token punctuation">.</span>PieceHashes <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    length <span class="token operator">:=</span> t<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">calculatePieceSize</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>index<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    workQueue <span class="token operator">&lt;-</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>pieceWork<span class="token punctuation">{</span>index<span class="token punctuation">,</span> hash<span class="token punctuation">,</span> length<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Start workers</span>
+<span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token boolean">_</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> peer <span class="token operator">:=</span> <span class="token keyword">range</span> t<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Peers <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">go</span> t<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">startDownloadWorker</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>peer<span class="token punctuation">,</span> workQueue<span class="token punctuation">,</span> results<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// Collect results into a buffer until full</span>
+buf <span class="token operator">:=</span> <span class="token function">make</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> t<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Length<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+donePieces <span class="token operator">:=</span> <span class="token number">0</span>
+<span class="token keyword">for</span> donePieces <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> <span class="token function">len</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>t<span class="token punctuation">.</span>PieceHashes<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    res <span class="token operator">:=</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;-</span>results
+    begin<span class="token punctuation">,</span> end <span class="token operator">:=</span> t<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">calculateBoundsForPiece</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>res<span class="token punctuation">.</span>index<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token function">copy</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>buf<span class="token punctuation">[</span>begin<span class="token punctuation">:</span>end<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> res<span class="token punctuation">.</span>buf<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    donePieces<span class="token operator">++</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>workQueue<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+</code></pre><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">We&#x27;ll spawn a worker goroutine for each peer we&#x27;ve received from the tracker. It&#x27;ll connect and handshake with the peer, and then start retrieving work from the <code>workQueue</code>, attempting to download it, and sending downloaded pieces back through the <code>results</code> channel.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><img src="/guides/torrent-client/download.png" alt="a flow chart of the download strategy" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-go"><code class="chakra-code language-go css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>t <span class="token operator">*</span>Torrent<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token function">startDownloadWorker</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>peer peers<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Peer<span class="token punctuation">,</span> workQueue <span class="token keyword">chan</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>pieceWork<span class="token punctuation">,</span> results <span class="token keyword">chan</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>pieceResult<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    c<span class="token punctuation">,</span> err <span class="token operator">:=</span> client<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">New</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>peer<span class="token punctuation">,</span> t<span class="token punctuation">.</span>PeerID<span class="token punctuation">,</span> t<span class="token punctuation">.</span>InfoHash<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">if</span> err <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        log<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Could not handshake with %s. Disconnecting\n&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> peer<span class="token punctuation">.</span>IP<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">return</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">defer</span> c<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Conn<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    log<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Completed handshake with %s\n&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> peer<span class="token punctuation">.</span>IP<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+
+    c<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">SendUnchoke</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    c<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">SendInterested</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">for</span> pw <span class="token operator">:=</span> <span class="token keyword">range</span> workQueue <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token operator">!</span>c<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Bitfield<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">HasPiece</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>pw<span class="token punctuation">.</span>index<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+            workQueue <span class="token operator">&lt;-</span> pw <span class="token comment">// Put piece back on the queue</span>
+            <span class="token keyword">continue</span>
+        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+        <span class="token comment">// Download the piece</span>
+        buf<span class="token punctuation">,</span> err <span class="token operator">:=</span> <span class="token function">attemptDownloadPiece</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>c<span class="token punctuation">,</span> pw<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">if</span> err <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+            log<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Exiting&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> err<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+            workQueue <span class="token operator">&lt;-</span> pw <span class="token comment">// Put piece back on the queue</span>
+            <span class="token keyword">return</span>
+        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+        err <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">checkIntegrity</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>pw<span class="token punctuation">,</span> buf<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">if</span> err <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+            log<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Piece #%d failed integrity check\n&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> pw<span class="token punctuation">.</span>index<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+            workQueue <span class="token operator">&lt;-</span> pw <span class="token comment">// Put piece back on the queue</span>
+            <span class="token keyword">continue</span>
+        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+        c<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">SendHave</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>pw<span class="token punctuation">.</span>index<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+        results <span class="token operator">&lt;-</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>pieceResult<span class="token punctuation">{</span>pw<span class="token punctuation">.</span>index<span class="token punctuation">,</span> buf<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><h4 id="managing-state" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-jRQBWg SekzN gRXaYU"><a href="#managing-state" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Managing state</h4><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">We&#x27;ll keep track of each peer in a struct, and modify that struct as we read messages. It&#x27;ll include data like how much we&#x27;ve downloaded from the peer, how much we&#x27;ve requested from them, and whether we&#x27;re choked. If we wanted to scale this further, we could formalize this as a finite state machine. But a struct and a switch are good enough for now.</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-go"><code class="chakra-code language-go css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">type</span> pieceProgress <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    index      <span class="token builtin">int</span>
+    client     <span class="token operator">*</span>client<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Client
+    buf        <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">byte</span>
+    downloaded <span class="token builtin">int</span>
+    requested  <span class="token builtin">int</span>
+    backlog    <span class="token builtin">int</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>state <span class="token operator">*</span>pieceProgress<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token function">readMessage</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token builtin">error</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    msg<span class="token punctuation">,</span> err <span class="token operator">:=</span> state<span class="token punctuation">.</span>client<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Read</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment">// this call blocks</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">switch</span> msg<span class="token punctuation">.</span>ID <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">case</span> message<span class="token punctuation">.</span>MsgUnchoke<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
+        state<span class="token punctuation">.</span>client<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Choked <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">false</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">case</span> message<span class="token punctuation">.</span>MsgChoke<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
+        state<span class="token punctuation">.</span>client<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Choked <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">case</span> message<span class="token punctuation">.</span>MsgHave<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
+        index<span class="token punctuation">,</span> err <span class="token operator">:=</span> message<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">ParseHave</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>msg<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+        state<span class="token punctuation">.</span>client<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Bitfield<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">SetPiece</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>index<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">case</span> message<span class="token punctuation">.</span>MsgPiece<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
+        n<span class="token punctuation">,</span> err <span class="token operator">:=</span> message<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">ParsePiece</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>state<span class="token punctuation">.</span>index<span class="token punctuation">,</span> state<span class="token punctuation">.</span>buf<span class="token punctuation">,</span> msg<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+        state<span class="token punctuation">.</span>downloaded <span class="token operator">+=</span> n
+        state<span class="token punctuation">.</span>backlog<span class="token operator">--</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><h4 id="time-to-make-requests" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-jRQBWg SekzN gRXaYU"><a href="#time-to-make-requests" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Time to make requests!</h4><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Files, pieces, and piece hashes aren&#x27;t the full story—we can go further by breaking down pieces into <strong>blocks</strong>. A block is a part of a piece, and we can fully define a block by the <strong>index</strong> of the piece it&#x27;s part of, its byte <strong>offset</strong> within the piece, and its <strong>length</strong>. When we make requests for data from peers, we are actually requesting <em>blocks</em>. A block is usually 16KB large, meaning that a single 256 KB piece might actually require 16 requests.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">A peer is supposed to sever the connection if they receive a request for a block larger than 16KB. However, based on my experience, they&#x27;re often perfectly happy to satisfy requests up to 128KB. I only got moderate gains in overall speed with larger block sizes, so it&#x27;s probably better to stick with the spec.</p><h4 id="pipelining" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-jRQBWg SekzN gRXaYU"><a href="#pipelining" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Pipelining</h4><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Network round-trips are expensive, and requesting each block one by one will absolutely tank the performance of our download. Therefore, it&#x27;s important to <strong>pipeline</strong> our requests such that we keep up a constant pressure of some number of unfulfilled requests. This can increase the throughput of our connection by an order of magnitude.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><img src="/guides/torrent-client/pipelining.png" alt="Two email threads simulating peer connections. The thread on the left shows a request followed by a reply, repeated three times. The thread on the left sends three requests, and receives three replies in quick succession." class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Classically, BitTorrent clients kept a queue of five pipelined requests, and that&#x27;s the value I&#x27;ll be using. I found that increasing it can up to double the speed of a download. Newer clients use an <a href="https://luminarys.com/posts/writing-a-bittorrent-client.html" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">adaptive</a> queue size to better accommodate modern network speeds and conditions. This is definitely a parameter worth tweaking, and it&#x27;s pretty low hanging fruit for future performance optimization.</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-go"><code class="chakra-code language-go css-4m8w8z"><span class="token comment">// MaxBlockSize is the largest number of bytes a request can ask for</span>
+<span class="token keyword">const</span> MaxBlockSize <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">16384</span>
+
+<span class="token comment">// MaxBacklog is the number of unfulfilled requests a client can have in its pipeline</span>
+<span class="token keyword">const</span> MaxBacklog <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">5</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token function">attemptDownloadPiece</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>c <span class="token operator">*</span>client<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Client<span class="token punctuation">,</span> pw <span class="token operator">*</span>pieceWork<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token builtin">error</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    state <span class="token operator">:=</span> pieceProgress<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        index<span class="token punctuation">:</span>  pw<span class="token punctuation">.</span>index<span class="token punctuation">,</span>
+        client<span class="token punctuation">:</span> c<span class="token punctuation">,</span>
+        buf<span class="token punctuation">:</span>    <span class="token function">make</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token builtin">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> pw<span class="token punctuation">.</span>length<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token comment">// Setting a deadline helps get unresponsive peers unstuck.</span>
+    <span class="token comment">// 30 seconds is more than enough time to download a 262 KB piece</span>
+    c<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Conn<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">SetDeadline</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>time<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Now</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Add</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">30</span> <span class="token operator">*</span> time<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Second<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">defer</span> c<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Conn<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">SetDeadline</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>time<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Time<span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment">// Disable the deadline</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">for</span> state<span class="token punctuation">.</span>downloaded <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> pw<span class="token punctuation">.</span>length <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        <span class="token comment">// If unchoked, send requests until we have enough unfulfilled requests</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token operator">!</span>state<span class="token punctuation">.</span>client<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Choked <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+            <span class="token keyword">for</span> state<span class="token punctuation">.</span>backlog <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> MaxBacklog <span class="token operator">&amp;&amp;</span> state<span class="token punctuation">.</span>requested <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> pw<span class="token punctuation">.</span>length <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+                blockSize <span class="token operator">:=</span> MaxBlockSize
+                <span class="token comment">// Last block might be shorter than the typical block</span>
+                <span class="token keyword">if</span> pw<span class="token punctuation">.</span>length<span class="token operator">-</span>state<span class="token punctuation">.</span>requested <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> blockSize <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+                    blockSize <span class="token operator">=</span> pw<span class="token punctuation">.</span>length <span class="token operator">-</span> state<span class="token punctuation">.</span>requested
+                <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+                err <span class="token operator">:=</span> c<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">SendRequest</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>pw<span class="token punctuation">.</span>index<span class="token punctuation">,</span> state<span class="token punctuation">.</span>requested<span class="token punctuation">,</span> blockSize<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+                <span class="token keyword">if</span> err <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+                    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> err
+                <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+                state<span class="token punctuation">.</span>backlog<span class="token operator">++</span>
+                state<span class="token punctuation">.</span>requested <span class="token operator">+=</span> blockSize
+            <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+        err <span class="token operator">:=</span> state<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">readMessage</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+        <span class="token keyword">if</span> err <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+            <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> err
+        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    <span class="token keyword">return</span> state<span class="token punctuation">.</span>buf<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><h4 id="main.go" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-jRQBWg SekzN gRXaYU"><a href="#main.go" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>main.go</h4><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">This is a short one. We&#x27;re almost there.</p><pre class="sc-furwcr jiGIaj language-go"><code class="chakra-code language-go css-4m8w8z"><span class="token keyword">package</span> main
+
+<span class="token keyword">import</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>
+    <span class="token string">&quot;log&quot;</span>
+    <span class="token string">&quot;os&quot;</span>
+
+    <span class="token string">&quot;github.com/veggiedefender/torrent-client/torrentfile&quot;</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+
+<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+    inPath <span class="token operator">:=</span> os<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Args<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
+    outPath <span class="token operator">:=</span> os<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Args<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
+
+    tf<span class="token punctuation">,</span> err <span class="token operator">:=</span> torrentfile<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>inPath<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">if</span> err <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        log<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Fatal</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>err<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+
+    err <span class="token operator">=</span> tf<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">DownloadToFile</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>outPath<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token keyword">if</span> err <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
+        log<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Fatal</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>err<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
+</code></pre><script id="asciicast-xqRSB0Jec8RN91Zt89rbb9PcL" src="https://asciinema.org/a/xqRSB0Jec8RN91Zt89rbb9PcL.js" async=""></script><h2 id="this-isn&#x27;t-the-full-story" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#this-isn&#x27;t-the-full-story" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>This isn&#x27;t the full story</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">For brevity, I included only a few of the important snippets of code. Notably, I left out all the glue code, parsing, unit tests, and the boring parts that build character. View my <a href="https://github.com/veggiedefender/torrent-client" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">full implementation</a> if you&#x27;re interested.</p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. 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1bjthgu">.css-1bjthgu{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-100);margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1bjthgu{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:5px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1bjthgu{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:15px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1bjthgu">Stay Informed</h2><style data-emotion="css 1ne3i1y">.css-1ne3i1y{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1ne3i1y{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1ne3i1y{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-1ne3i1y">Subscribe yourself to get updates, new guides, videos and roadmaps in your inbox.</p><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><a href="/guides/unfamiliar-codebase.png" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK"><img src="/guides/unfamiliar-codebase.png" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></a></p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);display:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-weight:600;}.css-tomzwu:hover,.css-tomzwu[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-tomzwu:focus,.css-tomzwu[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-tomzwu" href="https://twitter.com/kamranahmedse"><style data-emotion="css 1bgbs7z">.css-1bgbs7z{border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-full);margin-right:7px;width:22px;}</style><img alt="" src="/authors/kamranahmedse.jpeg" class="chakra-image css-1bgbs7z"/>Kamran Ahmed</a><style data-emotion="css 16hbmpr">.css-16hbmpr{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-16hbmpr">·</span><style data-emotion="css q9k0mw">.css-q9k0mw{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><span class="chakra-text css-q9k0mw">September 5, 2021</span><style data-emotion="css hdjuk6">.css-hdjuk6{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-hdjuk6{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-hdjuk6{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-hdjuk6">·</span><style data-emotion="css 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114bhkb">.css-114bhkb{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:30px;line-height:40px;color:var(--chakra-colors-black);margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:30px;line-height:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:45px;line-height:53px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-114bhkb">What are Web Vitals?</h1><style data-emotion="css 1vh4uni">.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-1vh4uni">Learn what are the core web vitals and how to measure them.</p></div></div><style data-emotion="css 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48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0, 1, 1);--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out:cubic-bezier(0, 0, 0.2, 1);--chakra-transition-easing-ease-in-out:cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);--chakra-transition-duration-ultra-fast:50ms;--chakra-transition-duration-faster:100ms;--chakra-transition-duration-fast:150ms;--chakra-transition-duration-normal:200ms;--chakra-transition-duration-slow:300ms;--chakra-transition-duration-slower:400ms;--chakra-transition-duration-ultra-slow:500ms;--chakra-blur-none:0;--chakra-blur-sm:4px;--chakra-blur-base:8px;--chakra-blur-md:12px;--chakra-blur-lg:16px;--chakra-blur-xl:24px;--chakra-blur-2xl:40px;--chakra-blur-3xl:64px;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Since the explosive growth of web-based applications, every developer could stand to benefit from understanding how the Internet works. In this article, accompanied with an introductory series of short videos about the Internet from <a href="https://code.org" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">code.org</a>, you will learn the basics of the Internet and how it works. After going through this article, you will be able to answer the below questions:</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">What is the Internet?</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">How does the information move on the internet?</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">How do the networks talk to each other and the protocols involved?</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">What&#x27;s the relationship between packets, routers, and reliability? </li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">HTTP and the HTML – How are you viewing this webpage in your browser?</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">How is the information transfer on the internet made secure?</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">What is cybersecurity and what are some common internet crimes?</li></ul><h2 id="what-is-the-internet" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-is-the-internet" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What is the Internet?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The Internet is a global network of computers connected to each other which communicate through a standardized set of protocols. </p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In the video below, Vint Cerf, one of the &quot;fathers of the internet,&quot; explains the history of how the Internet works and how no one person or organization is really in charge of it.  </p><div class="sc-kDTinF csUndQ"><iframe frameBorder="0" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Dxcc6ycZ73M" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><h2 id="wires,-cables,-and-wi-fi" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#wires,-cables,-and-wi-fi" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Wires, Cables, and Wi-Fi</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Information on the Internet moves from computer to another in the form of bits over various mediums, including Ethernet cables, fiber optic cables, and wireless signals (i.e., radio waves).</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In the video linked below, you will learn about the different mediums for data transfer on the Internet and the pros and cons for each. </p><div class="sc-kDTinF csUndQ"><iframe frameBorder="0" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZhEf7e4kopM" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><h2 id="ip-addresses-and-dns" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#ip-addresses-and-dns" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>IP Addresses and DNS</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Now that you know about the physical medium for the data transfer over the internet, it&#x27;s time to learn about the protocols involved. How does the information traverse from one computer to another in this massive global network of computers? </p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In the video below, you will get a brief introduction to IP, DNS, and how these protocols make the Internet work. </p><div class="sc-kDTinF csUndQ"><iframe frameBorder="0" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5o8CwafCxnU" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><h2 id="packets,-routing,-and-reliability" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#packets,-routing,-and-reliability" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Packets, Routing, and Reliability</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Information transfer on the Internet from one computer to another does not need to follow a fixed path; in fact, it may change paths during the transfer. This information transfer is done in the form of packets and these packets may follow different routes depending on certain factors.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In this video, you will learn about how the packets of information are routed from one computer to another to reach the destination.  </p><div class="sc-kDTinF csUndQ"><iframe frameBorder="0" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/AYdF7b3nMto" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><h2 id="http-and-html" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#http-and-html" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>HTTP and HTML</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">HTTP is the standard protocol by which webpages are transferred over the Internet. The video below is a brief introduction to HTTP and how web browsers load websites for you.</p><div class="sc-kDTinF csUndQ"><iframe frameBorder="0" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kBXQZMmiA4s" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><h2 id="encryption-and-public-keys" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#encryption-and-public-keys" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Encryption and Public Keys</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Cryptography is what keeps our communication secure on the Internet. In this short video, you will learn the basics of cryptograpy, SSL/TLS, and how they help make the communication on the Internet secure.</p><div class="sc-kDTinF csUndQ"><iframe frameBorder="0" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZghMPWGXexs" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><h2 id="cybersecurity-and-crime" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#cybersecurity-and-crime" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Cybersecurity and Crime</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In this video, you will learn about the basics of cybersecurity and common cybercrimes</p><div class="sc-kDTinF csUndQ"><iframe frameBorder="0" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/AuYNXgO_f3Y" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">And that wraps it up for this article. 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><a href="/guides/sli-slo-sla.jpeg" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK"><img src="/guides/sli-slo-sla.jpeg" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></a></p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 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114bhkb">.css-114bhkb{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:30px;line-height:40px;color:var(--chakra-colors-black);margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:30px;line-height:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:45px;line-height:53px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-114bhkb">Build it and they will come?</h1><style data-emotion="css 1vh4uni">.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-1vh4uni">Why “build it and they will come” alone won’t work anymore</p></div></div><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">We all have heard the mantra <em>&quot;build it and they will come&quot;</em> many times. Stories of people building a startup or project and seemingly stumbling upon a goldmine aren&#x27;t few, but they aren&#x27;t the rule. These stories are still the exception in the mass of launched projects and startups.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Before the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Wright brothers</a> built their Kitty Hawk, people generally believed heavy objects could not fly - physics simply forbade it. The idea to regularly board airplanes as we do it these days was unthinkable. It was considered an unrealistic daydream for humans to ever claim the sky. When the first airplanes took off, people were fascinated, of course. It was a topic people continued to talk about for ages. Technology had made something impossible possible. While the wording &quot;build it and they will come&quot; originated from the movie <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_Dreams" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Field of Dreams</a>, this and similar historic events gave birth to the idea behind it.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The engineers&#x27; and inventors&#x27; dreams came true: spend time doing what you love while the success follows magically. The internet and web-standards democratized access to this dream. But with it, the idea behind it faded and became less and less powerful. In 2020, there are very strong signs the popular saying isn&#x27;t correct anymore.</p><h2 id="why-doesn&#x27;t-&quot;build-it-and-they-will-come&quot;-work-anymore" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#why-doesn&#x27;t-&quot;build-it-and-they-will-come&quot;-work-anymore" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Why doesn&#x27;t &quot;build it and they will come&quot; work anymore?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">There are a few reasons working hard to make &quot;build it and they will come&quot; a thing of the past. This being said, it doesn&#x27;t mean you can&#x27;t succeed building a side-project anymore. You&#x27;ve just got to adjust the way you are building it.</p><h3 id="building-got-much-easier" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#building-got-much-easier" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Building got much easier</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">As a software engineer, some websites are a blessing. Most of us couldn&#x27;t work without GitHub, Stackoverflow and of course Google, ahem, DuckDuckGo. These powerful sites help us to solve problems, learn new techniques and find the right libraries to make building projects easier. If any of these sites are down, most engineers take a break and go for a coffee instead of trying to continue working. Combine this with more sophisticated web-standards and easier access to tooling, and you arrive at a world where building projects isn&#x27;t just a job for highly specialist developers anymore. Powerful frameworks such as <a href="https://laravel.com/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Laravel</a> and <a href="https://quasar.dev/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Quasar Framework</a> are available for anyone to build projects on - for free.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In fact, building projects got to a point where some people simply build them as an exercise or hobby. If you spend some time browsing GitHub you will be surprised by the open source projects people built without any commercial goals. &quot;Low code&quot; and &quot;No code&quot; are the next wave of people building projects with less technological background.</p><h3 id="too-much-going-on:-information-overload" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#too-much-going-on:-information-overload" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Too much going on: information overload</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">We are living in a world with information overload. In the online sphere, you can find a lot of useful information. But there is also a lot of noise. For each piece of information or advice you can find a number of opposing statements. This is partly due to the fact that the internet made it much easier to publish and share information. Everyone has been given a voice - for good or bad. This makes it much harder to reach potential users. Your new project probably just drowns amongst kitten videos, opinions, and news. Never has the average lifetime of published content been so low. You&#x27;ve got to come up with a marketing plan before setting out on the journey.</p><h3 id="smaller-problems" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#smaller-problems" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Smaller Problems</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Besides building being easier than ever before and attention being in short supply, there is another issue making the life of makers, inventors and engineers harder: today&#x27;s problems are much smaller. Back when the previously mentioned Wright Brothers set out, they fascinated people with the problem they were aiming to address: flying. Unless your name is Elon, your problem is unlikely to attract many people naturally. As a solo developer or indie hacker, the chances are higher for having a much smaller problem in a niche (of a niche). With the information overload mentioned before, niches are pretty much the only way to build a side-project or startup and succeed.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Does sound pretty grim for inventors, developers and engineers? Well, yes and no. We&#x27;ve got to tweak the approach to get in front of the eye of potential users and customers.</p><h2 id="how-to-market-your-project-nowadays" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#how-to-market-your-project-nowadays" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>How to market your project nowadays?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The very first step to improving the odds of success is <a href="https://peterthaleikis.com/business-idea-validation/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">idea validation</a>. While this sounds fairly obvious, many engineers and developers still don&#x27;t validate their ideas before starting to build the MVP. The result is another stale project and wasted effort. To succeed you need to work on marketing before you start building anything. In the link mentioned before, I describe my approach to validation and collecting useful marketing information at the same time.</p><h3 id="build-your-audience-first-and-the-project-after." class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#build-your-audience-first-and-the-project-after." class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Build your Audience first and the project after.</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Build your audience before you build your project. Spend your time connecting with potential users, learn from their needs and talk about their problems. This will help you market your project later on. Audience first, project second. There are numerous ways to build an audience. One of the simplest and easiest is to start with a personal or <a href="https://startupnamecheck.com/blog/how-to-start-a-small-business-blog" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">project blog</a>.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Don&#x27;t use Medium or a similar service - opt for a self-hosted blog as it allows you to build the blog freely to your needs and have decent links back to your project later on. Don&#x27;t forget to add a newsletter. Newsletters are a key to reconnect in our world of short attention spans.</p><h3 id="tool-by-tool" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#tool-by-tool" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Tool by Tool</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Another approach is the &quot;Tool by Tool&quot; approach. I&#x27;ve first noticed this approach being used by Shopify. The team at Shopify are providing little tools such as a <a href="https://hatchful.shopify.com/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">logo generator</a> and release these tools free for anyone to use. This not just builds goodwill with people; it also allows Shopify to attract powerful backlinks to their projects. As developers we are in the perfect position to build such mini-tools. It boosts morale and drives attention at the same time.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Spend some time evaluating where your project or product will deliver value to the end-user. Look at options to split off small, independent tools. Build these and launch them before launching the whole product. This allows you to practice launching and promoting your part-projects at the same time. With each backlink to your part-projects you will enhance your ranking in Google. An example for a maker following this approach is <a href="https://kambanthemaker.com/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Kamban</a> with <a href="https://flatga.io/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">FlatGA</a>. He built FlatGA as phase one of a bigger project currently in development.</p><h3 id="join-a-maker-community" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#join-a-maker-community" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Join a Maker community</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">While you are building your part-projects, don&#x27;t forget to discuss the progress publicly. This helps to attract an audience around your work and makes the launches easier. You can use Twitter threads and Reddit posts to share updates. A maker community such as <a href="https://getmakerlog.com/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">makerlog</a> or <a href="https://wip.chat" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">WIP.chat</a> can also extend your reach. These allow you to get instant feedback, keep yourself accountable and they will enhance your reach at the same time.</p><h3 id="getting-ready-to-launch" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#getting-ready-to-launch" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Getting ready to Launch</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Launching seems like this special moment when you release your project into the wide world. Often this moment is combined with high expectations and developers consider launching their project the key - if not only - part of their approach to marketing. While launching can help to attract some initial customers, it shouldn&#x27;t be your only idea when it comes to marketing. You should also know that launching isn&#x27;t a single event. You can (and should) launch again and again. Every time you launch you are increasing the chance to reach more and new customers. After the launch is before the launch.</p><h3 id="marketing-is-an-on-going-fight" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb SekzN eVBGqr"><a href="#marketing-is-an-on-going-fight" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Marketing Is an On-going Fight</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Many developers plan to launch their product on a few sites and see where it takes their project from there on. This works well, if your product goes viral by luck. A much more sustainable approach is constantly working a little on it. Marketing is most effective, if done consistently. That holds true for blogging as well as most other forms of marketing. A simple approach to keep you on the path to market your project regularly is subscribing to a free <a href="https://wheretopost.email" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">newsletter with small marketing opportunities</a>. This way, you are regularly reminded and given bite-sized tasks to complete.</p><h2 id="closing-words" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#closing-words" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Closing Words</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">I hope the article helped you to wrap your head around the idea that building side-projects alone doesn&#x27;t solve any issues anymore. If you like what you&#x27;ve just read and want to read more, please consider subscribing to <a href="https://peterthaleikis.com/newsletter" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">my newsletter</a>. I&#x27;ll send out the occasional email about interesting new articles or side-projects.</p><h2 id="about-the-author" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#about-the-author" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>About the author</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><a href="https://peterthaleikis.com/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Peter Thaleikis</a> a software engineer and business owner. He has been developing web applications since around 2000. 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48em){.css-lp88t{font-size:28px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:15px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-lp88t">Hey there! 👋</h2><style data-emotion="css r08kmr">.css-r08kmr{font-size:14px;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-r08kmr{font-size:14px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-r08kmr{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-r08kmr"><style data-emotion="css 10rvbm3">.css-10rvbm3{font-weight:500;}</style><span class="chakra-text css-10rvbm3">roadmap.sh</span> is a community effort to create roadmaps, guides and other educational content to help guide the developers in picking up the path and guide their learnings.</p><style data-emotion="css z5h00y">.css-z5h00y{font-size:14px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-z5h00y{font-size:14px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-z5h00y{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-z5h00y">We also have a <style data-emotion="css 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48em){.css-gtxu7x{grid-gap:15px;grid-template-columns:repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));}}.css-gtxu7x:hover .home-roadmap-item,.css-gtxu7x[data-hover] .home-roadmap-item{opacity:0.5;}@media (hover: none){.css-gtxu7x:hover .home-roadmap-item{opacity:1;}}</style><div class="css-gtxu7x"><style data-emotion="css leauu4">.css-leauu4{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-2xl);background:rgba(255,255,255,.05);color:var(--chakra-colors-white);padding:15px;border-radius:10px;position:relative;}.css-leauu4:hover,.css-leauu4[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);opacity:1!important;}@media (hover: none){.css-leauu4:hover{-webkit-transform:scale(1);-moz-transform:scale(1);-ms-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1);}}</style><style data-emotion="css 17lvzr2">.css-17lvzr2{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-2xl);background:rgba(255,255,255,.05);color:var(--chakra-colors-white);padding:15px;border-radius:10px;position:relative;}.css-17lvzr2:hover,.css-17lvzr2[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-17lvzr2:focus,.css-17lvzr2[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-17lvzr2:hover,.css-17lvzr2[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);opacity:1!important;}@media (hover: none){.css-17lvzr2:hover{-webkit-transform:scale(1);-moz-transform:scale(1);-ms-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1);}}</style><a class="chakra-link home-roadmap-item css-17lvzr2" href="/frontend"><style data-emotion="css 1cwt919">.css-1cwt919{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:17px;line-height:1.33;color:var(--chakra-colors-red-100);margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1cwt919{font-size:17px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1cwt919{font-size:22px;line-height:1.2;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1cwt919">Frontend</h2><style data-emotion="css 15pun54">.css-15pun54{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);font-size:13px;}</style><p class="chakra-text css-15pun54">Step by step guide to becoming a frontend developer in 2021</p></a><a class="chakra-link home-roadmap-item css-17lvzr2" href="/backend"><style data-emotion="css 1po24tn">.css-1po24tn{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:17px;line-height:1.33;color:var(--chakra-colors-yellow-100);margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1po24tn{font-size:17px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1po24tn{font-size:22px;line-height:1.2;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1po24tn">Backend</h2><p class="chakra-text css-15pun54">Step by step guide to becoming a backend developer in 2021</p></a><a class="chakra-link home-roadmap-item css-17lvzr2" href="/devops"><style data-emotion="css uxc48d">.css-uxc48d{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:17px;line-height:1.33;color:var(--chakra-colors-green-200);margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-uxc48d{font-size:17px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-uxc48d{font-size:22px;line-height:1.2;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-uxc48d">DevOps</h2><p class="chakra-text css-15pun54">Step by step guide for DevOps or operations role in 2021</p></a><a class="chakra-link home-roadmap-item css-17lvzr2" href="/react"><style data-emotion="css nl7z56">.css-nl7z56{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:17px;line-height:1.33;color:var(--chakra-colors-teal-200);margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-nl7z56{font-size:17px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-nl7z56{font-size:22px;line-height:1.2;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-nl7z56">React</h2><p class="chakra-text css-15pun54">Step by step guide to become a React Developer in 2021</p></a><a class="chakra-link home-roadmap-item css-17lvzr2" href="/angular"><style data-emotion="css 1aedrt9">.css-1aedrt9{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:17px;line-height:1.33;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-200);margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1aedrt9{font-size:17px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1aedrt9{font-size:22px;line-height:1.2;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1aedrt9">Angular</h2><p class="chakra-text css-15pun54">Step by step guide to become a Angular Developer in 2021</p></a><a class="chakra-link home-roadmap-item css-17lvzr2" href="/android"><style data-emotion="css 1gf9mpc">.css-1gf9mpc{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:17px;line-height:1.33;color:var(--chakra-colors-red-200);margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1gf9mpc{font-size:17px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1gf9mpc{font-size:22px;line-height:1.2;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1gf9mpc">Android</h2><p class="chakra-text css-15pun54">Step by step guide to becoming an Android Developer in 2021</p></a><a class="chakra-link home-roadmap-item css-17lvzr2" href="/python"><style data-emotion="css 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class="chakra-heading css-uxc48d">DBA</h2><p class="chakra-text css-15pun54">Step by step guide to become a PostgreSQL DBA in 2021</p></a><a class="chakra-link home-roadmap-item css-17lvzr2" href="/aws"><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1gf9mpc">AWS</h2><p class="chakra-text css-15pun54">Step by step guide to learn AWS in 2021</p><style data-emotion="css zr5nc">.css-zr5nc{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:absolute;left:0px;right:0px;top:0px;bottom:0px;border-radius:10px;}</style><div class="css-zr5nc"><style data-emotion="css 186xs1j">.css-186xs1j{color:var(--chakra-colors-white);background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-600);z-index:1;font-weight:600;padding:5px 10px;border-radius:10px;}</style><p class="chakra-text css-186xs1j">Upcoming</p><style data-emotion="css ny5zpk">.css-ny5zpk{background:var(--chakra-colors-black);position:absolute;top:0px;left:0px;right:0px;bottom:0px;border-radius:10px;opacity:0.5;}</style><div class="css-ny5zpk"></div></div></a><a class="chakra-link home-roadmap-item css-17lvzr2" href="/qa"><style data-emotion="css g6a5s8">.css-g6a5s8{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:17px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-g6a5s8{font-size:17px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-g6a5s8{font-size:22px;line-height:1.2;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-g6a5s8">QA</h2><p class="chakra-text css-15pun54">Step by step guide to becoming a modern QA Engineer in 2021</p><div class="css-zr5nc"><p class="chakra-text css-186xs1j">Upcoming</p><div class="css-ny5zpk"></div></div></a></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css 1vz2rsl">.css-1vz2rsl{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);}</style><div class="css-1vz2rsl"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 10c4jsu">.css-10c4jsu{padding-top:60px;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-10c4jsu{margin-bottom:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-10c4jsu{margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><div class="css-10c4jsu"><style data-emotion="css 50t9cx">.css-50t9cx{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:20px;line-height:1.33;color:var(--chakra-colors-green-500);margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-50t9cx{font-size:20px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-50t9cx{font-size:25px;line-height:1.2;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-50t9cx">Video Explanations</h2></div><style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-600);font-size:14px;padding-top:9px;padding-bottom:9px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;font-weight:500;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%;}.css-rdgc2l:hover,.css-rdgc2l[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-400);}.css-rdgc2l:hover .list-item-title,.css-rdgc2l[data-hover] .list-item-title{-webkit-transform:translateX(10px);-moz-transform:translateX(10px);-ms-transform:translateX(10px);transform:translateX(10px);}.css-rdgc2l:focus,.css-rdgc2l[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-rdgc2l{font-size:14px;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-rdgc2l{font-size:15px;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-rdgc2l" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rpqsSkTIdAw"><style data-emotion="css 1tst3tv">.css-1tst3tv{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-transition:200ms;transition:200ms;}</style><div class="list-item-title css-1tst3tv"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="margin-right:7px;width:18px;height:18px;color:#9c9c9c"><g><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M3 3.993C3 3.445 3.445 3 3.993 3h16.014c.548 0 .993.445.993.993v16.014a.994.994 0 0 1-.993.993H3.993A.994.994 0 0 1 3 20.007V3.993zm7.622 4.422a.4.4 0 0 0-.622.332v6.506a.4.4 0 0 0 .622.332l4.879-3.252a.4.4 0 0 0 0-.666l-4.88-3.252z"></path></g></svg><style data-emotion="css olw45o">.css-olw45o{max-width:345px;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;}</style><span class="chakra-text css-olw45o">What is Eventual Consistency?</span></div><style data-emotion="css q9qvgb">.css-q9qvgb{display:none;margin-top:3px;font-size:11px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-q9qvgb{display:inline;margin-top:0px;font-size:11px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-q9qvgb{font-size:12px;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-q9qvgb">5 minutes</span></a><style data-emotion="css 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0-.622.332v6.506a.4.4 0 0 0 .622.332l4.879-3.252a.4.4 0 0 0 0-.666l-4.88-3.252z"></path></g></svg><span class="chakra-text css-olw45o">SSH vs TLS vs SSL</span></div><span class="chakra-text css-q9qvgb">3 minutes</span></a><div class="chakra-stack__divider css-19youyy"></div><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-rdgc2l" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VyIK6SV5f7o"><div class="list-item-title css-1tst3tv"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="margin-right:7px;width:18px;height:18px;color:#9c9c9c"><g><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M3 3.993C3 3.445 3.445 3 3.993 3h16.014c.548 0 .993.445.993.993v16.014a.994.994 0 0 1-.993.993H3.993A.994.994 0 0 1 3 20.007V3.993zm7.622 4.422a.4.4 0 0 0-.622.332v6.506a.4.4 0 0 0 .622.332l4.879-3.252a.4.4 0 0 0 0-.666l-4.88-3.252z"></path></g></svg><span class="chakra-text css-olw45o">Asynchronous JavaScript</span></div><span class="chakra-text css-q9qvgb">15 minutes</span></a><div class="chakra-stack__divider css-19youyy"></div><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-rdgc2l" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDv3yXdD0rk"><div class="list-item-title css-1tst3tv"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="margin-right:7px;width:18px;height:18px;color:#9c9c9c"><g><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M3 3.993C3 3.445 3.445 3 3.993 3h16.014c.548 0 .993.445.993.993v16.014a.994.994 0 0 1-.993.993H3.993A.994.994 0 0 1 3 20.007V3.993zm7.622 4.422a.4.4 0 0 0-.622.332v6.506a.4.4 0 0 0 .622.332l4.879-3.252a.4.4 0 0 0 0-.666l-4.88-3.252z"></path></g></svg><span class="chakra-text css-olw45o">Random Number Generators</span></div><span class="chakra-text css-q9qvgb">8 minutes</span></a><div class="chakra-stack__divider css-19youyy"></div><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-rdgc2l" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0bH0cMY0E8"><div class="list-item-title css-1tst3tv"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="margin-right:7px;width:18px;height:18px;color:#9c9c9c"><g><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M3 3.993C3 3.445 3.445 3 3.993 3h16.014c.548 0 .993.445.993.993v16.014a.994.994 0 0 1-.993.993H3.993A.994.994 0 0 1 3 20.007V3.993zm7.622 4.422a.4.4 0 0 0-.622.332v6.506a.4.4 0 0 0 .622.332l4.879-3.252a.4.4 0 0 0 0-.666l-4.88-3.252z"></path></g></svg><span class="chakra-text css-olw45o">Big O Notation</span></div><span class="chakra-text css-q9qvgb">8 minutes</span></a><div class="chakra-stack__divider css-19youyy"></div><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-rdgc2l" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImHSpwUlNVc"><div class="list-item-title css-1tst3tv"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="margin-right:7px;width:18px;height:18px;color:#9c9c9c"><g><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M3 3.993C3 3.445 3.445 3 3.993 3h16.014c.548 0 .993.445.993.993v16.014a.994.994 0 0 1-.993.993H3.993A.994.994 0 0 1 3 20.007V3.993zm7.622 4.422a.4.4 0 0 0-.622.332v6.506a.4.4 0 0 0 .622.332l4.879-3.252a.4.4 0 0 0 0-.666l-4.88-3.252z"></path></g></svg><span class="chakra-text css-olw45o">YAML in Depth</span></div><span class="chakra-text css-q9qvgb">8 minutes</span></a><div class="chakra-stack__divider css-19youyy"></div><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-rdgc2l" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RIiq4tTt6rI"><div class="list-item-title css-1tst3tv"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="margin-right:7px;width:18px;height:18px;color:#9c9c9c"><g><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M3 3.993C3 3.445 3.445 3 3.993 3h16.014c.548 0 .993.445.993.993v16.014a.994.994 0 0 1-.993.993H3.993A.994.994 0 0 1 3 20.007V3.993zm7.622 4.422a.4.4 0 0 0-.622.332v6.506a.4.4 0 0 0 .622.332l4.879-3.252a.4.4 0 0 0 0-.666l-4.88-3.252z"></path></g></svg><span class="chakra-text css-olw45o">Floating Point Arithmetic</span></div><span class="chakra-text css-q9qvgb">4 minutes</span></a><div class="chakra-stack__divider css-19youyy"></div><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-rdgc2l" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_RbsFXWRZ10"><div class="list-item-title css-1tst3tv"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="margin-right:7px;width:18px;height:18px;color:#9c9c9c"><g><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M3 3.993C3 3.445 3.445 3 3.993 3h16.014c.548 0 .993.445.993.993v16.014a.994.994 0 0 1-.993.993H3.993A.994.994 0 0 1 3 20.007V3.993zm7.622 4.422a.4.4 0 0 0-.622.332v6.506a.4.4 0 0 0 .622.332l4.879-3.252a.4.4 0 0 0 0-.666l-4.88-3.252z"></path></g></svg><span class="chakra-text css-olw45o">What is CAP Theorem?</span></div><span class="chakra-text css-q9qvgb">8 minutes</span></a><div class="chakra-stack__divider css-19youyy"></div><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-rdgc2l" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yaQ5YMWkxq4"><div class="list-item-title css-1tst3tv"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="margin-right:7px;width:18px;height:18px;color:#9c9c9c"><g><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M3 3.993C3 3.445 3.445 3 3.993 3h16.014c.548 0 .993.445.993.993v16.014a.994.994 0 0 1-.993.993H3.993A.994.994 0 0 1 3 20.007V3.993zm7.622 4.422a.4.4 0 0 0-.622.332v6.506a.4.4 0 0 0 .622.332l4.879-3.252a.4.4 0 0 0 0-.666l-4.88-3.252z"></path></g></svg><span class="chakra-text css-olw45o">ACID Explained</span></div><span class="chakra-text css-q9qvgb">5 minutes</span></a><div class="chakra-stack__divider css-19youyy"></div><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-rdgc2l" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37AFBZv4_6Y"><div class="list-item-title css-1tst3tv"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="margin-right:7px;width:18px;height:18px;color:#9c9c9c"><g><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M3 3.993C3 3.445 3.445 3 3.993 3h16.014c.548 0 .993.445.993.993v16.014a.994.994 0 0 1-.993.993H3.993A.994.994 0 0 1 3 20.007V3.993zm7.622 4.422a.4.4 0 0 0-.622.332v6.506a.4.4 0 0 0 .622.332l4.879-3.252a.4.4 0 0 0 0-.666l-4.88-3.252z"></path></g></svg><span class="chakra-text css-olw45o">Transport Protocols: TCP vs UDP</span></div><span class="chakra-text css-q9qvgb">10 minutes</span></a><div class="chakra-stack__divider css-19youyy"></div><style data-emotion="css 5jw951">.css-5jw951{position:relative;text-align:center;bottom:20px;}</style><div class="css-5jw951"><style data-emotion="css ghppc9">.css-ghppc9{opacity:1;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;bottom:0px;height:200px;width:100%;background:linear-gradient(180deg, rgb(255 255 255 / 40%), white);}</style><div class="css-ghppc9"></div><style data-emotion="css 1bi2t4z">.css-1bi2t4z{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-radius:20px;display:inline;background:var(--chakra-colors-green-600);padding:7px 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24 24" fill="currentColor" style="height:20px;display:inline-block;margin-right:7px"><path d="M19.615 3.184c-3.604-.246-11.631-.245-15.23 0C.488 3.45.029 5.804 0 12c.029 6.185.484 8.549 4.385 8.816 3.6.245 11.626.246 15.23 0C23.512 20.55 23.971 18.196 24 12c-.029-6.185-.484-8.549-4.385-8.816zM9 16V8l8 3.993L9 16z"></path></svg><style data-emotion="css 17vuvug">.css-17vuvug{font-weight:500;font-size:14px;}</style><span class="chakra-text css-17vuvug"><span class="chakra-text css-0">We now have a YouTube Channel. <style data-emotion="css 13wfqy8">.css-13wfqy8{display:none;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-13wfqy8{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-13wfqy8">Subscribe for the video content.</span></span></span></a><style data-emotion="css 123acky">.css-123acky{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);min-height:100vh;}</style><div class="css-123acky"><style data-emotion="css sttgv9">.css-sttgv9{background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-900);padding:20px 0;}</style><div 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The intent of this guide is to give you an idea about the Java ecosystem and to help guide your learning if you are confused. We have another roadmap on the <a href="/backend" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Backend Development</a> that focuses on the backend development if you are interested in that.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Also, please note that the list below is exhaustive, and the items are listed in no particular order. 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--chakra-colors-yellow-200);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-900);position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0px;z-index:999;padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:8px;}.css-n1ed3e:hover,.css-n1ed3e[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-n1ed3e:focus,.css-n1ed3e[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-n1ed3e:hover,.css-n1ed3e[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background:var(--chakra-colors-yellow-400);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-n1ed3e" href="https://youtube.com/theroadmap?sub_confirmation=1"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="height:20px;display:inline-block;margin-right:7px"><path d="M19.615 3.184c-3.604-.246-11.631-.245-15.23 0C.488 3.45.029 5.804 0 12c.029 6.185.484 8.549 4.385 8.816 3.6.245 11.626.246 15.23 0C23.512 20.55 23.971 18.196 24 12c-.029-6.185-.484-8.549-4.385-8.816zM9 16V8l8 3.993L9 16z"></path></svg><style data-emotion="css 17vuvug">.css-17vuvug{font-weight:500;font-size:14px;}</style><span class="chakra-text css-17vuvug"><span class="chakra-text css-0">We now have a YouTube Channel. <style data-emotion="css 13wfqy8">.css-13wfqy8{display:none;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-13wfqy8{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-13wfqy8">Subscribe for the video content.</span></span></span></a><style data-emotion="css 123acky">.css-123acky{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);min-height:100vh;}</style><div class="css-123acky"><style data-emotion="css sttgv9">.css-sttgv9{background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-900);padding:20px 0;}</style><div 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>We are still preparing the resources</strong>. Please check back later or <a href="/signup" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">subscribe to get notified</a>.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">While we prepare the list, follow this simple advice to learn anything</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Just <strong>pick a project and start working on it</strong>, you will learn all that you need along the way.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>→</strong> <!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/roadmaps" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">All Roadmaps</a> <!-- --> <!-- -->•<!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/guides" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Programming guides</a> <!-- --> <!-- -->•<!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/signup" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Subscribe</a></p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. 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1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The intent of this guide is to give you an idea about the DBA landscape and to help guide your learning if you are confused. The roadmap is highly opinionated — neither, knowing everything listed in the roadmap, nor the order of items given in the roadmap is required to be followed in order to be a DBA.</p><h2 id="learn-basic-rdbms-terms-and-concepts" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#learn-basic-rdbms-terms-and-concepts" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Learn basic RDBMS terms and concepts</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Get basic understanding of Postgres key terms and basic RDBMS concepts.</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Object model</strong>: data types, columns, rows, tables, schemas, databases, queries.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Relational model</strong>: domains, attributes, tuples, relations, constraints, NULL.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Databases high-level concepts</strong>: ACID, MVCC, transactions, write-ahead log, query processing.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Links</strong>:<ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/13/glossary.html" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Postgres Glossary</a> </li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">SQL and Relational Theory - Christopher J. Date, 2009</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Database Design and Relational Theory - Christopher J. Date, 2012</li></ul></li></ul><h2 id="learn-how-to-install-and-run-postgresql" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#learn-how-to-install-and-run-postgresql" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Learn how to install and run PostgreSQL</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Get practical skills of how to set up and run Postgres to get a working environment for further learning.</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Using package managers (APT, YUM, etc.)</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Using <code>docker</code>.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Managing Postgres service using <code>systemd</code> (start, stop, restart, reload).</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Managing Postgres service using <code>pg_ctl</code>, or OS-specific tools (like <code>pg_ctlcluster</code>).</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Connect to Postgres using <code>psql</code>.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Deploy database service in cloud environment (AWS, GCE, Azure, Heroku, DigitalOcean, etc...).</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Links</strong>:<ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://www.postgresql.org/download/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Official download and install instructions</a> </li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/postgres" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Official Docker images</a> </li></ul></li></ul><h2 id="learn-sql-concepts" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#learn-sql-concepts" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Learn SQL concepts</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Get practical skills of how to create and manipulate database objects and how to execute queries using <code>psql</code> client.</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Understand basic data types.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>DML queries</strong>: querying data, modifying data, filtering data, joining tables.<ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Advanced topics</strong>: transactions, CTE, subqueries, lateral join, grouping, set operations.</li></ul></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>DDL queries</strong>: managing tables and schemas (create, alter, drop).</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Import and export data using <code>COPY</code>.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Links</strong>:<ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://www.db-fiddle.com/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">DB Fiddle</a> </li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://www.postgresqltutorial.com/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">PostgreSQL Tutorial</a> </li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/tutorial-sql.html" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">PostgreSQL SQL Getting Started</a>  </li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql.html" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">The SQL Language</a></li></ul></li></ul><h2 id="learn-how-to-configure-postgres" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#learn-how-to-configure-postgres" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Learn how to configure Postgres</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Get understanding of the main aspects of how Postgres could be configured. Deep understanding of Postgres internals is not yet necessary here.</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">postgresql.conf:<ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Resources usage</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Write-ahead Log</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Checkpoints and Background Writer</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Cost-based vacuum and auto-vacuum</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Replication</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Query planner</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Reporting, logging and statistics</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Adding extra extensions</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">...keep exploring other configuration options</li></ul></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Links</strong>:<ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="http://postgresqlco.nf/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Postgresqlco.nf</a> </li></ul></li></ul><h2 id="learn-postgres-security-concepts" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#learn-postgres-security-concepts" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Learn Postgres security concepts</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Get understanding about basic security concepts and common ways of how to deploy secure configurations.</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Authentication models, roles, pg_hba.conf, SSL settings.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Objects privileges</strong>: grant/revoke, default privileges.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Advanced topics</strong> - row-level security, selinux.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Links</strong>:<ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/client-authentication.html" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Client authentication</a>  </li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/user-manag.html" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Roles and users managements</a></li></ul></li></ul><h2 id="develop-infrastructure-dba-skills" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#develop-infrastructure-dba-skills" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Develop infrastructure DBA skills</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Get practical skills of how to deploy, extend, maintain and support Postgres installations and 3rd-party Postgres ecosystem software.</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Replication</strong>: streaming replication, logical replication</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Backup/recovery tools</strong>:<ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Built-in: <code>pg_dump</code>, <code>pg_dumpall</code>, <code>pg_restore</code>, <code>pg_basebackup</code></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">3rd-party: <code>barman</code>, <code>pgbackrest</code>, <code>pg_probackup</code>, <code>WAL-G</code></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Backup validation procedures</li></ul></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Upgrading procedures</strong><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Minor and major upgrades using <code>pg_upgrade</code></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Upgrades using logical replication</li></ul></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Connection pooling</strong>:<ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><code>Pgbouncer</code></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Alternatives: <code>Pgpool-II</code>, <code>Odyssey</code>, <code>Pgagroal</code></li></ul></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Infrastructure monitoring</strong>: <code>Prometheus</code>, <code>Zabbix</code>, other favourite monitoring solution</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>High availability and cluster management tools</strong>:<ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><code>Patroni</code></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Alternatives</strong>: <code>Repmgr</code>, <code>Stolon</code>, <code>pg_auto_failover</code>, <code>PAF</code></li></ul></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Applications Load Balancing and Service Discovery</strong>: <code>Haproxy</code>, <code>Keepalived</code>, <code>Consul</code>, <code>Etcd</code></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Deploy Postgres on <code>Kubernetes</code></strong>: Simple <code>StatefulSet</code> setup, <code>HELM</code>, operators</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Resource usage and provisioning, capacity planning</li></ul><h2 id="learn-how-to-automate-routines" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#learn-how-to-automate-routines" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Learn how to automate routines</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Get practical skills, learn automation tools and automate existing routine tasks.</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Automation using shell scripts or any other favourite language (<code>Bash</code>, <code>Python</code>, <code>Perl</code>, etc)</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Configuration management: <code>Ansible</code>, <code>Salt</code>, <code>Chef</code>, <code>Puppet</code></li></ul><h2 id="develop-application-dba-skills" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#develop-application-dba-skills" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Develop application DBA skills</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Learn theory and get practical skills of how applications should work with Postgres</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Migrations</strong>:<ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">practical patterns and antipatterns</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">tools: <code>liquibase</code>, <code>sqitch</code>, language-specific tools</li></ul></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Data import/export, bulk loading and processing</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Queues</strong>:<ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">practical patterns and anti-patterns</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><code>Skytools PGQ</code></li></ul></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Data partitioning and sharding patterns.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Database normalization and normal forms.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Books:<ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">The Art of PostgreSQL - Dimitri Fontaine, 2020</li></ul></li></ul><h2 id="learn-postgres-advanced-topics" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#learn-postgres-advanced-topics" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Learn Postgres advanced topics</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Here is important to continuously extend and develop existing knowledge about Postgres.</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Low level internals</strong>:<ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Processes and memory architecture</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Vacuum processing</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Buffer management</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Lock management</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/storage.html" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Physical storage and file layout</a> </li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/catalogs.html" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">System catalog</a> </li></ul></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Fine-grained tuning</strong>:<ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Per-user, per-database settings</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createtable.html#SQL-CREATETABLE-STORAGE-PARAMETERS" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Storage parameters</a> </li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Workload-dependant tuning: OLTP, OLAP, HTAP</li></ul></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Advanced SQL topics</strong>:<ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">PL/pgSQL, procedures and functions, triggers</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Aggregate and window functions</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Recursive CTE</li></ul></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Links</strong>:<ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="http://www.interdb.jp/pg/index.html" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">The Internals of PostgreSQL</a> for database administrators and system developers</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/plpgsql.html" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">PL/pgSQL Guide</a></li></ul></li></ul><h2 id="learn-postgres-troubleshooting-techniques" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#learn-postgres-troubleshooting-techniques" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Learn Postgres troubleshooting techniques</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Get basic understanding about troubleshooting tools and get practical skills of how to detect and resolve problems.</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Operating system tools</strong><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><code>top</code> (<code>htop</code>, <code>atop</code>)</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><code>sysstat</code></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><code>iotop</code></li></ul></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Postgres system views</strong><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><code>pg_stat_activity</code></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><code>pg_stat_statements</code></li></ul></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Postgres tools</strong><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><code>pgcenter</code> - <em>personal recommendation</em></li></ul></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Query analyzing</strong>:<ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-explain.html" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">EXPLAIN</a></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://explain.depesz.com/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Depesz</a> online EXPLAIN visualization tool</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://tatiyants.com/pev/#/plans" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">PEV</a> online EXPLAIN visualization tool</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://explain.tensor.ru/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Tensor</a> online EXPLAIN visualization tool, RU language only</li></ul></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Log analyzing</strong>:<ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><code>pgBadger</code></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Ad-hoc analyzing using <code>grep</code>, <code>awk</code>, <code>sed</code>, etc.</li></ul></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>External tracing/profiling tools</strong>: <code>gdb</code>, <code>strace</code>, <code>perf-tools</code>, <code>ebpf</code>, core dumps</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Troubleshooting methods</strong>: USE, RED, Golden signals</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Links</strong>:<ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="http://www.brendangregg.com/linuxperf.html" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Linux Performance</a> by Brendan Gregg</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="http://www.brendangregg.com/usemethod.html" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">USE Method</a></li></ul></li></ul><h2 id="learn-sql-optimization-technics" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#learn-sql-optimization-technics" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Learn SQL optimization technics</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Get understanding and practical skills of how to optimize SQL queries.</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Indexes, and their use cases</strong>: B-tree, Hash, GiST, SP-GiST, GIN, BRIN</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">SQL queries patterns and anti-patterns</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">SQL schema design patterns and anti-patterns</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Links</strong>:<ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><a href="https://use-the-index-luke.com/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Use the Index, Luke</a> - a Guide to Database Performance for Developers</li></ul></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Books</strong>:<ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">SQL Antipatterns: Avoiding the Pitfalls of Database Programming - Bill Karwin, 2010 </li></ul></li></ul><h2 id="develop-architect-skills" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#develop-architect-skills" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Develop architect skills</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Get deeper understanding of Postgres use cases and where Postgres is suitable and where is not.</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><strong>Postgres forks and extensions</strong>: <code>Greenplum</code>, <code>Timescaledb</code>, <code>Citus</code>, <code>Postgres-XL</code>, etc.</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">RDBMS in general, benefits and limitations</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Differences between Postgres and other RDBMS and NoSQL databases</li></ul><h2 id="develop-postgres-hacker-skills" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#develop-postgres-hacker-skills" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Develop Postgres hacker skills</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Get involved to Postgres community and contribute to Postgres; be a useful member of Postgres, and the open source community; use personal experience to help other people.</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Daily reading and answering in <a href="https://www.postgresql.org/list/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">mailing lists</a><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">pgsql-general</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">pgsql-admin</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">pgsql-performance</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">pgsql-hackers</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">pgsql-bugs</li></ul></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Reviewing patches</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Writing patches, attending in <a href="https://commitfest.postgresql.org/" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Commitfests</a></li></ul><br/><br/><br/><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css 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48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>We are still preparing the resources</strong>. 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1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><h1 id="privacy-policy" class="sc-dkPtRN SekzN"><a href="#privacy-policy" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Privacy Policy</h1><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">By using or accessing the Services in any manner, you acknowledge that you accept the practices and policies outlined in this Privacy Policy, and you hereby consent that we will collect, use, and share your information in the following ways. Remember that your use of roadmap.sh’s Services is at all times subject to the <a href="/terms" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Terms of Use</a>, which incorporates this Privacy Policy. Any terms we use in this Policy without defining them have the definitions given to them in the Terms of Use.</p><h2 id="what-does-this-privacy-policy-cover" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-does-this-privacy-policy-cover" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What does this Privacy Policy cover?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">This Privacy Policy covers our treatment of personally identifiable information (&quot;Personal Information&quot;) that we gather when you are accessing or using our Services, but not to the practices of companies we don’t own or control, or people that we don’t manage. We gather various types of Personal Information from our users, as explained in more detail below, and we use this Personal Information internally in connection with our Services, including to personalize, provide, and improve our services, to allow you to set up a user account and profile, to contact you and allow other users to contact you, to fulfill your requests for certain products and services, and to analyze how you use the Services. In certain cases, we may also share some Personal Information with third parties, but only as described below.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">As noted in the Terms of Use, we do not knowingly collect or solicit personal information from anyone under the age of 13. If you are under 13, please do not attempt to register for the Services or send any personal information about yourself to us. If we learn that we have collected personal information from a child under age 13, we will delete that information as quickly as possible. If you believe that a child under 13 may have provided us personal information, please contact us at <a href="mailto:kamranahmed.se@gmail.com" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">kamranahmed.se@gmail.com</a>.</p><h2 id="will-roadmap.sh-ever-change-this-privacy-policy" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#will-roadmap.sh-ever-change-this-privacy-policy" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Will roadmap.sh ever change this Privacy Policy?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">We’re constantly trying to improve our Services, so we may need to change this Privacy Policy from time to time as well, but we will alert you to changes by updating the services on the website, placing a notice on the Services, by sending you an email, and/or by some other means. Please note that if you’ve opted not to receive legal notice emails from us (or you haven’t provided us with your email address), those legal notices will still govern your use of the Services, and you are still responsible for reading and understanding them. If you use the Services after any changes to the Privacy Policy have been posted, that means you agree to all of the changes. Use of information we collect now is subject to the Privacy Policy in effect at the time such information is used or collected.</p><h2 id="what-information-does-roadmap.sh-collect" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-information-does-roadmap.sh-collect" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What Information does roadmap.sh Collect?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Information You Provide to Us:</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">We receive and store any information you knowingly provide to us. For example, through the registration process and/or through your account settings, we may collect Personal Information such as your name, title, email address, phone number, and third-party account credentials (for example, your log-in credentials for Twitter or other third party sites. If you provide your third-party account credentials to us or otherwise sign in to the Services through a third party site or service, you understand some content and/or information in those accounts (“Third Party Account Information”) may be transmitted into your account with us if you authorize such transmissions], and that Third Party Account Information transmitted to our Services is covered by this Privacy Policy. Certain information may be required to register with us or to take advantage of some of our features.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">We may communicate with you if you’ve provided us the means to do so. For example, if you’ve given us your email address, we may send you promotional email offers on behalf of other businesses, or email you about your use of the Services. Also, we may receive a confirmation when you open an email from us. This confirmation helps us make our communications with you more interesting and improve our services. If you do not want to receive communications from us, please email us at <a href="mailto:kamranahmed.se@gmail.com" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">kamranahmed.se@gmail.com</a>.</p><h2 id="information-collected-automatically" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#information-collected-automatically" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Information Collected Automatically</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Whenever you interact with our Services, we automatically receive and record information on our server logs from your browser or device, which may include your IP address, geolocation data, device identification, “cookie” information, the type of browser and/or device you’re using to access our Services, and the page or feature you requested. “Cookies” are identifiers we transfer to your browser or device that allow us to recognize your browser or device and tell us how and when pages and features in our Services are visited and by how many people. You may be able to change the preferences on your browser or device to prevent or limit your device’s acceptance of cookies, but this may prevent you from taking advantage of some of our features. Our advertising partners may also transmit cookies to your browser or device, when you click on ads that appear on the Services. Also if you click on a link to a third party website or service, such third party may also transmit cookies to you. Again, this Privacy Policy does not cover the use of cookies by any third parties, and we aren’t responsible for their privacy policies and practices.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">When we collect the usage information described above, we only use this data in aggregate form, and not in a manner that would identify you personally. For example, this aggregate data can tell us how often users use a particular feature of the Services, and we can use that knowledge to make the Services interesting to as many users as possible.</p><h2 id="will-roadmap.sh-share-any-of-the-personal-information-it-receives" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#will-roadmap.sh-share-any-of-the-personal-information-it-receives" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Will roadmap.sh Share Any of the Personal Information it Receives?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">We may share your Personal Information with third parties as described in this section:</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Information that’s no longer personally identifiable. We may anonymize your Personal Information so that you are not individually identified, and provide that information to our partners. We may also provide aggregate usage information to our partners, who may use such information to understand how often and in what ways people use our Services, so that they, too, can provide you with an optimal online experience. However, we never disclose aggregate information to a partner in a manner that would identify you personally, as an individual.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Advertisers: We may allow advertisers and/or merchant partners (“Advertisers”) to choose the demographic information of users who will see their advertisements and/or promotional offers and you agree that we may provide any of the information we have collected from you in non-personally identifiable form to an Advertiser, in order for that Advertiser to select the appropriate audience for those advertisements and/or offers. For example, we might use the fact you are located in San Francisco to show you ads or offers for San Francisco businesses, but we will not tell such businesses who you are. Note that if an advertiser asks us to show an ad to a certain audience or audience segment and you respond to that ad, the advertiser may conclude that you fit the description of the audience they were trying to reach.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">We may deliver a file to you through the Services (known as a “web beacon”) from an ad network. Web beacons allow ad networks to provide anonymized, aggregated auditing, research and reporting for us and for advertisers. Web beacons also enable ad networks to serve targeted advertisements to you when you visit other websites. Because your web browser must request these advertisements and web beacons from the ad network’s servers, these companies can view, edit, or set their own cookies, just as if you had requested a web page from their site. You may be able to opt-out of web beacon tracking by adjusting the settings on your browser.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Affiliated Businesses: In certain situations, businesses or third party websites we’re affiliated with may sell or provide products or services to you through or in connection with the Services (either alone or jointly with us). You can recognize when an affiliated business is associated with such a transaction or service, and we will share your Personal Information with that affiliated business only to the extent that it is related to such transaction or service. One such service may include the ability for you to automatically transmit Third Party Account Information to your Services profile or to automatically transmit information in your Services profile to your third party account; for example, you may sign into your roadmap.sh account using your Twitter account. We have no control over the policies and practices of third party websites or businesses as to privacy or anything else, so if you choose to take part in any transaction or service relating to an affiliated website or business, please review all such business’ or websites’ policies.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Our Agents: We employ other companies and people to perform tasks on our behalf and need to share your information with them to provide products or services to you. Unless we tell you differently, our agents do not have any right to use the Personal Information we share with them beyond what is necessary to assist us.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">User Profiles and Submissions: Certain user profile information, including your name, location, and any video or image content that such user has uploaded to the Services, may be displayed to other users to facilitate user interaction within the Services or address your request for our services. Please remember that any content you upload to your public user profile, along with any Personal Information or content that you voluntarily disclose online in a manner other users can view (on discussion boards, in messages and chat areas, etc.) becomes publicly available, and can be collected and used by anyone. Your user name may also be displayed to other users if and when you send messages or comments or upload images or videos through the Services and other users can contact you through messages and comments. Additionally, if you sign into the Services through a third party social networking site or service, your list of “friends” from that site or service may be automatically imported to the Services, and such “friends,” if they are also registered users of the Services, may be able to access certain non-public information you have entered in your Services user profile. Again, we do not control the policies and practices of any other third party site or service.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Business Transfers: We may choose to buy or sell assets. In these types of transactions, customer information is typically one of the business assets that would be transferred. Also, if we (or our assets) are acquired, or if we go out of business, enter bankruptcy, or go through some other change of control, Personal Information could be one of the assets transferred to or acquired by a third party.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Protection of roadmap.sh and Others: We reserve the right to access, read, preserve, and disclose any information that we reasonably believe is necessary to comply with law or court order; enforce or apply our terms of use and other agreements; or protect the rights, property, or safety of roadmap.sh, our employees, our users, or others.</p><h2 id="is-personal-information-about-me-secure" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#is-personal-information-about-me-secure" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Is Personal Information about me secure?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Your account is protected by a password for your privacy and security. If you access your account via a third party site or service, you may have additional or different sign-on protections via that third party site or service. You must prevent unauthorized access to your account and Personal Information by selecting and protecting your password and/or other sign-on mechanism appropriately and limiting access to your computer or device and browser by signing off after you have finished accessing your account. We endeavor to protect the privacy of your account and other Personal Information we hold in our records, but unfortunately, we cannot guarantee complete security. Unauthorized entry or use, hardware or software failure, and other factors, may compromise the security of user information at any time.</p><h2 id="what-personal-information-can-i-access" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-personal-information-can-i-access" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What Personal Information can I access?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Through your account settings, you may access, and, in some cases, edit or delete the following information you’ve provided to us:</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">first and last name</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">location of residence</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">age or birthday</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">username</li></ul><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The information you can view, update, and delete may change as the Services change. If you have any questions about viewing or updating information we have on file about you, please contact us at <a href="mailto:kamranahmed.se@gmail.com" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">kamranahmed.se@gmail.com</a>.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Under California Civil Code Sections 1798.83-1798.84, California residents are entitled to ask us for a notice identifying the categories of Personal Information which we share with our affiliates and/or third parties for marketing purposes, and providing contact information for such affiliates and/or third parties. If you are a California resident and would like a copy of this notice, please submit a written request to: <a href="mailto:kamranahmed.se@gmail.com" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">kamranahmed.se@gmail.com</a>.</p><h2 id="what-choices-do-i-have" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-choices-do-i-have" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What choices do I have?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You can always opt not to disclose information to us, but keep in mind some information may be needed to register with us or to take advantage of some of our features.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You may be able to add, update, or delete information as explained above. 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We may use any aggregated data derived from or incorporating your Personal Information after you update or delete it, but not in a manner that would identify you personally.</p><h2 id="what-if-i-have-questions-about-this-policy" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-if-i-have-questions-about-this-policy" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What if I have questions about this policy?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">If you have any questions or concerns regarding our privacy policies, please send us a detailed message to <a href="mailto:kamranahmed.se@gmail.com" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">kamranahmed.se@gmail.com</a>, and we will try to resolve your concerns.</p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. 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screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-lpr56g{display:none;}}</style><button type="button" class="chakra-button css-lpr56g" aria-label="Menu"><style data-emotion="css 17elikm">.css-17elikm{width:25px;height:25px;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);vertical-align:middle;}</style><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-17elikm" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M 3 5 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 7 L 21 7 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 5 L 3 5 z M 3 11 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 13 L 21 13 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 11 L 3 11 z M 3 17 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 3 19 L 21 19 A 1.0001 1.0001 0 1 0 21 17 L 3 17 z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css flpniz">.css-flpniz{margin-bottom:60px;}</style><div class="css-flpniz"><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-space-x-reverse:0;--chakra-space-y-reverse:0;--chakra-colors-transparent:transparent;--chakra-colors-current:currentColor;--chakra-colors-black:#000000;--chakra-colors-white:#FFFFFF;--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-50:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-100:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-200:rgba(255, 255, 255, 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1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><h1 id="privacy-policy" class="sc-dkPtRN SekzN"><a href="#privacy-policy" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Privacy Policy</h1><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">By using or accessing the Services in any manner, you acknowledge that you accept the practices and policies outlined in this Privacy Policy, and you hereby consent that we will collect, use, and share your information in the following ways. Remember that your use of roadmap.sh’s Services is at all times subject to the <a href="/terms" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Terms of Use</a>, which incorporates this Privacy Policy. Any terms we use in this Policy without defining them have the definitions given to them in the Terms of Use.</p><h2 id="what-does-this-privacy-policy-cover" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-does-this-privacy-policy-cover" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What does this Privacy Policy cover?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">This Privacy Policy covers our treatment of personally identifiable information (&quot;Personal Information&quot;) that we gather when you are accessing or using our Services, but not to the practices of companies we don’t own or control, or people that we don’t manage. We gather various types of Personal Information from our users, as explained in more detail below, and we use this Personal Information internally in connection with our Services, including to personalize, provide, and improve our services, to allow you to set up a user account and profile, to contact you and allow other users to contact you, to fulfill your requests for certain products and services, and to analyze how you use the Services. In certain cases, we may also share some Personal Information with third parties, but only as described below.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">As noted in the Terms of Use, we do not knowingly collect or solicit personal information from anyone under the age of 13. If you are under 13, please do not attempt to register for the Services or send any personal information about yourself to us. If we learn that we have collected personal information from a child under age 13, we will delete that information as quickly as possible. If you believe that a child under 13 may have provided us personal information, please contact us at <a href="mailto:kamranahmed.se@gmail.com" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">kamranahmed.se@gmail.com</a>.</p><h2 id="will-roadmap.sh-ever-change-this-privacy-policy" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#will-roadmap.sh-ever-change-this-privacy-policy" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Will roadmap.sh ever change this Privacy Policy?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">We’re constantly trying to improve our Services, so we may need to change this Privacy Policy from time to time as well, but we will alert you to changes by updating the services on the website, placing a notice on the Services, by sending you an email, and/or by some other means. Please note that if you’ve opted not to receive legal notice emails from us (or you haven’t provided us with your email address), those legal notices will still govern your use of the Services, and you are still responsible for reading and understanding them. If you use the Services after any changes to the Privacy Policy have been posted, that means you agree to all of the changes. Use of information we collect now is subject to the Privacy Policy in effect at the time such information is used or collected.</p><h2 id="what-information-does-roadmap.sh-collect" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-information-does-roadmap.sh-collect" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What Information does roadmap.sh Collect?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Information You Provide to Us:</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">We receive and store any information you knowingly provide to us. For example, through the registration process and/or through your account settings, we may collect Personal Information such as your name, title, email address, phone number, and third-party account credentials (for example, your log-in credentials for Twitter or other third party sites. If you provide your third-party account credentials to us or otherwise sign in to the Services through a third party site or service, you understand some content and/or information in those accounts (“Third Party Account Information”) may be transmitted into your account with us if you authorize such transmissions], and that Third Party Account Information transmitted to our Services is covered by this Privacy Policy. Certain information may be required to register with us or to take advantage of some of our features.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">We may communicate with you if you’ve provided us the means to do so. For example, if you’ve given us your email address, we may send you promotional email offers on behalf of other businesses, or email you about your use of the Services. Also, we may receive a confirmation when you open an email from us. This confirmation helps us make our communications with you more interesting and improve our services. If you do not want to receive communications from us, please email us at <a href="mailto:kamranahmed.se@gmail.com" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">kamranahmed.se@gmail.com</a>.</p><h2 id="information-collected-automatically" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#information-collected-automatically" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Information Collected Automatically</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Whenever you interact with our Services, we automatically receive and record information on our server logs from your browser or device, which may include your IP address, geolocation data, device identification, “cookie” information, the type of browser and/or device you’re using to access our Services, and the page or feature you requested. “Cookies” are identifiers we transfer to your browser or device that allow us to recognize your browser or device and tell us how and when pages and features in our Services are visited and by how many people. You may be able to change the preferences on your browser or device to prevent or limit your device’s acceptance of cookies, but this may prevent you from taking advantage of some of our features. Our advertising partners may also transmit cookies to your browser or device, when you click on ads that appear on the Services. Also if you click on a link to a third party website or service, such third party may also transmit cookies to you. Again, this Privacy Policy does not cover the use of cookies by any third parties, and we aren’t responsible for their privacy policies and practices.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">When we collect the usage information described above, we only use this data in aggregate form, and not in a manner that would identify you personally. For example, this aggregate data can tell us how often users use a particular feature of the Services, and we can use that knowledge to make the Services interesting to as many users as possible.</p><h2 id="will-roadmap.sh-share-any-of-the-personal-information-it-receives" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#will-roadmap.sh-share-any-of-the-personal-information-it-receives" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Will roadmap.sh Share Any of the Personal Information it Receives?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">We may share your Personal Information with third parties as described in this section:</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Information that’s no longer personally identifiable. We may anonymize your Personal Information so that you are not individually identified, and provide that information to our partners. We may also provide aggregate usage information to our partners, who may use such information to understand how often and in what ways people use our Services, so that they, too, can provide you with an optimal online experience. However, we never disclose aggregate information to a partner in a manner that would identify you personally, as an individual.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Advertisers: We may allow advertisers and/or merchant partners (“Advertisers”) to choose the demographic information of users who will see their advertisements and/or promotional offers and you agree that we may provide any of the information we have collected from you in non-personally identifiable form to an Advertiser, in order for that Advertiser to select the appropriate audience for those advertisements and/or offers. For example, we might use the fact you are located in San Francisco to show you ads or offers for San Francisco businesses, but we will not tell such businesses who you are. Note that if an advertiser asks us to show an ad to a certain audience or audience segment and you respond to that ad, the advertiser may conclude that you fit the description of the audience they were trying to reach.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">We may deliver a file to you through the Services (known as a “web beacon”) from an ad network. Web beacons allow ad networks to provide anonymized, aggregated auditing, research and reporting for us and for advertisers. Web beacons also enable ad networks to serve targeted advertisements to you when you visit other websites. Because your web browser must request these advertisements and web beacons from the ad network’s servers, these companies can view, edit, or set their own cookies, just as if you had requested a web page from their site. You may be able to opt-out of web beacon tracking by adjusting the settings on your browser.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Affiliated Businesses: In certain situations, businesses or third party websites we’re affiliated with may sell or provide products or services to you through or in connection with the Services (either alone or jointly with us). You can recognize when an affiliated business is associated with such a transaction or service, and we will share your Personal Information with that affiliated business only to the extent that it is related to such transaction or service. One such service may include the ability for you to automatically transmit Third Party Account Information to your Services profile or to automatically transmit information in your Services profile to your third party account; for example, you may sign into your roadmap.sh account using your Twitter account. We have no control over the policies and practices of third party websites or businesses as to privacy or anything else, so if you choose to take part in any transaction or service relating to an affiliated website or business, please review all such business’ or websites’ policies.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Our Agents: We employ other companies and people to perform tasks on our behalf and need to share your information with them to provide products or services to you. Unless we tell you differently, our agents do not have any right to use the Personal Information we share with them beyond what is necessary to assist us.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">User Profiles and Submissions: Certain user profile information, including your name, location, and any video or image content that such user has uploaded to the Services, may be displayed to other users to facilitate user interaction within the Services or address your request for our services. Please remember that any content you upload to your public user profile, along with any Personal Information or content that you voluntarily disclose online in a manner other users can view (on discussion boards, in messages and chat areas, etc.) becomes publicly available, and can be collected and used by anyone. Your user name may also be displayed to other users if and when you send messages or comments or upload images or videos through the Services and other users can contact you through messages and comments. Additionally, if you sign into the Services through a third party social networking site or service, your list of “friends” from that site or service may be automatically imported to the Services, and such “friends,” if they are also registered users of the Services, may be able to access certain non-public information you have entered in your Services user profile. Again, we do not control the policies and practices of any other third party site or service.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Business Transfers: We may choose to buy or sell assets. In these types of transactions, customer information is typically one of the business assets that would be transferred. Also, if we (or our assets) are acquired, or if we go out of business, enter bankruptcy, or go through some other change of control, Personal Information could be one of the assets transferred to or acquired by a third party.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Protection of roadmap.sh and Others: We reserve the right to access, read, preserve, and disclose any information that we reasonably believe is necessary to comply with law or court order; enforce or apply our terms of use and other agreements; or protect the rights, property, or safety of roadmap.sh, our employees, our users, or others.</p><h2 id="is-personal-information-about-me-secure" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#is-personal-information-about-me-secure" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Is Personal Information about me secure?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Your account is protected by a password for your privacy and security. If you access your account via a third party site or service, you may have additional or different sign-on protections via that third party site or service. You must prevent unauthorized access to your account and Personal Information by selecting and protecting your password and/or other sign-on mechanism appropriately and limiting access to your computer or device and browser by signing off after you have finished accessing your account. We endeavor to protect the privacy of your account and other Personal Information we hold in our records, but unfortunately, we cannot guarantee complete security. Unauthorized entry or use, hardware or software failure, and other factors, may compromise the security of user information at any time.</p><h2 id="what-personal-information-can-i-access" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-personal-information-can-i-access" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What Personal Information can I access?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Through your account settings, you may access, and, in some cases, edit or delete the following information you’ve provided to us:</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">first and last name</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">location of residence</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">age or birthday</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">username</li></ul><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The information you can view, update, and delete may change as the Services change. If you have any questions about viewing or updating information we have on file about you, please contact us at <a href="mailto:kamranahmed.se@gmail.com" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">kamranahmed.se@gmail.com</a>.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Under California Civil Code Sections 1798.83-1798.84, California residents are entitled to ask us for a notice identifying the categories of Personal Information which we share with our affiliates and/or third parties for marketing purposes, and providing contact information for such affiliates and/or third parties. If you are a California resident and would like a copy of this notice, please submit a written request to: <a href="mailto:kamranahmed.se@gmail.com" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">kamranahmed.se@gmail.com</a>.</p><h2 id="what-choices-do-i-have" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-choices-do-i-have" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What choices do I have?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You can always opt not to disclose information to us, but keep in mind some information may be needed to register with us or to take advantage of some of our features.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You may be able to add, update, or delete information as explained above. 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We may use any aggregated data derived from or incorporating your Personal Information after you update or delete it, but not in a manner that would identify you personally.</p><h2 id="what-if-i-have-questions-about-this-policy" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-if-i-have-questions-about-this-policy" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What if I have questions about this policy?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">If you have any questions or concerns regarding our privacy policies, please send us a detailed message to <a href="mailto:kamranahmed.se@gmail.com" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">kamranahmed.se@gmail.com</a>, and we will try to resolve your concerns.</p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>We are still preparing the resources</strong>. Please check back later or <a href="/signup" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">subscribe to get notified</a>.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">While we prepare the list, follow this simple advice to learn anything</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Just <strong>pick a project and start working on it</strong>, you will learn all that you need along the way.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>→</strong> <!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/roadmaps" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">All Roadmaps</a> <!-- --> <!-- -->•<!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/guides" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Programming guides</a> <!-- --> <!-- -->•<!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/signup" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Subscribe</a></p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. 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.new-badge{background:var(--chakra-colors-blue-700);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link chakra-text css-8rku7f" href="https://youtube.com/theroadmap?sub_confirmation=1"><style data-emotion="css tte0u6">.css-tte0u6{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-1);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-1);text-transform:uppercase;font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-xs);border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-sm);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);background:var(--chakra-colors-red-500);color:var(--chakra-colors-white);-webkit-transition:all 300ms;transition:all 300ms;margin-right:7px;}</style><span class="chakra-badge new-badge css-tte0u6">New</span><style data-emotion="css fl3k9t">.css-fl3k9t{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;display:none;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-fl3k9t{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-fl3k9t">Roadmap topics to be covered on our YouTube Channel</span><style data-emotion="css 22e5fy">.css-22e5fy{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;display:inline;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-22e5fy{display:none;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-22e5fy">Topic videos being made on YouTube</span><style data-emotion="css o5uqvq">.css-o5uqvq{margin-left:5px;}</style><span class="chakra-text css-o5uqvq">»</span></a><style data-emotion="css icqtwo">.css-icqtwo{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:28px;line-height:1.33;color:var(--chakra-colors-black);margin-bottom:2px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-icqtwo{font-size:33px;margin-bottom:2px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-icqtwo{font-size:40px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:5px;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-icqtwo">QA Engineer</h1><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>Roadmap is not ready yet</strong>. Please check back later or <a href="/signup" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">subscribe to get notified</a>.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">While we prepare the roadmap, follow this simple advice to learn anything</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Just <strong>pick a project and start working on it</strong>, you will learn all that you need along the way.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>→</strong> <!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/roadmaps" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">All Roadmaps</a> <!-- --> <!-- -->•<!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/guides" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Programming guides</a> <!-- --> <!-- -->•<!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/signup" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Subscribe</a> </p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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.new-badge{background:var(--chakra-colors-blue-700);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link chakra-text css-8rku7f" href="https://youtube.com/theroadmap?sub_confirmation=1"><style data-emotion="css tte0u6">.css-tte0u6{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-1);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-1);text-transform:uppercase;font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-xs);border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-sm);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);background:var(--chakra-colors-red-500);color:var(--chakra-colors-white);-webkit-transition:all 300ms;transition:all 300ms;margin-right:7px;}</style><span class="chakra-badge new-badge css-tte0u6">New</span><style data-emotion="css fl3k9t">.css-fl3k9t{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;display:none;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-fl3k9t{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-fl3k9t">Roadmap topics to be covered on our YouTube Channel</span><style data-emotion="css 22e5fy">.css-22e5fy{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;display:inline;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-22e5fy{display:none;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-22e5fy">Topic videos being made on YouTube</span><style data-emotion="css o5uqvq">.css-o5uqvq{margin-left:5px;}</style><span class="chakra-text css-o5uqvq">»</span></a><style data-emotion="css icqtwo">.css-icqtwo{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:28px;line-height:1.33;color:var(--chakra-colors-black);margin-bottom:2px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-icqtwo{font-size:33px;margin-bottom:2px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-icqtwo{font-size:40px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:5px;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-icqtwo">QA Engineer</h1><style data-emotion="css 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48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe 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.new-badge{background:var(--chakra-colors-blue-700);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link chakra-text css-8rku7f" href="https://youtube.com/theroadmap?sub_confirmation=1"><style data-emotion="css tte0u6">.css-tte0u6{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-1);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-1);text-transform:uppercase;font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-xs);border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-sm);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);background:var(--chakra-colors-red-500);color:var(--chakra-colors-white);-webkit-transition:all 300ms;transition:all 300ms;margin-right:7px;}</style><span class="chakra-badge new-badge css-tte0u6">New</span><style data-emotion="css fl3k9t">.css-fl3k9t{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;display:none;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-fl3k9t{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-fl3k9t">Roadmap topics to be covered on our YouTube Channel</span><style data-emotion="css 22e5fy">.css-22e5fy{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;display:inline;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-22e5fy{display:none;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-22e5fy">Topic videos being made on YouTube</span><style data-emotion="css o5uqvq">.css-o5uqvq{margin-left:5px;}</style><span class="chakra-text css-o5uqvq">»</span></a><style data-emotion="css icqtwo">.css-icqtwo{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:28px;line-height:1.33;color:var(--chakra-colors-black);margin-bottom:2px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-icqtwo{font-size:33px;margin-bottom:2px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-icqtwo{font-size:40px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:5px;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-icqtwo">QA Engineer</h1><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>We are still preparing the resources</strong>. Please check back later or <a href="/signup" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">subscribe to get notified</a>.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">While we prepare the list, follow this simple advice to learn anything</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Just <strong>pick a project and start working on it</strong>, you will learn all that you need along the way.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>→</strong> <!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/roadmaps" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">All Roadmaps</a> <!-- --> <!-- -->•<!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/guides" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Programming guides</a> <!-- --> <!-- -->•<!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/signup" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Subscribe</a></p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The intent of this guide is to give you an idea about the React ecosystem and to help guide your learning if you are confused. We have another <a href="/frontend" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">roadmap on the Frontend Development</a> that focuses on the frontend development if you are interested in that.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Also, please note that the list below is exhaustive, and the items are listed in no particular order. You don&#x27;t need to learn everything listed in the picture, however knowing what you don&#x27;t know is as important as knowing things.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><img src="/roadmaps/react.png" class="sc-iqseJM bIxQHp"/></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Please note that the list is opinionated, and you might have different opinions than those of the author. Having said that, <a href="https://github.com/kamranahmedse/developer-roadmap/issues/new" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">we would love to hear your opinions</a> and incorporate them in the picture if suitable.</p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 1bjthgu">.css-1bjthgu{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-100);margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1bjthgu{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:5px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1bjthgu{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:15px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1bjthgu">Stay Informed</h2><style data-emotion="css 1ne3i1y">.css-1ne3i1y{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1ne3i1y{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1ne3i1y{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-1ne3i1y">Subscribe yourself to get updates, new guides, videos and roadmaps in your inbox.</p><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>We are still preparing the resources</strong>. Please check back later or <a href="/signup" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">subscribe to get notified</a>.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">While we prepare the list, follow this simple advice to learn anything</p><blockquote class="sc-pVTFL cuyQdk"><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Just <strong>pick a project and start working on it</strong>, you will learn all that you need along the way.</p></blockquote><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN"><strong>→</strong> <!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/roadmaps" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">All Roadmaps</a> <!-- --> <!-- -->•<!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/guides" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Programming guides</a> <!-- --> <!-- -->•<!-- --> <!-- --> <a href="/signup" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Subscribe</a></p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. 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-              <lastmod>2021-12-04T11:42:18.849Z</lastmod>
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 <url>
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-              <lastmod>2021-12-04T11:42:18.853Z</lastmod>
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 <url>
               <loc>https://roadmap.sh/signup</loc>
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-              <lastmod>2021-12-04T11:42:18.853Z</lastmod>
+              <lastmod>2021-12-04T11:43:49.132Z</lastmod>
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               <loc>https://roadmap.sh/thanks</loc>
               <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
-              <lastmod>2021-12-04T11:42:18.853Z</lastmod>
+              <lastmod>2021-12-04T11:43:49.132Z</lastmod>
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 <url>
               <loc>https://roadmap.sh/watch</loc>
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-              <lastmod>2021-12-04T11:42:18.853Z</lastmod>
+              <lastmod>2021-12-04T11:43:49.132Z</lastmod>
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1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><h1 id="terms-of-service" class="sc-dkPtRN SekzN"><a href="#terms-of-service" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Terms of Service</h1><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">PLEASE NOTE THAT YOUR USE OF AND ACCESS TO OUR SERVICES (DEFINED BELOW) ARE SUBJECT TO THE FOLLOWING TERMS; IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO ALL OF THE FOLLOWING, YOU MAY NOT USE OR ACCESS THE SERVICES IN ANY MANNER.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Welcome to roadmap.sh. Please read on to learn the rules and restrictions that govern your use of our website(s), products, services and applications (the “Services”). If you have any questions, comments, or concerns regarding these terms or the Services, please contact us at <a href="mailto:kamranahmed.se@gmail.com" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">kamranahmed.se@gmail.com</a>.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">These Terms of Use (the “Terms”) are a binding contract between you and roadmap.sh (“roadmap.sh,” “we”, and “us”). You must agree to and accept all of the Terms, or you don’t have the right to use the Services. Your using the Services in any way means that you agree to all of these Terms, and these Terms will remain in effect while you use the Services. These Terms include the provisions in this document, as well as those in the Privacy Policy and Copyright Dispute Policy.</p><h2 id="will-these-terms-ever-change" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#will-these-terms-ever-change" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Will these Terms ever change?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">We are constantly trying to improve our Services, so these Terms may need to change along with the Services. We reserve the right to change the Terms at any time, but if we do, we will bring it to your attention by updating the terms on the roadmap.sh website, by sending you an email, and/or by some other means.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">If you don’t agree with the new Terms, you are free to reject them, however it means you will no longer be able to use the Services. If you use the Services in any way after a change to the Terms is effective, that means you agree to all of the changes.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Except for changes by us as described here, no other amendment or modification of these Terms will be effective unless in writing and signed by both you and us.</p><h2 id="do-these-terms-cover-privacy" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#do-these-terms-cover-privacy" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Do these terms cover privacy?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You can view the current roadmap.sh Privacy Policy <a href="/privacy" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">here</a>.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (“COPPA”) requires that online service providers obtain parental consent before they knowingly collect personally identifiable information online from children who are under 13. We do not knowingly collect or solicit personally identifiable information from children under 13. If you are a child under 13, please do not attempt to register for the Services or send any personal information about yourself to us. If we learn we have collected personal information from a child under 13, we will delete that information as quickly as possible. If you believe that a child under 13 may have provided us personal information, please contact us at <a href="mailto:kamranahmed.se@gmail.com" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">kamranahmed.se@gmail.com</a>.</p><h2 id="what-are-the-basics-of-using-roadmap.sh" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-are-the-basics-of-using-roadmap.sh" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What are the basics of using roadmap.sh?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You may be required to sign up for an account, and select a password and username. You agree to provide us with accurate, complete, and up-to-date registration information about yourself. You may not select as your username a name that you don’t have the right to use, or another person’s name with the intent to impersonate that person. You may not transfer your account to anyone else without our prior written permission.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You represent and warrant that you are an individual of legal age to form a binding contract, or if not, you’ve received your parent’s or guardian’s permission to use the Services and gotten your parent or guardian to agree to these Terms on your behalf.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You will only use the Services for your own internal, personal, non-commercial use, and not on behalf of or for the benefit of any third party, and only in a manner that complies with all laws that apply to you. If your use of the Services is prohibited by applicable laws, then you aren’t authorized to use the Services. We can’t and won’t be responsible for your using the Services in a way that breaks the law.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You will not share your account or password with anyone, and you must protect the security of your account and your password. You’re responsible for any activity associated with your account.</p><h2 id="your-use-of-the-services-is-subject-to-the-following-additional-restrictions:" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#your-use-of-the-services-is-subject-to-the-following-additional-restrictions:" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Your use of the Services is subject to the following additional restrictions:</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You represent, warrant, and agree that you will not contribute any Content or User Submission (each of those terms is defined below) or otherwise use the Services or interact with the Services in a manner that:</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">(a) Infringes or violates the intellectual property rights or any other rights of anyone else (including roadmap.sh); (b) Violates any law or regulation, including any applicable export control laws; (c) Is harmful, fraudulent, deceptive, threatening, harassing, defamatory, obscene, or otherwise objectionable; (d) Jeopardizes the security of your roadmap.sh account or anyone else’s (such as allowing someone else to log in to the Services as you); (e) Attempts, in any manner, to obtain the password, account, or other security information from any other user; (f) Violates the security of any computer network, or cracks any passwords or security encryption codes; (g) Runs Maillist, Listserv, any form of auto-responder or “spam” on the Services, or any processes that run or are activated while you are not logged into the Services, or that otherwise interfere with the proper working of the Services (including by placing an unreasonable load on the Services’ infrastructure); (h) “Crawls,” “scrapes,” or “spiders” any page, data, or portion of or relating to the Services or Content (through use of manual or automated means); (i) Copies or stores any significant portion of the Content; (j) Decompiles, reverse engineers, or otherwise attempts to obtain the source code or underlying ideas or information of or relating to the Services.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">A violation of any of the foregoing is grounds for termination of your right to use or access the Services.</p><h2 id="what-are-my-rights-in-roadmap.sh" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-are-my-rights-in-roadmap.sh" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What are my rights in roadmap.sh?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The materials displayed or performed or available on or through the Services, including, but not limited to, text, graphics, data, articles, photos, images, illustrations, User Submissions, and so forth (all of the foregoing, the “Content”) are protected by copyright and/or other intellectual property laws. You promise to abide by all copyright notices, trademark rules, information, and restrictions contained in any Content you access through the Services, and you won’t use, copy, reproduce, modify, translate, publish, broadcast, transmit, distribute, perform, upload, display, license, sell or otherwise exploit for any purpose any Content not owned by you, (i) without the prior consent of the owner of that Content or (ii) in a way that violates someone else’s (including roadmap.sh’s) rights.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You understand that roadmap.sh owns the Services. You won’t modify, publish, transmit, participate in the transfer or sale of, reproduce (except as expressly provided in this Section), create derivative works based on, or otherwise exploit any of the Services.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The Services may allow you to copy or download certain Content; please remember that just because this functionality exists, doesn’t mean that all the restrictions above don’t apply – they do!</p><h2 id="do-i-have-to-grant-any-licenses-to-roadmap.sh-or-to-other-users" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#do-i-have-to-grant-any-licenses-to-roadmap.sh-or-to-other-users" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Do I have to grant any licenses to roadmap.sh or to other users?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Anything you post, upload, share, store, or otherwise provide through the Services is your “User Submission.” Some User Submissions are viewable by other users. In order to display your User Submissions on the Services, and to allow other users to enjoy them (where applicable), you grant us certain rights in those User Submissions. Please note that all of the following licenses are subject to our Privacy Policy to the extent they relate to User Submissions that are also your personally-identifiable information.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">For all User Submissions, you hereby grant roadmap.sh a license to translate, modify (for technical purposes, for example making sure your content is viewable on an iPhone as well as a computer) and reproduce and otherwise act with respect to such User Submissions, in each case to enable us to operate the Services, as described in more detail below. This is a license only – your ownership in User Submissions is not affected.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">If you store a User Submission in your own personal roadmap.sh account, in a manner that is not viewable by any other user except you (a “Personal User Submission”), you grant roadmap.sh the license above, as well as a license to display, perform, and distribute your Personal User Submission for the sole purpose of making that Personal User Submission accessible to you and providing the Services necessary to do so.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">If you share a User Submission only in a manner that only certain specified users can view (for example, a private message to one or more other users) (a “Limited Audience User Submission”), then you grant roadmap.sh the licenses above, as well as a license to display, perform, and distribute your Limited Audience User Submission for the sole purpose of making that Limited Audience User Submission accessible to such other specified users, and providing the Services necessary to do so. Also, you grant such other specified users a license to access that Limited Audience User Submission, and to use and exercise all rights in it, as permitted by the functionality of the Services.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">If you share a User Submission publicly on the Services and/or in a manner that more than just you or certain specified users can view, or if you provide us (in a direct email or otherwise) with any feedback, suggestions, improvements, enhancements, and/or feature requests relating to the Services] (each of the foregoing, a “Public User Submission”), then you grant roadmap.sh the licenses above, as well as a license to display, perform, and distribute your Public User Submission for the purpose of making that Public User Submission accessible to all roadmap.sh users and providing the Services necessary to do so, as well as all other rights necessary to use and exercise all rights in that Public User Submission in connection with the Services and/or otherwise in connection with roadmap.sh’s business for any purpose, provided that roadmap.sh will try to notify you if it uses your Public User Submission for any reason other than displaying it on the Services. Also, you grant all other users of the Services a license to access that Public User Submission, and to use and exercise all rights in it, as permitted by the functionality of the Services.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You agree that the licenses you grant are royalty-free, perpetual, sublicenseable, irrevocable, and worldwide, provided that when you delete your roadmap.sh account, we will stop displaying your User Submissions (other than Public User Submissions, which may remain fully available)] to other users (if applicable), but you understand and agree that it may not be possible to completely delete that content from roadmap.sh’s records, and that your User Submissions may remain viewable elsewhere to the extent that they were copied or stored by other users.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Finally, you understand and agree that roadmap.sh, in performing the required technical steps to provide the Services to our users (including you), may need to make changes to your User Submissions to conform and adapt those User Submissions to the technical requirements of connection networks, devices, services, or media, and the foregoing licenses include the rights to do so.</p><h2 id="what-if-i-see-something-on-the-services-that-infringes-my-copyright" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-if-i-see-something-on-the-services-that-infringes-my-copyright" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What if I see something on the Services that infringes my copyright?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You may have heard of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (the “DMCA”), as it relates to online service providers, like roadmap.sh, being asked to remove material that allegedly violates someone’s copyright. We respect others’ intellectual property rights, and we reserve the right to delete or disable Content alleged to be infringing, and to terminate the accounts of repeat alleged infringers.</p><h2 id="who-is-responsible-for-what-i-see-and-do-on-the-services" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#who-is-responsible-for-what-i-see-and-do-on-the-services" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Who is responsible for what I see and do on the Services?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Any information or content publicly posted or privately transmitted through the Services is the sole responsibility of the person from whom such content originated, and you access all such information and content at your own risk, and we aren’t liable for any errors or omissions in that information or content or for any damages or loss you might suffer in connection with it. We cannot control and have no duty to take any action regarding how you may interpret and use the Content or what actions you may take as a result of having been exposed to the Content, and you hereby release us from all liability for you having acquired or not acquired Content through the Services. We can’t guarantee the identity of any users with whom you interact in using the Services and are not responsible for which users gain access to the Services.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You are responsible for all Content you contribute, in any manner, to the Services, and you represent and warrant you have all rights necessary to do so, in the manner in which you contribute it. You will keep all your registration information accurate and current. You are responsible for all your activity in connection with the Services.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The Services may contain links or connections to third party websites or services that are not owned or controlled by roadmap.sh. When you access third party websites or use third party services, you accept that there are risks in doing so, and that roadmap.sh is not responsible for such risks. We encourage you to be aware when you leave the Services and to read the terms and conditions and privacy policy of each third party website or service that you visit or utilize.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">roadmap.sh has no control over, and assumes no responsibility for, the content, accuracy, privacy policies, or practices of or opinions expressed in any third party websites or by any third party that you interact with through the Services. In addition, roadmap.sh will not and cannot monitor, verify, censor or edit the content of any third party site or service. By using the Services, you release and hold us harmless from any and all liability arising from your use of any third party website or service.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Your interactions with organizations and/or individuals found on or through the Services, including payment and delivery of goods or services, and any other terms, conditions, warranties or representations associated with such dealings, are solely between you and such organizations and/or individuals. You should make whatever investigation you feel necessary or appropriate before proceeding with any online or offline transaction with any of these third parties. You agree that roadmap.sh shall not be responsible or liable for any loss or damage of any sort incurred as the result of any such dealings.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">If there is a dispute between participants on this site, or between users and any third party, you agree that roadmap.sh is under no obligation to become involved. In the event that you have a dispute with one or more other users, you release roadmap.sh, its officers, employees, agents, and successors from claims, demands, and damages of every kind or nature, known or unknown, suspected or unsuspected, disclosed or undisclosed, arising out of or in any way related to such disputes and/or our Services. If you are a California resident, you shall and hereby do waive California Civil Code Section 1542, which says: &quot;A general release does not extend to claims which the creditor does not know or suspect to exist in his or her favor at the time of executing the release, which, if known by him or her must have materially affected his or her settlement with the debtor.&quot;</p><h2 id="will-roadmap.sh-ever-change-the-services" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#will-roadmap.sh-ever-change-the-services" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Will roadmap.sh ever change the Services?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">We’re always trying to improve the Services, so they may change over time. We may suspend or discontinue any part of the Services, or we may introduce new features or impose limits on certain features or restrict access to parts or all of the Services. We’ll try to give you notice when we make a material change to the Services that would adversely affect you, but this isn’t always practical. Similarly, we reserve the right to remove any Content from the Services at any time, for any reason (including, but not limited to, if someone alleges you contributed that Content in violation of these Terms), in our sole discretion, and without notice.</p><h2 id="does-roadmap.sh-cost-anything" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#does-roadmap.sh-cost-anything" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Does roadmap.sh cost anything?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The roadmap.sh Services are currently free, but we reserve the right to charge for certain or all Services in the future. We will notify you before any Services you are then using begin carrying a fee, and if you wish to continue using such Services, you must pay all applicable fees for such Services.</p><h2 id="what-if-i-want-to-stop-using-roadmap.sh" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-if-i-want-to-stop-using-roadmap.sh" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What if I want to stop using roadmap.sh?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You’re free to do that at any time, by contacting us at <a href="mailto:kamranahmed.se@gmail.com" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">kamranahmed.se@gmail.com</a>; please refer to our Privacy Policy, as well as the licenses above, to understand how we treat information you provide to us after you have stopped using our Services. roadmap.sh is also free to terminate (or suspend access to) your use of the Services or your account, for any reason in our discretion, including your breach of these Terms. roadmap.sh has the sole right to decide whether you are in violation of any of the restrictions set forth in these Terms.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Account termination may result in destruction of any Content associated with your account, so keep that in mind before you decide to terminate your account. We will try to provide advance notice to you prior to our terminating your account so that you are able to retrieve any important User Submissions you may have stored in your account (to the extent allowed by law and these Terms), but we may not do so if we determine it would be impractical, illegal, not in the interest of someone’s safety or security, or otherwise harmful to the rights or property of roadmap.sh.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Provisions that, by their nature, should survive termination of these Terms shall survive termination. By way of example, all of the following will survive termination: any obligation you have to pay us or indemnify us, any limitations on our liability, any terms regarding ownership or intellectual property rights, and terms regarding disputes between us.</p><h2 id="what-if-i-use-roadmap.sh-via-an-app-available-on-the-apple-app-store" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-if-i-use-roadmap.sh-via-an-app-available-on-the-apple-app-store" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What if I use roadmap.sh via an app available on the Apple App Store?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">These Terms apply to your use of all the Services, including the iOS applications available via the Apple, Inc. (“Apple”) App Store (the “Application”), but the following additional terms also apply to the Application:</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">(a) Both you and roadmap.sh acknowledge that the Terms are concluded between you and roadmap.sh only, and not with Apple, and that Apple is not responsible for the Application or the Content; (b) The Application is licensed to you on a limited, non-exclusive, non-transferrable, non-sublicensable basis, solely to be used in connection with the Services for your private, personal, non-commercial use, subject to all the terms and conditions of these Terms as they are applicable to the Services; (c) You will only use the Application in connection with an Apple device that you own or control; (d) You acknowledge and agree that Apple has no obligation whatsoever to furnish any maintenance and support services with respect to the Application; (e) In the event of any failure of the Application to conform to any applicable warranty, including those implied by law, you may notify Apple of such failure; upon notification, Apple’s sole warranty obligation to you will be to refund to you the purchase price, if any, of the Application; (f) You acknowledge and agree that roadmap.sh, and not Apple, is responsible for addressing any claims you or any third party may have in relation to the Application; (g) You acknowledge and agree that, in the event of any third party claim that the Application or your possession and use of the Application infringes that third party’s intellectual property rights, roadmap.sh, and not Apple, will be responsible for the investigation, defense, settlement and discharge of any such infringement claim; (h) You represent and warrant that you are not located in a country subject to a U.S. Government embargo, or that has been designated by the U.S. Government as a “terrorist supporting” country, and that you are not listed on any U.S. Government list of prohibited or restricted parties; (i) Both you and roadmap.sh acknowledge and agree that, in your use of the Application, you will comply with any applicable third party terms of agreement which may affect or be affected by such use; and (j) Both you and roadmap.sh acknowledge and agree that Apple and Apple’s subsidiaries are third party beneficiaries of these Terms, and that upon your acceptance of these Terms, Apple will have the right (and will be deemed to have accepted the right) to enforce these Terms against you as the third party beneficiary hereof.</p><h2 id="what-are-roadmap.sh&#x27;s-terms-of-sale" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-are-roadmap.sh&#x27;s-terms-of-sale" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What are roadmap.sh&#x27;s Terms of Sale?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">If you purchase any goods or services or license any software through the site whether or not in connection with an Offer or Discount, in addition to agreeing to these Terms of Use, you are agreeing to the Terms of Sale, available here.</p><h2 id="what-else-do-i-need-to-know" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-else-do-i-need-to-know" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What else do I need to know?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Warranty Disclaimer. Neither roadmap.sh nor its licensors or suppliers makes any representations or warranties concerning any content contained in or accessed through the Services, and we will not be responsible or liable for the accuracy, copyright compliance, legality, or decency of material contained in or accessed through the Services. We (and our licensors and suppliers) make no representations or warranties regarding suggestions or recommendations of services or products offered or purchased through the Services. Products and services purchased or offered (whether or not following such recommendations and suggestions) through the Services are provided “AS IS” and without any warranty of any kind from roadmap.sh or others (unless, with respect to such others only, provided expressly and unambiguously in writing by a designated third party for a specific product). THE SERVICES AND CONTENT ARE PROVIDED BY ROADMAP.SH (AND ITS LICENSORS AND SUPPLIERS) ON AN “AS-IS” BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, OR THAT USE OF THE SERVICES WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED OR ERROR-FREE. SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW LIMITATIONS ON HOW LONG AN IMPLIED WARRANTY LASTS, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Limitation of Liability. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT ALLOWED BY APPLICABLE LAW, UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES AND UNDER NO LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, TORT, CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR OTHERWISE) SHALL ROADMAP.SH (OR ITS LICENSORS OR SUPPLIERS) BE LIABLE TO YOU OR TO ANY OTHER PERSON FOR (A) ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND, INCLUDING DAMAGES FOR LOST PROFITS, LOSS OF GOODWILL, WORK STOPPAGE, ACCURACY OF RESULTS, OR COMPUTER FAILURE OR MALFUNCTION, OR (B) ANY AMOUNT, IN THE AGGREGATE, IN EXCESS OF THE GREATER OF (I) $100 OR (II) THE AMOUNTS PAID BY YOU TO ROADMAP.SH IN CONNECTION WITH THE SERVICES IN THE TWELVE (12) MONTH PERIOD PRECEDING THIS APPLICABLE CLAIM, OR (III) ANY MATTER BEYOND OUR REASONABLE CONTROL. SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF CERTAIN DAMAGES, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATION AND EXCLUSIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Indemnity. To the fullest extent allowed by applicable law, You agree to indemnify and hold roadmap.sh, its affiliates, officers, agents, employees, and partners harmless from and against any and all claims, liabilities, damages (actual and consequential), losses and expenses (including attorneys’ fees) arising from or in any way related to any third party claims relating to (a) your use of the Services (including any actions taken by a third party using your account), and (b) your violation of these Terms. In the event of such a claim, suit, or action (“Claim”), we will attempt to provide notice of the Claim to the contact information we have for your account (provided that failure to deliver such notice shall not eliminate or reduce your indemnification obligations hereunder).</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Assignment. You may not assign, delegate or transfer these Terms or your rights or obligations hereunder, or your Services account, in any way (by operation of law or otherwise) without roadmap.sh’s prior written consent. We may transfer, assign, or delegate these Terms and our rights and obligations without consent.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Choice of Law; Arbitration. These Terms are governed by and will be construed under the laws of the State of California, without regard to the conflicts of laws provisions thereof. Any dispute arising from or relating to the subject matter of these Terms shall be finally settled in San Francisco County, California, in English, in accordance with the Streamlined Arbitration Rules and Procedures of Judicial Arbitration and Mediation Services, Inc. (&quot;JAMS&quot;) then in effect, by one commercial arbitrator with substantial experience in resolving intellectual property and commercial contract disputes, who shall be selected from the appropriate list of JAMS arbitrators in accordance with such Rules. Judgment upon the award rendered by such arbitrator may be entered in any court of competent jurisdiction. Notwithstanding the foregoing obligation to arbitrate disputes, each party shall have the right to pursue injunctive or other equitable relief at any time, from any court of competent jurisdiction. For all purposes of this Agreement, the parties consent to exclusive jurisdiction and venue in the state or federal courts located in, respectively, San Francisco County, California, or the Northern District of California. Any arbitration under this Agreement will take place on an individual basis: class arbitrations and class actions are not permitted. YOU UNDERSTAND AND AGREE THAT BY ENTERING INTO THIS AGREEMENT, YOU AND ROADMAP.SH ARE EACH WAIVING THE RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY OR TO PARTICIPATE IN A CLASS ACTION.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Miscellaneous. You will be responsible for paying, withholding, filing, and reporting all taxes, duties, and other governmental assessments associated with your activity in connection with the Services, provided that roadmap.sh may, in its sole discretion, do any of the foregoing on your behalf or for itself as it sees fit. The failure of either you or us to exercise, in any way, any right herein shall not be deemed a waiver of any further rights hereunder. If any provision of these Terms is found to be unenforceable or invalid, that provision will be limited or eliminated, to the minimum extent necessary, so that these Terms shall otherwise remain in full force and effect and enforceable. You and roadmap.sh agree that these Terms are the complete and exclusive statement of the mutual understanding between you and roadmap.sh, and that it supersedes and cancels all previous written and oral agreements, communications and other understandings relating to the subject matter of these Terms. You hereby acknowledge and agree that you are not an employee, agent, partner, or joint venture of roadmap.sh, and you do not have any authority of any kind to bind roadmap.sh in any respect whatsoever. Except as expressly set forth in the section above regarding the Apple Application, you and roadmap.sh agree there are no third party beneficiaries intended under these Terms.</p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><h1 id="terms-of-service" class="sc-dkPtRN SekzN"><a href="#terms-of-service" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Terms of Service</h1><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">PLEASE NOTE THAT YOUR USE OF AND ACCESS TO OUR SERVICES (DEFINED BELOW) ARE SUBJECT TO THE FOLLOWING TERMS; IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO ALL OF THE FOLLOWING, YOU MAY NOT USE OR ACCESS THE SERVICES IN ANY MANNER.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Welcome to roadmap.sh. Please read on to learn the rules and restrictions that govern your use of our website(s), products, services and applications (the “Services”). If you have any questions, comments, or concerns regarding these terms or the Services, please contact us at <a href="mailto:kamranahmed.se@gmail.com" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">kamranahmed.se@gmail.com</a>.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">These Terms of Use (the “Terms”) are a binding contract between you and roadmap.sh (“roadmap.sh,” “we”, and “us”). You must agree to and accept all of the Terms, or you don’t have the right to use the Services. Your using the Services in any way means that you agree to all of these Terms, and these Terms will remain in effect while you use the Services. These Terms include the provisions in this document, as well as those in the Privacy Policy and Copyright Dispute Policy.</p><h2 id="will-these-terms-ever-change" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#will-these-terms-ever-change" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Will these Terms ever change?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">We are constantly trying to improve our Services, so these Terms may need to change along with the Services. We reserve the right to change the Terms at any time, but if we do, we will bring it to your attention by updating the terms on the roadmap.sh website, by sending you an email, and/or by some other means.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">If you don’t agree with the new Terms, you are free to reject them, however it means you will no longer be able to use the Services. If you use the Services in any way after a change to the Terms is effective, that means you agree to all of the changes.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Except for changes by us as described here, no other amendment or modification of these Terms will be effective unless in writing and signed by both you and us.</p><h2 id="do-these-terms-cover-privacy" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#do-these-terms-cover-privacy" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Do these terms cover privacy?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You can view the current roadmap.sh Privacy Policy <a href="/privacy" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">here</a>.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (“COPPA”) requires that online service providers obtain parental consent before they knowingly collect personally identifiable information online from children who are under 13. We do not knowingly collect or solicit personally identifiable information from children under 13. If you are a child under 13, please do not attempt to register for the Services or send any personal information about yourself to us. If we learn we have collected personal information from a child under 13, we will delete that information as quickly as possible. If you believe that a child under 13 may have provided us personal information, please contact us at <a href="mailto:kamranahmed.se@gmail.com" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">kamranahmed.se@gmail.com</a>.</p><h2 id="what-are-the-basics-of-using-roadmap.sh" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-are-the-basics-of-using-roadmap.sh" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What are the basics of using roadmap.sh?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You may be required to sign up for an account, and select a password and username. You agree to provide us with accurate, complete, and up-to-date registration information about yourself. You may not select as your username a name that you don’t have the right to use, or another person’s name with the intent to impersonate that person. You may not transfer your account to anyone else without our prior written permission.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You represent and warrant that you are an individual of legal age to form a binding contract, or if not, you’ve received your parent’s or guardian’s permission to use the Services and gotten your parent or guardian to agree to these Terms on your behalf.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You will only use the Services for your own internal, personal, non-commercial use, and not on behalf of or for the benefit of any third party, and only in a manner that complies with all laws that apply to you. If your use of the Services is prohibited by applicable laws, then you aren’t authorized to use the Services. We can’t and won’t be responsible for your using the Services in a way that breaks the law.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You will not share your account or password with anyone, and you must protect the security of your account and your password. You’re responsible for any activity associated with your account.</p><h2 id="your-use-of-the-services-is-subject-to-the-following-additional-restrictions:" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#your-use-of-the-services-is-subject-to-the-following-additional-restrictions:" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Your use of the Services is subject to the following additional restrictions:</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You represent, warrant, and agree that you will not contribute any Content or User Submission (each of those terms is defined below) or otherwise use the Services or interact with the Services in a manner that:</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">(a) Infringes or violates the intellectual property rights or any other rights of anyone else (including roadmap.sh); (b) Violates any law or regulation, including any applicable export control laws; (c) Is harmful, fraudulent, deceptive, threatening, harassing, defamatory, obscene, or otherwise objectionable; (d) Jeopardizes the security of your roadmap.sh account or anyone else’s (such as allowing someone else to log in to the Services as you); (e) Attempts, in any manner, to obtain the password, account, or other security information from any other user; (f) Violates the security of any computer network, or cracks any passwords or security encryption codes; (g) Runs Maillist, Listserv, any form of auto-responder or “spam” on the Services, or any processes that run or are activated while you are not logged into the Services, or that otherwise interfere with the proper working of the Services (including by placing an unreasonable load on the Services’ infrastructure); (h) “Crawls,” “scrapes,” or “spiders” any page, data, or portion of or relating to the Services or Content (through use of manual or automated means); (i) Copies or stores any significant portion of the Content; (j) Decompiles, reverse engineers, or otherwise attempts to obtain the source code or underlying ideas or information of or relating to the Services.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">A violation of any of the foregoing is grounds for termination of your right to use or access the Services.</p><h2 id="what-are-my-rights-in-roadmap.sh" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-are-my-rights-in-roadmap.sh" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What are my rights in roadmap.sh?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The materials displayed or performed or available on or through the Services, including, but not limited to, text, graphics, data, articles, photos, images, illustrations, User Submissions, and so forth (all of the foregoing, the “Content”) are protected by copyright and/or other intellectual property laws. You promise to abide by all copyright notices, trademark rules, information, and restrictions contained in any Content you access through the Services, and you won’t use, copy, reproduce, modify, translate, publish, broadcast, transmit, distribute, perform, upload, display, license, sell or otherwise exploit for any purpose any Content not owned by you, (i) without the prior consent of the owner of that Content or (ii) in a way that violates someone else’s (including roadmap.sh’s) rights.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You understand that roadmap.sh owns the Services. You won’t modify, publish, transmit, participate in the transfer or sale of, reproduce (except as expressly provided in this Section), create derivative works based on, or otherwise exploit any of the Services.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The Services may allow you to copy or download certain Content; please remember that just because this functionality exists, doesn’t mean that all the restrictions above don’t apply – they do!</p><h2 id="do-i-have-to-grant-any-licenses-to-roadmap.sh-or-to-other-users" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#do-i-have-to-grant-any-licenses-to-roadmap.sh-or-to-other-users" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Do I have to grant any licenses to roadmap.sh or to other users?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Anything you post, upload, share, store, or otherwise provide through the Services is your “User Submission.” Some User Submissions are viewable by other users. In order to display your User Submissions on the Services, and to allow other users to enjoy them (where applicable), you grant us certain rights in those User Submissions. Please note that all of the following licenses are subject to our Privacy Policy to the extent they relate to User Submissions that are also your personally-identifiable information.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">For all User Submissions, you hereby grant roadmap.sh a license to translate, modify (for technical purposes, for example making sure your content is viewable on an iPhone as well as a computer) and reproduce and otherwise act with respect to such User Submissions, in each case to enable us to operate the Services, as described in more detail below. This is a license only – your ownership in User Submissions is not affected.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">If you store a User Submission in your own personal roadmap.sh account, in a manner that is not viewable by any other user except you (a “Personal User Submission”), you grant roadmap.sh the license above, as well as a license to display, perform, and distribute your Personal User Submission for the sole purpose of making that Personal User Submission accessible to you and providing the Services necessary to do so.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">If you share a User Submission only in a manner that only certain specified users can view (for example, a private message to one or more other users) (a “Limited Audience User Submission”), then you grant roadmap.sh the licenses above, as well as a license to display, perform, and distribute your Limited Audience User Submission for the sole purpose of making that Limited Audience User Submission accessible to such other specified users, and providing the Services necessary to do so. Also, you grant such other specified users a license to access that Limited Audience User Submission, and to use and exercise all rights in it, as permitted by the functionality of the Services.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">If you share a User Submission publicly on the Services and/or in a manner that more than just you or certain specified users can view, or if you provide us (in a direct email or otherwise) with any feedback, suggestions, improvements, enhancements, and/or feature requests relating to the Services] (each of the foregoing, a “Public User Submission”), then you grant roadmap.sh the licenses above, as well as a license to display, perform, and distribute your Public User Submission for the purpose of making that Public User Submission accessible to all roadmap.sh users and providing the Services necessary to do so, as well as all other rights necessary to use and exercise all rights in that Public User Submission in connection with the Services and/or otherwise in connection with roadmap.sh’s business for any purpose, provided that roadmap.sh will try to notify you if it uses your Public User Submission for any reason other than displaying it on the Services. Also, you grant all other users of the Services a license to access that Public User Submission, and to use and exercise all rights in it, as permitted by the functionality of the Services.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You agree that the licenses you grant are royalty-free, perpetual, sublicenseable, irrevocable, and worldwide, provided that when you delete your roadmap.sh account, we will stop displaying your User Submissions (other than Public User Submissions, which may remain fully available)] to other users (if applicable), but you understand and agree that it may not be possible to completely delete that content from roadmap.sh’s records, and that your User Submissions may remain viewable elsewhere to the extent that they were copied or stored by other users.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Finally, you understand and agree that roadmap.sh, in performing the required technical steps to provide the Services to our users (including you), may need to make changes to your User Submissions to conform and adapt those User Submissions to the technical requirements of connection networks, devices, services, or media, and the foregoing licenses include the rights to do so.</p><h2 id="what-if-i-see-something-on-the-services-that-infringes-my-copyright" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-if-i-see-something-on-the-services-that-infringes-my-copyright" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What if I see something on the Services that infringes my copyright?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You may have heard of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (the “DMCA”), as it relates to online service providers, like roadmap.sh, being asked to remove material that allegedly violates someone’s copyright. We respect others’ intellectual property rights, and we reserve the right to delete or disable Content alleged to be infringing, and to terminate the accounts of repeat alleged infringers.</p><h2 id="who-is-responsible-for-what-i-see-and-do-on-the-services" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#who-is-responsible-for-what-i-see-and-do-on-the-services" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Who is responsible for what I see and do on the Services?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Any information or content publicly posted or privately transmitted through the Services is the sole responsibility of the person from whom such content originated, and you access all such information and content at your own risk, and we aren’t liable for any errors or omissions in that information or content or for any damages or loss you might suffer in connection with it. We cannot control and have no duty to take any action regarding how you may interpret and use the Content or what actions you may take as a result of having been exposed to the Content, and you hereby release us from all liability for you having acquired or not acquired Content through the Services. We can’t guarantee the identity of any users with whom you interact in using the Services and are not responsible for which users gain access to the Services.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You are responsible for all Content you contribute, in any manner, to the Services, and you represent and warrant you have all rights necessary to do so, in the manner in which you contribute it. You will keep all your registration information accurate and current. You are responsible for all your activity in connection with the Services.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The Services may contain links or connections to third party websites or services that are not owned or controlled by roadmap.sh. When you access third party websites or use third party services, you accept that there are risks in doing so, and that roadmap.sh is not responsible for such risks. We encourage you to be aware when you leave the Services and to read the terms and conditions and privacy policy of each third party website or service that you visit or utilize.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">roadmap.sh has no control over, and assumes no responsibility for, the content, accuracy, privacy policies, or practices of or opinions expressed in any third party websites or by any third party that you interact with through the Services. In addition, roadmap.sh will not and cannot monitor, verify, censor or edit the content of any third party site or service. By using the Services, you release and hold us harmless from any and all liability arising from your use of any third party website or service.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Your interactions with organizations and/or individuals found on or through the Services, including payment and delivery of goods or services, and any other terms, conditions, warranties or representations associated with such dealings, are solely between you and such organizations and/or individuals. You should make whatever investigation you feel necessary or appropriate before proceeding with any online or offline transaction with any of these third parties. You agree that roadmap.sh shall not be responsible or liable for any loss or damage of any sort incurred as the result of any such dealings.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">If there is a dispute between participants on this site, or between users and any third party, you agree that roadmap.sh is under no obligation to become involved. In the event that you have a dispute with one or more other users, you release roadmap.sh, its officers, employees, agents, and successors from claims, demands, and damages of every kind or nature, known or unknown, suspected or unsuspected, disclosed or undisclosed, arising out of or in any way related to such disputes and/or our Services. If you are a California resident, you shall and hereby do waive California Civil Code Section 1542, which says: &quot;A general release does not extend to claims which the creditor does not know or suspect to exist in his or her favor at the time of executing the release, which, if known by him or her must have materially affected his or her settlement with the debtor.&quot;</p><h2 id="will-roadmap.sh-ever-change-the-services" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#will-roadmap.sh-ever-change-the-services" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Will roadmap.sh ever change the Services?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">We’re always trying to improve the Services, so they may change over time. We may suspend or discontinue any part of the Services, or we may introduce new features or impose limits on certain features or restrict access to parts or all of the Services. We’ll try to give you notice when we make a material change to the Services that would adversely affect you, but this isn’t always practical. Similarly, we reserve the right to remove any Content from the Services at any time, for any reason (including, but not limited to, if someone alleges you contributed that Content in violation of these Terms), in our sole discretion, and without notice.</p><h2 id="does-roadmap.sh-cost-anything" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#does-roadmap.sh-cost-anything" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Does roadmap.sh cost anything?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The roadmap.sh Services are currently free, but we reserve the right to charge for certain or all Services in the future. We will notify you before any Services you are then using begin carrying a fee, and if you wish to continue using such Services, you must pay all applicable fees for such Services.</p><h2 id="what-if-i-want-to-stop-using-roadmap.sh" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-if-i-want-to-stop-using-roadmap.sh" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What if I want to stop using roadmap.sh?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">You’re free to do that at any time, by contacting us at <a href="mailto:kamranahmed.se@gmail.com" target="_self" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">kamranahmed.se@gmail.com</a>; please refer to our Privacy Policy, as well as the licenses above, to understand how we treat information you provide to us after you have stopped using our Services. roadmap.sh is also free to terminate (or suspend access to) your use of the Services or your account, for any reason in our discretion, including your breach of these Terms. roadmap.sh has the sole right to decide whether you are in violation of any of the restrictions set forth in these Terms.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Account termination may result in destruction of any Content associated with your account, so keep that in mind before you decide to terminate your account. We will try to provide advance notice to you prior to our terminating your account so that you are able to retrieve any important User Submissions you may have stored in your account (to the extent allowed by law and these Terms), but we may not do so if we determine it would be impractical, illegal, not in the interest of someone’s safety or security, or otherwise harmful to the rights or property of roadmap.sh.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Provisions that, by their nature, should survive termination of these Terms shall survive termination. By way of example, all of the following will survive termination: any obligation you have to pay us or indemnify us, any limitations on our liability, any terms regarding ownership or intellectual property rights, and terms regarding disputes between us.</p><h2 id="what-if-i-use-roadmap.sh-via-an-app-available-on-the-apple-app-store" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-if-i-use-roadmap.sh-via-an-app-available-on-the-apple-app-store" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What if I use roadmap.sh via an app available on the Apple App Store?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">These Terms apply to your use of all the Services, including the iOS applications available via the Apple, Inc. (“Apple”) App Store (the “Application”), but the following additional terms also apply to the Application:</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">(a) Both you and roadmap.sh acknowledge that the Terms are concluded between you and roadmap.sh only, and not with Apple, and that Apple is not responsible for the Application or the Content; (b) The Application is licensed to you on a limited, non-exclusive, non-transferrable, non-sublicensable basis, solely to be used in connection with the Services for your private, personal, non-commercial use, subject to all the terms and conditions of these Terms as they are applicable to the Services; (c) You will only use the Application in connection with an Apple device that you own or control; (d) You acknowledge and agree that Apple has no obligation whatsoever to furnish any maintenance and support services with respect to the Application; (e) In the event of any failure of the Application to conform to any applicable warranty, including those implied by law, you may notify Apple of such failure; upon notification, Apple’s sole warranty obligation to you will be to refund to you the purchase price, if any, of the Application; (f) You acknowledge and agree that roadmap.sh, and not Apple, is responsible for addressing any claims you or any third party may have in relation to the Application; (g) You acknowledge and agree that, in the event of any third party claim that the Application or your possession and use of the Application infringes that third party’s intellectual property rights, roadmap.sh, and not Apple, will be responsible for the investigation, defense, settlement and discharge of any such infringement claim; (h) You represent and warrant that you are not located in a country subject to a U.S. Government embargo, or that has been designated by the U.S. Government as a “terrorist supporting” country, and that you are not listed on any U.S. Government list of prohibited or restricted parties; (i) Both you and roadmap.sh acknowledge and agree that, in your use of the Application, you will comply with any applicable third party terms of agreement which may affect or be affected by such use; and (j) Both you and roadmap.sh acknowledge and agree that Apple and Apple’s subsidiaries are third party beneficiaries of these Terms, and that upon your acceptance of these Terms, Apple will have the right (and will be deemed to have accepted the right) to enforce these Terms against you as the third party beneficiary hereof.</p><h2 id="what-are-roadmap.sh&#x27;s-terms-of-sale" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-are-roadmap.sh&#x27;s-terms-of-sale" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What are roadmap.sh&#x27;s Terms of Sale?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">If you purchase any goods or services or license any software through the site whether or not in connection with an Offer or Discount, in addition to agreeing to these Terms of Use, you are agreeing to the Terms of Sale, available here.</p><h2 id="what-else-do-i-need-to-know" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#what-else-do-i-need-to-know" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What else do I need to know?</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Warranty Disclaimer. Neither roadmap.sh nor its licensors or suppliers makes any representations or warranties concerning any content contained in or accessed through the Services, and we will not be responsible or liable for the accuracy, copyright compliance, legality, or decency of material contained in or accessed through the Services. We (and our licensors and suppliers) make no representations or warranties regarding suggestions or recommendations of services or products offered or purchased through the Services. Products and services purchased or offered (whether or not following such recommendations and suggestions) through the Services are provided “AS IS” and without any warranty of any kind from roadmap.sh or others (unless, with respect to such others only, provided expressly and unambiguously in writing by a designated third party for a specific product). THE SERVICES AND CONTENT ARE PROVIDED BY ROADMAP.SH (AND ITS LICENSORS AND SUPPLIERS) ON AN “AS-IS” BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, OR THAT USE OF THE SERVICES WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED OR ERROR-FREE. SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW LIMITATIONS ON HOW LONG AN IMPLIED WARRANTY LASTS, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Limitation of Liability. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT ALLOWED BY APPLICABLE LAW, UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES AND UNDER NO LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, TORT, CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR OTHERWISE) SHALL ROADMAP.SH (OR ITS LICENSORS OR SUPPLIERS) BE LIABLE TO YOU OR TO ANY OTHER PERSON FOR (A) ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND, INCLUDING DAMAGES FOR LOST PROFITS, LOSS OF GOODWILL, WORK STOPPAGE, ACCURACY OF RESULTS, OR COMPUTER FAILURE OR MALFUNCTION, OR (B) ANY AMOUNT, IN THE AGGREGATE, IN EXCESS OF THE GREATER OF (I) $100 OR (II) THE AMOUNTS PAID BY YOU TO ROADMAP.SH IN CONNECTION WITH THE SERVICES IN THE TWELVE (12) MONTH PERIOD PRECEDING THIS APPLICABLE CLAIM, OR (III) ANY MATTER BEYOND OUR REASONABLE CONTROL. SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF CERTAIN DAMAGES, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATION AND EXCLUSIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Indemnity. To the fullest extent allowed by applicable law, You agree to indemnify and hold roadmap.sh, its affiliates, officers, agents, employees, and partners harmless from and against any and all claims, liabilities, damages (actual and consequential), losses and expenses (including attorneys’ fees) arising from or in any way related to any third party claims relating to (a) your use of the Services (including any actions taken by a third party using your account), and (b) your violation of these Terms. In the event of such a claim, suit, or action (“Claim”), we will attempt to provide notice of the Claim to the contact information we have for your account (provided that failure to deliver such notice shall not eliminate or reduce your indemnification obligations hereunder).</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Assignment. You may not assign, delegate or transfer these Terms or your rights or obligations hereunder, or your Services account, in any way (by operation of law or otherwise) without roadmap.sh’s prior written consent. We may transfer, assign, or delegate these Terms and our rights and obligations without consent.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Choice of Law; Arbitration. These Terms are governed by and will be construed under the laws of the State of California, without regard to the conflicts of laws provisions thereof. Any dispute arising from or relating to the subject matter of these Terms shall be finally settled in San Francisco County, California, in English, in accordance with the Streamlined Arbitration Rules and Procedures of Judicial Arbitration and Mediation Services, Inc. (&quot;JAMS&quot;) then in effect, by one commercial arbitrator with substantial experience in resolving intellectual property and commercial contract disputes, who shall be selected from the appropriate list of JAMS arbitrators in accordance with such Rules. Judgment upon the award rendered by such arbitrator may be entered in any court of competent jurisdiction. Notwithstanding the foregoing obligation to arbitrate disputes, each party shall have the right to pursue injunctive or other equitable relief at any time, from any court of competent jurisdiction. For all purposes of this Agreement, the parties consent to exclusive jurisdiction and venue in the state or federal courts located in, respectively, San Francisco County, California, or the Northern District of California. Any arbitration under this Agreement will take place on an individual basis: class arbitrations and class actions are not permitted. YOU UNDERSTAND AND AGREE THAT BY ENTERING INTO THIS AGREEMENT, YOU AND ROADMAP.SH ARE EACH WAIVING THE RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY OR TO PARTICIPATE IN A CLASS ACTION.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Miscellaneous. You will be responsible for paying, withholding, filing, and reporting all taxes, duties, and other governmental assessments associated with your activity in connection with the Services, provided that roadmap.sh may, in its sole discretion, do any of the foregoing on your behalf or for itself as it sees fit. The failure of either you or us to exercise, in any way, any right herein shall not be deemed a waiver of any further rights hereunder. If any provision of these Terms is found to be unenforceable or invalid, that provision will be limited or eliminated, to the minimum extent necessary, so that these Terms shall otherwise remain in full force and effect and enforceable. You and roadmap.sh agree that these Terms are the complete and exclusive statement of the mutual understanding between you and roadmap.sh, and that it supersedes and cancels all previous written and oral agreements, communications and other understandings relating to the subject matter of these Terms. You hereby acknowledge and agree that you are not an employee, agent, partner, or joint venture of roadmap.sh, and you do not have any authority of any kind to bind roadmap.sh in any respect whatsoever. Except as expressly set forth in the section above regarding the Apple Application, you and roadmap.sh agree there are no third party beneficiaries intended under these Terms.</p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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fill="#fff"></path></svg><style data-emotion="css 1youuz0">.css-1youuz0{display:block;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1youuz0{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1youuz0{display:block;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-1youuz0">roadmap.sh</span></a></div><style data-emotion="css 1w38872">.css-1w38872{display:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-50);font-size:15px;}.css-1w38872>*:not(style)~*:not(style){margin-top:0px;-webkit-margin-end:0px;margin-inline-end:0px;margin-bottom:0px;-webkit-margin-start:15px;margin-inline-start:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1w38872{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1w38872{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}</style><div class="chakra-stack css-1w38872"><style data-emotion="css 1qy82gu">.css-1qy82gu{display:inline-block;-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;min-width:0px;}</style><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><style data-emotion="css lstwx6">.css-lstwx6{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:0;border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);font-weight:500;}.css-lstwx6:hover,.css-lstwx6[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-white);}.css-lstwx6:focus,.css-lstwx6[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/roadmaps">Roadmaps</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/guides">Guides</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/watch">Videos</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/thanks">Thanks</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><style data-emotion="css t88ydv">.css-t88ydv{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;margin-left:10px;background-image:linear-gradient(to left, var(--chakra-colors-yellow-700), var(--chakra-colors-red-600));padding:7px 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1p6g95h">.css-1p6g95h{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-sm);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-1p6g95h"><style data-emotion="css 1o3oomb">.css-1o3oomb{margin-top:60px;}</style><div class="css-1o3oomb"><style data-emotion="css 70qvj9">.css-70qvj9{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><div class="css-70qvj9"><style data-emotion="css 8atqhb">.css-8atqhb{width:100%;}</style><div class="css-8atqhb"><style data-emotion="css 1lam1ci">.css-1lam1ci{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-3xl);line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1lam1ci{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-4xl);line-height:1.2;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1lam1ci">Thanks!</h2><p class="chakra-text css-0">The project has been made possible by the all the wonderful humans and companies supporting the project on <style data-emotion="css yq7epg">.css-yq7epg{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;font-weight:600;}.css-yq7epg:hover,.css-yq7epg[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-yq7epg:focus,.css-yq7epg[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-yq7epg" href="https://github.com/sponsors/kamranahmedse">GitHub Sponsors</a> and we are truly grateful for that.</p></div><style data-emotion="css 6lkt8s">.css-6lkt8s{width:190px;border-radius:100%;margin-left:50px;display:none;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-6lkt8s{display:block;}}</style><img alt="" src="https://media.giphy.com/media/l0HUgXEoxsNZjZNq8/giphy.gif?cid=790b76114c74e11ed7ce8d65995b6893524407ed7b7748bc&amp;rid=giphy.gif&amp;ct=g" class="chakra-image css-6lkt8s"/></div><style data-emotion="css 46b038">.css-46b038{margin-top:30px;}</style><div class="css-46b038"><style data-emotion="css qudl1o">.css-qudl1o{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-qudl1o{line-height:1.2;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-qudl1o">Companies</h2><style data-emotion="css 1lyzlj9">.css-1lyzlj9{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}.css-1lyzlj9>*:not(style)~*:not(style){margin-top:10px;-webkit-margin-end:0px;margin-inline-end:0px;margin-bottom:0px;-webkit-margin-start:0px;margin-inline-start:0px;}</style><div class="chakra-stack css-1lyzlj9"><style data-emotion="css kkmbcw">.css-kkmbcw{border-width:1px;border-radius:5px;padding:20px;background:var(--chakra-colors-teal-50);}</style><style data-emotion="css n18a0t">.css-n18a0t{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-width:1px;border-radius:5px;padding:20px;background:var(--chakra-colors-teal-50);}.css-n18a0t:hover,.css-n18a0t[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-n18a0t:focus,.css-n18a0t[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-n18a0t" href="https://oss.capital/"><style data-emotion="css 1z13ce1">.css-1z13ce1{width:400px;}</style><img alt="" src="/sponsors/oss-capital-logo.svg" class="chakra-image css-1z13ce1"/></a><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-n18a0t" href="https://studio3t.com/"><style data-emotion="css 1v5z18m">.css-1v5z18m{width:300px;}</style><img alt="" src="/sponsors/studio3t.png" class="chakra-image css-1v5z18m"/></a><style data-emotion="css 1kuv6sq">.css-1kuv6sq{border-width:1px;border-radius:5px;padding:10px 25px;background:#3d157a;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);}.css-1kuv6sq:hover,.css-1kuv6sq[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css 2eulfm">.css-2eulfm{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-width:1px;border-radius:5px;padding:10px 25px;background:#3d157a;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);}.css-2eulfm:hover,.css-2eulfm[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-2eulfm:focus,.css-2eulfm[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-2eulfm:hover,.css-2eulfm[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-2eulfm" href="https://park.io"><style data-emotion="css g6p3vz">.css-g6p3vz{font-weight:700;font-size:55px;}</style><p class="chakra-text css-g6p3vz">park.io</p></a><style data-emotion="css 1t5w1bc">.css-1t5w1bc{border-width:1px;border-radius:5px;padding:20px;background:#231f20;}.css-1t5w1bc:hover,.css-1t5w1bc[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css 1o1sruv">.css-1o1sruv{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-width:1px;border-radius:5px;padding:20px;background:#231f20;}.css-1o1sruv:hover,.css-1o1sruv[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1o1sruv:focus,.css-1o1sruv[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-1o1sruv:hover,.css-1o1sruv[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1o1sruv" href="https://forbes.com"><style data-emotion="css 1hskriy">.css-1hskriy{width:250px;}</style><img alt="" src="/sponsors/forbes-logo.png" class="chakra-image css-1hskriy"/></a><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-n18a0t" href="https://zalando.de"><img alt="" src="/sponsors/zalando-logo.svg" class="chakra-image css-1v5z18m"/></a></div></div><style data-emotion="css y1gt6f">.css-y1gt6f{margin-top:40px;}</style><div class="css-y1gt6f"><h2 class="chakra-heading css-qudl1o">Monthly Sponsors</h2><style data-emotion="css 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css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/werber">Myroslav</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/gmzabos">Gerald-Markus Zabos</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/abebars">Ahmed Bebars</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://twitter.com/hassanabudu">Hassan Abudu</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/Stuart-cmd">Stuart Bowles</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/josephjacks">Joseph Jacks</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/MustafaMagdi">Mustafa Magdi</a></li></ul></div><div class="css-y1gt6f"><h2 class="chakra-heading css-qudl1o">Past or One Time Sponsors</h2><ul role="list" class="css-tu0njr"><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/m-elkady">Mohammed Elkady</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/rekhubs">rekhubs</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/carlosgarita">Carlos Garita</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/mesripour">Mohamad Mesripour</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/matiasinsaurralde">Matias Insaurralde</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/Lazy-AL">Anri Lazash</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/liquidaty">Liquidaty</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/dmytbolko">Dmytro Bolkachov</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/MelnikovAG">Alexander Blake</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/falizhar">Falah Sultan Alizhar</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/mian-muhammad">Mian Muhammad</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://digitalocean.com">DigitalOcean</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/gabcvit">Gabriel Checchia</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/hadasbro">Slawomir Hadas</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/tugotron">Victor Sevelev</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/matheusfelipeog">Matheus Felipe</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/emretanriverdi">Emre Tanriverdi</a></li></ul></div><style data-emotion="css 1d77f5v">.css-1d77f5v{margin-top:40px;border-width:1px;padding:20px;border-radius:5px;}</style><div class="css-1d77f5v"><style data-emotion="css 7slaj0">.css-7slaj0{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-3xl);line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-7slaj0{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-4xl);line-height:1.2;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-7slaj0">Support the Project</h2><style data-emotion="css 15poin4">.css-15poin4{margin-bottom:15px;}</style><p class="chakra-text css-15poin4">Sponsor me on GitHub to help ensure the continuity of the project.</p><style data-emotion="css 1mu6haq">.css-1mu6haq{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;-ms-appearance:none;appearance:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;position:relative;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-md);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:var(--chakra-sizes-10);min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-green-500);color:var(--chakra-colors-white);}.css-1mu6haq:focus,.css-1mu6haq[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-1mu6haq[disabled],.css-1mu6haq[aria-disabled=true],.css-1mu6haq[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-1mu6haq:hover,.css-1mu6haq[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1mu6haq:active,.css-1mu6haq[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-green-700);}</style><style data-emotion="css dt5a1s">.css-dt5a1s{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;-ms-appearance:none;appearance:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;position:relative;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-md);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:var(--chakra-sizes-10);min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-green-500);color:var(--chakra-colors-white);}.css-dt5a1s:hover,.css-dt5a1s[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-dt5a1s:focus,.css-dt5a1s[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-dt5a1s:focus,.css-dt5a1s[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-dt5a1s[disabled],.css-dt5a1s[aria-disabled=true],.css-dt5a1s[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-dt5a1s:hover,.css-dt5a1s[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-dt5a1s:active,.css-dt5a1s[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-green-700);}</style><a 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href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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fill="#fff"></path></svg><style data-emotion="css 1youuz0">.css-1youuz0{display:block;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1youuz0{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1youuz0{display:block;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-1youuz0">roadmap.sh</span></a></div><style data-emotion="css 1w38872">.css-1w38872{display:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-50);font-size:15px;}.css-1w38872>*:not(style)~*:not(style){margin-top:0px;-webkit-margin-end:0px;margin-inline-end:0px;margin-bottom:0px;-webkit-margin-start:15px;margin-inline-start:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1w38872{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1w38872{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}</style><div class="chakra-stack css-1w38872"><style data-emotion="css 1qy82gu">.css-1qy82gu{display:inline-block;-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;min-width:0px;}</style><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><style data-emotion="css lstwx6">.css-lstwx6{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:0;border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);font-weight:500;}.css-lstwx6:hover,.css-lstwx6[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-white);}.css-lstwx6:focus,.css-lstwx6[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/roadmaps">Roadmaps</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/guides">Guides</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/watch">Videos</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/thanks">Thanks</a></div><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><style data-emotion="css t88ydv">.css-t88ydv{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;margin-left:10px;background-image:linear-gradient(to left, var(--chakra-colors-yellow-700), var(--chakra-colors-red-600));padding:7px 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1p6g95h">.css-1p6g95h{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-sm);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-1p6g95h"><style data-emotion="css 1o3oomb">.css-1o3oomb{margin-top:60px;}</style><div class="css-1o3oomb"><style data-emotion="css 70qvj9">.css-70qvj9{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><div class="css-70qvj9"><style data-emotion="css 8atqhb">.css-8atqhb{width:100%;}</style><div class="css-8atqhb"><style data-emotion="css 1lam1ci">.css-1lam1ci{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-3xl);line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1lam1ci{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-4xl);line-height:1.2;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1lam1ci">Thanks!</h2><p class="chakra-text css-0">The project has been made possible by the all the wonderful humans and companies supporting the project on <style data-emotion="css yq7epg">.css-yq7epg{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;font-weight:600;}.css-yq7epg:hover,.css-yq7epg[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-yq7epg:focus,.css-yq7epg[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-yq7epg" href="https://github.com/sponsors/kamranahmedse">GitHub Sponsors</a> and we are truly grateful for that.</p></div><style data-emotion="css 6lkt8s">.css-6lkt8s{width:190px;border-radius:100%;margin-left:50px;display:none;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-6lkt8s{display:block;}}</style><img alt="" src="https://media.giphy.com/media/l0HUgXEoxsNZjZNq8/giphy.gif?cid=790b76114c74e11ed7ce8d65995b6893524407ed7b7748bc&amp;rid=giphy.gif&amp;ct=g" class="chakra-image css-6lkt8s"/></div><style data-emotion="css 46b038">.css-46b038{margin-top:30px;}</style><div class="css-46b038"><style data-emotion="css qudl1o">.css-qudl1o{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-qudl1o{line-height:1.2;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-qudl1o">Companies</h2><style data-emotion="css 1lyzlj9">.css-1lyzlj9{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}.css-1lyzlj9>*:not(style)~*:not(style){margin-top:10px;-webkit-margin-end:0px;margin-inline-end:0px;margin-bottom:0px;-webkit-margin-start:0px;margin-inline-start:0px;}</style><div class="chakra-stack css-1lyzlj9"><style data-emotion="css kkmbcw">.css-kkmbcw{border-width:1px;border-radius:5px;padding:20px;background:var(--chakra-colors-teal-50);}</style><style data-emotion="css n18a0t">.css-n18a0t{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-width:1px;border-radius:5px;padding:20px;background:var(--chakra-colors-teal-50);}.css-n18a0t:hover,.css-n18a0t[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-n18a0t:focus,.css-n18a0t[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-n18a0t" href="https://oss.capital/"><style data-emotion="css 1z13ce1">.css-1z13ce1{width:400px;}</style><img alt="" src="/sponsors/oss-capital-logo.svg" class="chakra-image css-1z13ce1"/></a><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-n18a0t" href="https://studio3t.com/"><style data-emotion="css 1v5z18m">.css-1v5z18m{width:300px;}</style><img alt="" src="/sponsors/studio3t.png" class="chakra-image css-1v5z18m"/></a><style data-emotion="css 1kuv6sq">.css-1kuv6sq{border-width:1px;border-radius:5px;padding:10px 25px;background:#3d157a;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);}.css-1kuv6sq:hover,.css-1kuv6sq[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css 2eulfm">.css-2eulfm{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-width:1px;border-radius:5px;padding:10px 25px;background:#3d157a;color:var(--chakra-colors-white);}.css-2eulfm:hover,.css-2eulfm[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-2eulfm:focus,.css-2eulfm[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-2eulfm:hover,.css-2eulfm[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-2eulfm" href="https://park.io"><style data-emotion="css g6p3vz">.css-g6p3vz{font-weight:700;font-size:55px;}</style><p class="chakra-text css-g6p3vz">park.io</p></a><style data-emotion="css 1t5w1bc">.css-1t5w1bc{border-width:1px;border-radius:5px;padding:20px;background:#231f20;}.css-1t5w1bc:hover,.css-1t5w1bc[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css 1o1sruv">.css-1o1sruv{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-width:1px;border-radius:5px;padding:20px;background:#231f20;}.css-1o1sruv:hover,.css-1o1sruv[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1o1sruv:focus,.css-1o1sruv[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-1o1sruv:hover,.css-1o1sruv[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1o1sruv" href="https://forbes.com"><style data-emotion="css 1hskriy">.css-1hskriy{width:250px;}</style><img alt="" src="/sponsors/forbes-logo.png" class="chakra-image css-1hskriy"/></a><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-n18a0t" href="https://zalando.de"><img alt="" src="/sponsors/zalando-logo.svg" class="chakra-image css-1v5z18m"/></a></div></div><style data-emotion="css y1gt6f">.css-y1gt6f{margin-top:40px;}</style><div class="css-y1gt6f"><h2 class="chakra-heading css-qudl1o">Monthly Sponsors</h2><style data-emotion="css 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css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/werber">Myroslav</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/gmzabos">Gerald-Markus Zabos</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/abebars">Ahmed Bebars</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://twitter.com/hassanabudu">Hassan Abudu</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/Stuart-cmd">Stuart Bowles</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/josephjacks">Joseph Jacks</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/MustafaMagdi">Mustafa Magdi</a></li></ul></div><div class="css-y1gt6f"><h2 class="chakra-heading css-qudl1o">Past or One Time Sponsors</h2><ul role="list" class="css-tu0njr"><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/m-elkady">Mohammed Elkady</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/rekhubs">rekhubs</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/carlosgarita">Carlos Garita</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/mesripour">Mohamad Mesripour</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/matiasinsaurralde">Matias Insaurralde</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/Lazy-AL">Anri Lazash</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/liquidaty">Liquidaty</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/dmytbolko">Dmytro Bolkachov</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/MelnikovAG">Alexander Blake</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/falizhar">Falah Sultan Alizhar</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/mian-muhammad">Mian Muhammad</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://digitalocean.com">DigitalOcean</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/gabcvit">Gabriel Checchia</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/hadasbro">Slawomir Hadas</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/tugotron">Victor Sevelev</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/matheusfelipeog">Matheus Felipe</a></li><li class="css-r7q7qr"><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-a6b53d" href="https://github.com/emretanriverdi">Emre Tanriverdi</a></li></ul></div><style data-emotion="css 1d77f5v">.css-1d77f5v{margin-top:40px;border-width:1px;padding:20px;border-radius:5px;}</style><div class="css-1d77f5v"><style data-emotion="css 7slaj0">.css-7slaj0{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-3xl);line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-7slaj0{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-4xl);line-height:1.2;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-7slaj0">Support the Project</h2><style data-emotion="css 15poin4">.css-15poin4{margin-bottom:15px;}</style><p class="chakra-text css-15poin4">Sponsor me on GitHub to help ensure the continuity of the project.</p><style data-emotion="css 1mu6haq">.css-1mu6haq{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;-ms-appearance:none;appearance:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;position:relative;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-md);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:var(--chakra-sizes-10);min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-green-500);color:var(--chakra-colors-white);}.css-1mu6haq:focus,.css-1mu6haq[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-1mu6haq[disabled],.css-1mu6haq[aria-disabled=true],.css-1mu6haq[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-1mu6haq:hover,.css-1mu6haq[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1mu6haq:active,.css-1mu6haq[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-green-700);}</style><style data-emotion="css dt5a1s">.css-dt5a1s{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;-ms-appearance:none;appearance:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;position:relative;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;width:auto;line-height:1.2;border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-md);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);height:var(--chakra-sizes-10);min-width:var(--chakra-sizes-10);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-green-500);color:var(--chakra-colors-white);}.css-dt5a1s:hover,.css-dt5a1s[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-dt5a1s:focus,.css-dt5a1s[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-dt5a1s:focus,.css-dt5a1s[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-dt5a1s[disabled],.css-dt5a1s[aria-disabled=true],.css-dt5a1s[data-disabled]{opacity:0.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-none);}.css-dt5a1s:hover,.css-dt5a1s[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-dt5a1s:active,.css-dt5a1s[data-active]{background:var(--chakra-colors-green-700);}</style><a 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href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-blue-900);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-30d1bg:hover,.css-30d1bg[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-30d1bg:focus,.css-30d1bg[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-30d1bg:hover,.css-30d1bg[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-30d1bg" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VyIK6SV5f7o"><p class="chakra-text css-13chb0j">November 14, 2021</p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1ji7tii">Asynchronous JavaScript</h2><p class="chakra-text css-w1cw8v">Learn how to write asynchronous JavaScript using Async/Await</p></a><style data-emotion="css axelf">.css-axelf{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-red-900);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-axelf:hover,.css-axelf[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><style data-emotion="css hepq4q">.css-hepq4q{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-red-900);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-hepq4q:hover,.css-hepq4q[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-hepq4q:focus,.css-hepq4q[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-hepq4q:hover,.css-hepq4q[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-hepq4q" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDv3yXdD0rk"><p class="chakra-text css-13chb0j">November 3, 2021</p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1ji7tii">Random Number Generators</h2><p class="chakra-text css-w1cw8v">How do random number generators work?</p></a><style data-emotion="css 1dxgie3">.css-1dxgie3{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-green-900);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-1dxgie3:hover,.css-1dxgie3[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><style data-emotion="css 186jvry">.css-186jvry{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-green-900);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-186jvry:hover,.css-186jvry[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-186jvry:focus,.css-186jvry[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-186jvry:hover,.css-186jvry[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-186jvry" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0bH0cMY0E8"><p class="chakra-text css-13chb0j">October 25, 2021</p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1ji7tii">Big O Notation</h2><p class="chakra-text css-w1cw8v">Learn what the Big-O notation is and how to calculate the time complexity of an algorithm.</p></a><style data-emotion="css fn0wk8">.css-fn0wk8{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-teal-900);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-fn0wk8:hover,.css-fn0wk8[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><style data-emotion="css 1oo5t4l">.css-1oo5t4l{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-teal-900);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-1oo5t4l:hover,.css-1oo5t4l[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1oo5t4l:focus,.css-1oo5t4l[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-1oo5t4l:hover,.css-1oo5t4l[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1oo5t4l" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImHSpwUlNVc"><p class="chakra-text css-13chb0j">October 18, 2021</p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1ji7tii">YAML in Depth</h2><p class="chakra-text css-w1cw8v">Everything you need to know about YAML</p></a><style data-emotion="css f0rx1x">.css-f0rx1x{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-yellow-900);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-f0rx1x:hover,.css-f0rx1x[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><style data-emotion="css 1xpvtvn">.css-1xpvtvn{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-yellow-900);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-1xpvtvn:hover,.css-1xpvtvn[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1xpvtvn:focus,.css-1xpvtvn[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-1xpvtvn:hover,.css-1xpvtvn[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1xpvtvn" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RIiq4tTt6rI"><p class="chakra-text css-13chb0j">October 10, 2021</p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1ji7tii">Floating Point Arithmetic</h2><p class="chakra-text css-w1cw8v">Learn how ow the arithmetic operations work on floating-point numbers and why the results might be different from what you may expect.</p></a><style data-emotion="css 4nayzw">.css-4nayzw{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-cyan-900);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-4nayzw:hover,.css-4nayzw[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><style data-emotion="css 1xyv70t">.css-1xyv70t{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-cyan-900);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-1xyv70t:hover,.css-1xyv70t[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1xyv70t:focus,.css-1xyv70t[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-1xyv70t:hover,.css-1xyv70t[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1xyv70t" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_RbsFXWRZ10"><p class="chakra-text css-13chb0j">October 5, 2021</p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1ji7tii">What is CAP Theorem?</h2><p class="chakra-text css-w1cw8v">An illustrated explanation to CAP theorem with examples and proof.</p></a><style data-emotion="css 1idjm0">.css-1idjm0{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-pink-900);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-1idjm0:hover,.css-1idjm0[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><style data-emotion="css 53hrno">.css-53hrno{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-pink-900);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-53hrno:hover,.css-53hrno[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-53hrno:focus,.css-53hrno[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-53hrno:hover,.css-53hrno[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-53hrno" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yaQ5YMWkxq4"><p class="chakra-text css-13chb0j">September 26, 2021</p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1ji7tii">ACID Explained</h2><p class="chakra-text css-w1cw8v">Learn what it means for a database to be ACID compliant with examples.</p></a><style data-emotion="css zf79v9">.css-zf79v9{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-zf79v9:hover,.css-zf79v9[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><style data-emotion="css 1iwxj1">.css-1iwxj1{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-1iwxj1:hover,.css-1iwxj1[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1iwxj1:focus,.css-1iwxj1[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-1iwxj1:hover,.css-1iwxj1[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1iwxj1" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37AFBZv4_6Y"><p class="chakra-text css-13chb0j">November 21, 2020</p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1ji7tii">Transport Protocols: TCP vs UDP</h2><p class="chakra-text css-w1cw8v">Learn about the Transport Layer of the TCP/IP model and different transport protocols.</p></a><style data-emotion="css gqm5wg">.css-gqm5wg{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-purple-800);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-gqm5wg:hover,.css-gqm5wg[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><style data-emotion="css 15c3oln">.css-15c3oln{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-purple-800);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-15c3oln:hover,.css-15c3oln[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-15c3oln:focus,.css-15c3oln[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-15c3oln:hover,.css-15c3oln[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-15c3oln" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5rni9fr1yE"><p class="chakra-text css-13chb0j">November 6, 2020</p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1ji7tii">TCP/IP Model Explained</h2><p class="chakra-text css-w1cw8v">Learn what is TCP/IP Model and the different layers involved.</p></a><style data-emotion="css ojt1t1">.css-ojt1t1{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-blue-800);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-ojt1t1:hover,.css-ojt1t1[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><style data-emotion="css 3scahn">.css-3scahn{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-blue-800);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-3scahn:hover,.css-3scahn[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-3scahn:focus,.css-3scahn[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-3scahn:hover,.css-3scahn[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-3scahn" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dV8mjZd1OtU"><p class="chakra-text css-13chb0j">October 24, 2020</p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1ji7tii">OSI Model Explained</h2><p class="chakra-text css-w1cw8v">Learn what is OSI Model and the different layers involved.</p></a><style data-emotion="css 57dpdg">.css-57dpdg{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-red-800);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-57dpdg:hover,.css-57dpdg[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><style data-emotion="css b23cm8">.css-b23cm8{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-red-800);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-b23cm8:hover,.css-b23cm8[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-b23cm8:focus,.css-b23cm8[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-b23cm8:hover,.css-b23cm8[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-b23cm8" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3uT2l6vgZ8"><p class="chakra-text css-13chb0j">October 16, 2020</p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1ji7tii">Freeze and Seal in JavaScript</h2><p class="chakra-text css-w1cw8v">Learn what is OSI Model and the different layers involved.</p></a><style data-emotion="css 1otr1jn">.css-1otr1jn{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-green-800);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-1otr1jn:hover,.css-1otr1jn[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><style data-emotion="css fdnmlu">.css-fdnmlu{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-green-800);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-fdnmlu:hover,.css-fdnmlu[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-fdnmlu:focus,.css-fdnmlu[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-fdnmlu:hover,.css-fdnmlu[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-fdnmlu" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HiBDZgTNpXY"><p class="chakra-text css-13chb0j">October 4, 2020</p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1ji7tii">All about HTTP Caching</h2><p class="chakra-text css-w1cw8v">Learn what is HTTP caching, places for caching and different caching headers.</p></a><style data-emotion="css 1cfj2bx">.css-1cfj2bx{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-teal-800);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-1cfj2bx:hover,.css-1cfj2bx[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><style data-emotion="css 14nem8b">.css-14nem8b{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-teal-800);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-14nem8b:hover,.css-14nem8b[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-14nem8b:focus,.css-14nem8b[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-14nem8b:hover,.css-14nem8b[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-14nem8b" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6DXEPcXKQNY"><p class="chakra-text css-13chb0j">September 26, 2020</p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1ji7tii">Content Delivery Networks</h2><p class="chakra-text css-w1cw8v">Learn what the CDNs are and the difference between push CDN vs pull CDN.</p></a><style data-emotion="css 1vrhhjo">.css-1vrhhjo{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-yellow-800);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-1vrhhjo:hover,.css-1vrhhjo[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><style data-emotion="css 18bx0c6">.css-18bx0c6{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-yellow-800);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-18bx0c6:hover,.css-18bx0c6[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-18bx0c6:focus,.css-18bx0c6[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-18bx0c6:hover,.css-18bx0c6[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-18bx0c6" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=galcDRNd5Ow"><p class="chakra-text css-13chb0j">September 18, 2020</p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1ji7tii">Load Balancers 101</h2><p class="chakra-text css-w1cw8v">Learn the basics of load balancers, types and different algorithms.</p></a><style data-emotion="css 1uozfiy">.css-1uozfiy{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-cyan-800);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-1uozfiy:hover,.css-1uozfiy[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><style data-emotion="css 15mfk37">.css-15mfk37{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-cyan-800);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-15mfk37:hover,.css-15mfk37[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-15mfk37:focus,.css-15mfk37[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-15mfk37:hover,.css-15mfk37[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-15mfk37" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7lxgpKh_fRY"><p class="chakra-text css-13chb0j">August 31, 2020</p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1ji7tii">DNS Records</h2><p class="chakra-text css-w1cw8v">Learn what the DNS is and how a website is found on the internet.</p></a><style data-emotion="css 53ewx7">.css-53ewx7{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-pink-800);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-53ewx7:hover,.css-53ewx7[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><style data-emotion="css 1585yov">.css-1585yov{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-pink-800);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-1585yov:hover,.css-1585yov[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1585yov:focus,.css-1585yov[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-1585yov:hover,.css-1585yov[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1585yov" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wj0od2ag5sk"><p class="chakra-text css-13chb0j">August 17, 2020</p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1ji7tii">DNS and how does it work?</h2><p class="chakra-text css-w1cw8v">Learn what the DNS is and how a website is found on the internet.</p></a><style data-emotion="css 3x4hid">.css-3x4hid{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-3x4hid:hover,.css-3x4hid[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><style data-emotion="css 1o5safe">.css-1o5safe{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-1o5safe:hover,.css-1o5safe[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1o5safe:focus,.css-1o5safe[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-1o5safe:hover,.css-1o5safe[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1o5safe" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-Gl4HEyeUQ"><p class="chakra-text css-13chb0j">August 8, 2020</p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1ji7tii">System Design 101</h2><p class="chakra-text css-w1cw8v">Learn about all the bits and pieces of system design.</p></a><style data-emotion="css c2bl81">.css-c2bl81{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-purple-700);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-c2bl81:hover,.css-c2bl81[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><style data-emotion="css ssmpb6">.css-ssmpb6{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-purple-700);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-ssmpb6:hover,.css-ssmpb6[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-ssmpb6:focus,.css-ssmpb6[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-ssmpb6:hover,.css-ssmpb6[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-ssmpb6" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ZI0ea5O2oA"><p class="chakra-text css-13chb0j">August 2, 2020</p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1ji7tii">JavaScript Fetch API</h2><p class="chakra-text css-w1cw8v">Learn how to use JavaScript&#x27;s Fetch API to interact with remote API.</p></a><style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-blue-700);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-1weh7pq:hover,.css-1weh7pq[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1weh7pq:focus,.css-1weh7pq[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-1weh7pq:hover,.css-1weh7pq[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1weh7pq" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2rcgzludDU"><p class="chakra-text css-13chb0j">July 26, 2020</p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1ji7tii">Scaling the Unscalable</h2><p class="chakra-text css-w1cw8v">Learn the basics of System Design and understand how to build a scalable application.</p></a><style data-emotion="css chk3v4">.css-chk3v4{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-red-700);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-chk3v4:hover,.css-chk3v4[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><style data-emotion="css 1es24c9">.css-1es24c9{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-red-700);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-1es24c9:hover,.css-1es24c9[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1es24c9:focus,.css-1es24c9[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-1es24c9:hover,.css-1es24c9[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1es24c9" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BvrkobaCVVE"><p class="chakra-text css-13chb0j">July 20, 2020</p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1ji7tii">All about Promises in JavaScript</h2><p class="chakra-text css-w1cw8v">Learn how to write asynchronous code in JavaScript using promises.</p></a><style data-emotion="css p7ijgy">.css-p7ijgy{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-green-700);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-p7ijgy:hover,.css-p7ijgy[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><style data-emotion="css 13lbkr3">.css-13lbkr3{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-green-700);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-13lbkr3:hover,.css-13lbkr3[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-13lbkr3:focus,.css-13lbkr3[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-13lbkr3:hover,.css-13lbkr3[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-13lbkr3" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Tok22qxPzQ"><p class="chakra-text css-13chb0j">July 20, 2020</p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1ji7tii">DOM, Shadow DOM, Virtual DOM</h2><p class="chakra-text css-w1cw8v">Learn what is DOM, Shadow DOM and Virtual DOM and how they work.</p></a><style data-emotion="css b22rml">.css-b22rml{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-teal-700);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-b22rml:hover,.css-b22rml[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><style data-emotion="css vrlmoh">.css-vrlmoh{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-teal-700);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-vrlmoh:hover,.css-vrlmoh[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-vrlmoh:focus,.css-vrlmoh[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-vrlmoh:hover,.css-vrlmoh[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-vrlmoh" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyKZTKQS_EQ"><p class="chakra-text css-13chb0j">July 13, 2020</p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1ji7tii">Automate with GitHub Actions</h2><p class="chakra-text css-w1cw8v">Learn how to implement CI/CD with GitHub Actions</p></a><style data-emotion="css l4w8sh">.css-l4w8sh{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-yellow-700);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-l4w8sh:hover,.css-l4w8sh[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><style data-emotion="css 17du6dx">.css-17du6dx{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-yellow-700);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-17du6dx:hover,.css-17du6dx[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-17du6dx:focus,.css-17du6dx[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-17du6dx:hover,.css-17du6dx[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-17du6dx" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyG7YJWJd6s&amp;list=PLkZYeFmDuaN3NDLnBG01-sH2-nwn43mYu"><p class="chakra-text css-13chb0j">July 9, 2020</p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1ji7tii">Practical Introduction to React</h2><p class="chakra-text css-w1cw8v">Learn how to create a React Application with practical example.</p></a><style data-emotion="css 1tjyr3n">.css-1tjyr3n{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-cyan-700);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-1tjyr3n:hover,.css-1tjyr3n[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><style data-emotion="css 18nbk4e">.css-18nbk4e{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-cyan-700);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-18nbk4e:hover,.css-18nbk4e[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-18nbk4e:focus,.css-18nbk4e[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-18nbk4e:hover,.css-18nbk4e[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-18nbk4e" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0yc2UANSDiw"><p class="chakra-text css-13chb0j">July 4, 2020</p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1ji7tii">What is Dependency Injection?</h2><p class="chakra-text css-w1cw8v">Learn what is dependency injection and how to write better code with the help of it.</p></a><style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-pink-700);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-stxvk2:hover,.css-stxvk2[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-stxvk2:focus,.css-stxvk2[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-stxvk2:hover,.css-stxvk2[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-stxvk2" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lgaxU7CRmxU"><p class="chakra-text css-13chb0j">July 3, 2020</p><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1ji7tii">How to use CSS Variables?</h2><p class="chakra-text css-w1cw8v">Learn how to write scalable CSS using CSS Variables.</p></a><style data-emotion="css 1s3lyc0">.css-1s3lyc0{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-xl);padding:20px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-600);-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;}.css-1s3lyc0:hover,.css-1s3lyc0[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transform:scale(1.02);-moz-transform:scale(1.02);-ms-transform:scale(1.02);transform:scale(1.02);}</style><style data-emotion="css 1rsmd1v">.css-1rsmd1v{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid 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16hbmpr">.css-16hbmpr{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-16hbmpr">·</span><style data-emotion="css q9k0mw">.css-q9k0mw{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><span class="chakra-text css-q9k0mw">September 26, 2021</span><style data-emotion="css hdjuk6">.css-hdjuk6{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-hdjuk6{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-hdjuk6{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-hdjuk6">·</span><style data-emotion="css 44g9xm">.css-44g9xm{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);display:none;font-weight:500;}.css-44g9xm:hover,.css-44g9xm[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-44g9xm:focus,.css-44g9xm[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-44g9xm{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-44g9xm{display:inline;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-44g9xm" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yaQ5YMWkxq4">Watch on YouTube</a></div><style data-emotion="css 114bhkb">.css-114bhkb{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:30px;line-height:40px;color:var(--chakra-colors-black);margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:30px;line-height:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:45px;line-height:53px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-114bhkb">ACID Explained</h1><style data-emotion="css 1vh4uni">.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-1vh4uni">Learn what it means for a database to be ACID compliant with examples.</p></div></div><style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);display:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-weight:600;}.css-tomzwu:hover,.css-tomzwu[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-tomzwu:focus,.css-tomzwu[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-tomzwu" href="https://twitter.com/kamranahmedse"><style data-emotion="css 1bgbs7z">.css-1bgbs7z{border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-full);margin-right:7px;width:22px;}</style><img alt="" src="/authors/kamranahmedse.jpeg" class="chakra-image css-1bgbs7z"/>Kamran Ahmed</a><style data-emotion="css 16hbmpr">.css-16hbmpr{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-16hbmpr">·</span><style data-emotion="css q9k0mw">.css-q9k0mw{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><span class="chakra-text css-q9k0mw">October 4, 2020</span><style data-emotion="css hdjuk6">.css-hdjuk6{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-hdjuk6{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-hdjuk6{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-hdjuk6">·</span><style data-emotion="css 44g9xm">.css-44g9xm{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);display:none;font-weight:500;}.css-44g9xm:hover,.css-44g9xm[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-44g9xm:focus,.css-44g9xm[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-44g9xm{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-44g9xm{display:inline;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-44g9xm" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HiBDZgTNpXY">Watch on YouTube</a></div><style data-emotion="css 114bhkb">.css-114bhkb{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:30px;line-height:40px;color:var(--chakra-colors-black);margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:30px;line-height:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:45px;line-height:53px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-114bhkb">All about HTTP Caching</h1><style data-emotion="css 1vh4uni">.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-1vh4uni">Learn what is HTTP caching, places for caching and different caching headers.</p></div></div><style data-emotion="css 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allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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16hbmpr">.css-16hbmpr{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-16hbmpr">·</span><style data-emotion="css q9k0mw">.css-q9k0mw{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><span class="chakra-text css-q9k0mw">October 25, 2021</span><style data-emotion="css hdjuk6">.css-hdjuk6{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-hdjuk6{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-hdjuk6{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-hdjuk6">·</span><style data-emotion="css 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allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media 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16hbmpr">.css-16hbmpr{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-16hbmpr">·</span><style data-emotion="css q9k0mw">.css-q9k0mw{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><span class="chakra-text css-q9k0mw">September 26, 2020</span><style data-emotion="css hdjuk6">.css-hdjuk6{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-hdjuk6{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-hdjuk6{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-hdjuk6">·</span><style data-emotion="css 44g9xm">.css-44g9xm{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);display:none;font-weight:500;}.css-44g9xm:hover,.css-44g9xm[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-44g9xm:focus,.css-44g9xm[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-44g9xm{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-44g9xm{display:inline;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-44g9xm" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6DXEPcXKQNY">Watch on YouTube</a></div><style data-emotion="css 114bhkb">.css-114bhkb{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:30px;line-height:40px;color:var(--chakra-colors-black);margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:30px;line-height:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:45px;line-height:53px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-114bhkb">Content Delivery Networks</h1><style data-emotion="css 1vh4uni">.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-1vh4uni">Learn what the CDNs are and the difference between push CDN vs pull CDN.</p></div></div><style data-emotion="css 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allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);display:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-weight:600;}.css-tomzwu:hover,.css-tomzwu[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-tomzwu:focus,.css-tomzwu[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-tomzwu" href="https://twitter.com/kamranahmedse"><style data-emotion="css 1bgbs7z">.css-1bgbs7z{border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-full);margin-right:7px;width:22px;}</style><img alt="" src="/authors/kamranahmedse.jpeg" class="chakra-image css-1bgbs7z"/>Kamran Ahmed</a><style data-emotion="css 16hbmpr">.css-16hbmpr{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-16hbmpr">·</span><style data-emotion="css q9k0mw">.css-q9k0mw{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><span class="chakra-text css-q9k0mw">August 17, 2020</span><style data-emotion="css hdjuk6">.css-hdjuk6{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-hdjuk6{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-hdjuk6{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-hdjuk6">·</span><style data-emotion="css 44g9xm">.css-44g9xm{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);display:none;font-weight:500;}.css-44g9xm:hover,.css-44g9xm[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-44g9xm:focus,.css-44g9xm[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-44g9xm{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-44g9xm{display:inline;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-44g9xm" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wj0od2ag5sk">Watch on YouTube</a></div><style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><div class="sc-kDTinF csUndQ"><iframe frameBorder="0" title="DNS and how does it work?" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Wj0od2ag5sk" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media 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16hbmpr">.css-16hbmpr{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-16hbmpr">·</span><style data-emotion="css q9k0mw">.css-q9k0mw{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><span class="chakra-text css-q9k0mw">August 31, 2020</span><style data-emotion="css hdjuk6">.css-hdjuk6{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-hdjuk6{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-hdjuk6{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-hdjuk6">·</span><style data-emotion="css 44g9xm">.css-44g9xm{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);display:none;font-weight:500;}.css-44g9xm:hover,.css-44g9xm[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-44g9xm:focus,.css-44g9xm[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-44g9xm{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-44g9xm{display:inline;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-44g9xm" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7lxgpKh_fRY">Watch on YouTube</a></div><style data-emotion="css 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allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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16hbmpr">.css-16hbmpr{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-16hbmpr">·</span><style data-emotion="css q9k0mw">.css-q9k0mw{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><span class="chakra-text css-q9k0mw">October 10, 2021</span><style data-emotion="css hdjuk6">.css-hdjuk6{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-hdjuk6{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-hdjuk6{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-hdjuk6">·</span><style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><div class="sc-kDTinF csUndQ"><iframe frameBorder="0" title="Floating Point Arithmetic" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RIiq4tTt6rI" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media 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class="chakra-stack css-1w38872"><style data-emotion="css 1qy82gu">.css-1qy82gu{display:inline-block;-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;min-width:0px;}</style><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><style data-emotion="css lstwx6">.css-lstwx6{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:0;border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);font-weight:500;}.css-lstwx6:hover,.css-lstwx6[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-white);}.css-lstwx6:focus,.css-lstwx6[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/roadmaps">Roadmaps</a></div><div 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);display:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-weight:600;}.css-tomzwu:hover,.css-tomzwu[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-tomzwu:focus,.css-tomzwu[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-tomzwu" href="https://twitter.com/kamranahmedse"><style data-emotion="css 1bgbs7z">.css-1bgbs7z{border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-full);margin-right:7px;width:22px;}</style><img alt="" src="/authors/kamranahmedse.jpeg" class="chakra-image css-1bgbs7z"/>Kamran Ahmed</a><style data-emotion="css 16hbmpr">.css-16hbmpr{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-16hbmpr">·</span><style data-emotion="css q9k0mw">.css-q9k0mw{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><span class="chakra-text css-q9k0mw">October 16, 2020</span><style data-emotion="css hdjuk6">.css-hdjuk6{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-hdjuk6{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-hdjuk6{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-hdjuk6">·</span><style data-emotion="css 44g9xm">.css-44g9xm{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);display:none;font-weight:500;}.css-44g9xm:hover,.css-44g9xm[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-44g9xm:focus,.css-44g9xm[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-44g9xm{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-44g9xm{display:inline;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-44g9xm" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3uT2l6vgZ8">Watch on YouTube</a></div><style data-emotion="css 114bhkb">.css-114bhkb{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:30px;line-height:40px;color:var(--chakra-colors-black);margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:30px;line-height:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:45px;line-height:53px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-114bhkb">Freeze and Seal in JavaScript</h1><style data-emotion="css 1vh4uni">.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-1vh4uni">Learn what is OSI Model and the different layers involved.</p></div></div><style data-emotion="css 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allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);display:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-weight:600;}.css-tomzwu:hover,.css-tomzwu[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-tomzwu:focus,.css-tomzwu[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-tomzwu" href="https://twitter.com/kamranahmedse"><style data-emotion="css 1bgbs7z">.css-1bgbs7z{border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-full);margin-right:7px;width:22px;}</style><img alt="" src="/authors/kamranahmedse.jpeg" class="chakra-image css-1bgbs7z"/>Kamran Ahmed</a><style data-emotion="css 16hbmpr">.css-16hbmpr{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-16hbmpr">·</span><style data-emotion="css q9k0mw">.css-q9k0mw{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><span class="chakra-text css-q9k0mw">July 3, 2020</span><style data-emotion="css hdjuk6">.css-hdjuk6{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-hdjuk6{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-hdjuk6{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-hdjuk6">·</span><style data-emotion="css 44g9xm">.css-44g9xm{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);display:none;font-weight:500;}.css-44g9xm:hover,.css-44g9xm[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-44g9xm:focus,.css-44g9xm[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-44g9xm{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-44g9xm{display:inline;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-44g9xm" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lgaxU7CRmxU">Watch on YouTube</a></div><style data-emotion="css 114bhkb">.css-114bhkb{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:30px;line-height:40px;color:var(--chakra-colors-black);margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:30px;line-height:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:45px;line-height:53px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-114bhkb">How to use CSS Variables?</h1><style data-emotion="css 1vh4uni">.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-1vh4uni">Learn how to write scalable CSS using CSS Variables.</p></div></div><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 170a2ks">.css-170a2ks{margin-bottom:18px;}</style><p class="chakra-text css-170a2ks">We are working on a better watch page — for now this <style data-emotion="css yq7epg">.css-yq7epg{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;font-weight:600;}.css-yq7epg:hover,.css-yq7epg[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-yq7epg:focus,.css-yq7epg[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-yq7epg" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lgaxU7CRmxU">video is best viewed on YouTube</a>.</p><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-space-x-reverse:0;--chakra-space-y-reverse:0;--chakra-colors-transparent:transparent;--chakra-colors-current:currentColor;--chakra-colors-black:#000000;--chakra-colors-white:#FFFFFF;--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-50:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-100:rgba(255, 255, 255, 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><div class="sc-kDTinF csUndQ"><iframe frameBorder="0" title="How to use CSS Variables?" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lgaxU7CRmxU" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media 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class="chakra-stack css-1w38872"><style data-emotion="css 1qy82gu">.css-1qy82gu{display:inline-block;-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;min-width:0px;}</style><div class="chakra-stack__item css-1qy82gu"><style data-emotion="css lstwx6">.css-lstwx6{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:0;border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);font-weight:500;}.css-lstwx6:hover,.css-lstwx6[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-white);}.css-lstwx6:focus,.css-lstwx6[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-lstwx6" href="/roadmaps">Roadmaps</a></div><div 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1s6l7oz">.css-1s6l7oz{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start;font-size:12px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1s6l7oz{-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start;font-size:12px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1s6l7oz{-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;font-size:14px;}}</style><div class="css-1s6l7oz"><style data-emotion="css tomzwu">.css-tomzwu{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);display:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-weight:600;}.css-tomzwu:hover,.css-tomzwu[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-tomzwu:focus,.css-tomzwu[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-tomzwu" href="https://twitter.com/kamranahmedse"><style data-emotion="css 1bgbs7z">.css-1bgbs7z{border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-full);margin-right:7px;width:22px;}</style><img alt="" src="/authors/kamranahmedse.jpeg" class="chakra-image css-1bgbs7z"/>Kamran Ahmed</a><style data-emotion="css 16hbmpr">.css-16hbmpr{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-16hbmpr">·</span><style data-emotion="css q9k0mw">.css-q9k0mw{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><span class="chakra-text css-q9k0mw">July 13, 2020</span><style data-emotion="css hdjuk6">.css-hdjuk6{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-hdjuk6{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-hdjuk6{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-hdjuk6">·</span><style data-emotion="css 44g9xm">.css-44g9xm{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);display:none;font-weight:500;}.css-44g9xm:hover,.css-44g9xm[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-44g9xm:focus,.css-44g9xm[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-44g9xm{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-44g9xm{display:inline;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-44g9xm" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyKZTKQS_EQ">Watch on YouTube</a></div><style data-emotion="css 114bhkb">.css-114bhkb{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:30px;line-height:40px;color:var(--chakra-colors-black);margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:30px;line-height:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:45px;line-height:53px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-114bhkb">Automate with GitHub Actions</h1><style data-emotion="css 1vh4uni">.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-1vh4uni">Learn how to implement CI/CD with GitHub Actions</p></div></div><style data-emotion="css ms16h5">.css-ms16h5{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-md);-webkit-padding-start:1rem;padding-inline-start:1rem;-webkit-padding-end:1rem;padding-inline-end:1rem;position:relative;}</style><div class="chakra-container css-ms16h5"><style data-emotion="css 170a2ks">.css-170a2ks{margin-bottom:18px;}</style><p class="chakra-text css-170a2ks">We are working on a better watch page — for now this <style data-emotion="css yq7epg">.css-yq7epg{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid 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allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);display:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-weight:600;}.css-tomzwu:hover,.css-tomzwu[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-tomzwu:focus,.css-tomzwu[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-tomzwu" href="https://twitter.com/kamranahmedse"><style data-emotion="css 1bgbs7z">.css-1bgbs7z{border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-full);margin-right:7px;width:22px;}</style><img alt="" src="/authors/kamranahmedse.jpeg" class="chakra-image css-1bgbs7z"/>Kamran Ahmed</a><style data-emotion="css 16hbmpr">.css-16hbmpr{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-16hbmpr">·</span><style data-emotion="css q9k0mw">.css-q9k0mw{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><span class="chakra-text css-q9k0mw">August 2, 2020</span><style data-emotion="css hdjuk6">.css-hdjuk6{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-hdjuk6{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-hdjuk6{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-hdjuk6">·</span><style data-emotion="css 44g9xm">.css-44g9xm{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);display:none;font-weight:500;}.css-44g9xm:hover,.css-44g9xm[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-44g9xm:focus,.css-44g9xm[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-44g9xm{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-44g9xm{display:inline;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-44g9xm" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ZI0ea5O2oA">Watch on YouTube</a></div><style data-emotion="css 114bhkb">.css-114bhkb{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:30px;line-height:40px;color:var(--chakra-colors-black);margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:30px;line-height:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:45px;line-height:53px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-114bhkb">JavaScript Fetch API</h1><style data-emotion="css 1vh4uni">.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-1vh4uni">Learn how to use JavaScript&#x27;s Fetch API to interact with remote API.</p></div></div><style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><div class="sc-kDTinF csUndQ"><iframe frameBorder="0" title="JavaScript Fetch API" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-ZI0ea5O2oA" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media 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allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);display:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-weight:600;}.css-tomzwu:hover,.css-tomzwu[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-tomzwu:focus,.css-tomzwu[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-tomzwu" href="https://twitter.com/kamranahmedse"><style data-emotion="css 1bgbs7z">.css-1bgbs7z{border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-full);margin-right:7px;width:22px;}</style><img alt="" src="/authors/kamranahmedse.jpeg" class="chakra-image css-1bgbs7z"/>Kamran Ahmed</a><style data-emotion="css 16hbmpr">.css-16hbmpr{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-16hbmpr">·</span><style data-emotion="css q9k0mw">.css-q9k0mw{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><span class="chakra-text css-q9k0mw">October 24, 2020</span><style data-emotion="css hdjuk6">.css-hdjuk6{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-hdjuk6{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-hdjuk6{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-hdjuk6">·</span><style data-emotion="css 44g9xm">.css-44g9xm{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);display:none;font-weight:500;}.css-44g9xm:hover,.css-44g9xm[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-44g9xm:focus,.css-44g9xm[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-44g9xm{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-44g9xm{display:inline;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-44g9xm" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dV8mjZd1OtU">Watch on YouTube</a></div><style data-emotion="css 114bhkb">.css-114bhkb{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:30px;line-height:40px;color:var(--chakra-colors-black);margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:30px;line-height:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:45px;line-height:53px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-114bhkb">OSI Model Explained</h1><style data-emotion="css 1vh4uni">.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-1vh4uni">Learn what is OSI Model and the different layers involved.</p></div></div><style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><div class="sc-kDTinF csUndQ"><iframe frameBorder="0" title="OSI Model Explained" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dV8mjZd1OtU" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media 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1jqlf9g">html{line-height:1.5;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;touch-action:manipulation;}body{position:relative;min-height:100%;font-feature-settings:'kern';}*,*::before,*::after{border-width:0;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;}main{display:block;}hr{border-top-width:1px;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In this short series of lessons, we are going to create a react app from scratch. We are mainly going to use React and Chakra UI and see how we can build an application that fetches the trending projects from GitHub&#x27;s API and shows you in the form of listing.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">If you want to get an idea of what we are going to be building have a look at <a href="https://kamranahmed.info/githunt" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">GitHunt</a>. Also the complete source code can be found at <a href="https://github.com/kamranahmedse/githunt" target="_blank" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">@kamranahmedse/githunt</a></p><h2 id="intro-and-basic-setup" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#intro-and-basic-setup" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Intro and Basic Setup</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The video below gives you the basic introduction about the project and explains what we are going to build.</p><div class="sc-kDTinF csUndQ"><iframe frameBorder="0" title="Practical Introduction to React Part 1" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/NyG7YJWJd6s" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><h2 id="building-the-interface" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#building-the-interface" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Building the Interface</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In this second lesson we are going to create all the required components and the UI using Chakra UI and in the next lesson of this series we are going to start adding interactivity to our application.</p><div class="sc-kDTinF csUndQ"><iframe frameBorder="0" title="Practical Introduction to React Part 1" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/zPqzKqjtEL4" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><h2 id="building-the-view-switcher" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#building-the-view-switcher" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Building the View Switcher</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In this lesson we start adding interactivity to the interface. We will be building the view switcher where you can switch between the &quot;Grid View&quot; and the &quot;List View&quot; and in the next and last lesson of the series, we are going to integrate GitHub API and show the repositories.</p><div class="sc-kDTinF csUndQ"><iframe frameBorder="0" title="Practical Introduction to React Part 1" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/EYzPJsJwjFg" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><h2 id="fetching-remote-data" class="sc-dkPtRN sc-hKwDye SekzN fLAnpw"><a href="#fetching-remote-data" class="sc-gsDKAQ eqBJrl"><svg width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Fetching Remote Data</h2><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Below is the final lesson where we complete the application by integrating the GitHub API to make the data dynamic.</p><div class="sc-kDTinF csUndQ"><iframe frameBorder="0" title="Practical Introduction to React Part 1" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/G2IbP9B_4PU" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. 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screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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16hbmpr">.css-16hbmpr{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-16hbmpr">·</span><style data-emotion="css q9k0mw">.css-q9k0mw{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><span class="chakra-text css-q9k0mw">November 3, 2021</span><style data-emotion="css hdjuk6">.css-hdjuk6{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-hdjuk6{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-hdjuk6{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-hdjuk6">·</span><style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;font-weight:600;}.css-yq7epg:hover,.css-yq7epg[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-yq7epg:focus,.css-yq7epg[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-yq7epg" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDv3yXdD0rk">video is best viewed on YouTube</a>.</p><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-space-x-reverse:0;--chakra-space-y-reverse:0;--chakra-colors-transparent:transparent;--chakra-colors-current:currentColor;--chakra-colors-black:#000000;--chakra-colors-white:#FFFFFF;--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-50:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-100:rgba(255, 255, 255, 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><div class="sc-kDTinF csUndQ"><iframe frameBorder="0" title="Random Number Generators" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nDv3yXdD0rk" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media 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allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><div class="sc-kDTinF csUndQ"><iframe frameBorder="0" title="SSH vs TLS vs SSL" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/k3rFFLmQCuY" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media 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16hbmpr">.css-16hbmpr{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-16hbmpr">·</span><style data-emotion="css q9k0mw">.css-q9k0mw{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><span class="chakra-text css-q9k0mw">August 8, 2020</span><style data-emotion="css hdjuk6">.css-hdjuk6{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-hdjuk6{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-hdjuk6{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-hdjuk6">·</span><style data-emotion="css 44g9xm">.css-44g9xm{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);display:none;font-weight:500;}.css-44g9xm:hover,.css-44g9xm[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-44g9xm:focus,.css-44g9xm[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-44g9xm{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-44g9xm{display:inline;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-44g9xm" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-Gl4HEyeUQ">Watch on YouTube</a></div><style data-emotion="css 114bhkb">.css-114bhkb{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:30px;line-height:40px;color:var(--chakra-colors-black);margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:30px;line-height:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:45px;line-height:53px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-114bhkb">System Design 101</h1><style data-emotion="css 1vh4uni">.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-1vh4uni">Learn about all the bits and pieces of system design.</p></div></div><style data-emotion="css 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allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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16hbmpr">.css-16hbmpr{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-16hbmpr">·</span><style data-emotion="css q9k0mw">.css-q9k0mw{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><span class="chakra-text css-q9k0mw">November 6, 2020</span><style data-emotion="css hdjuk6">.css-hdjuk6{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-hdjuk6{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-hdjuk6{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-hdjuk6">·</span><style data-emotion="css 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114bhkb">.css-114bhkb{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:30px;line-height:40px;color:var(--chakra-colors-black);margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:30px;line-height:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:45px;line-height:53px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-114bhkb">TCP/IP Model Explained</h1><style data-emotion="css 1vh4uni">.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-1vh4uni">Learn what is TCP/IP Model and the different layers involved.</p></div></div><style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><div class="sc-kDTinF csUndQ"><iframe frameBorder="0" title="TCP/IP Model Explained" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/F5rni9fr1yE" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media 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allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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114bhkb">.css-114bhkb{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:30px;line-height:40px;color:var(--chakra-colors-black);margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:30px;line-height:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:45px;line-height:53px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-114bhkb">What is CAP Theorem?</h1><style data-emotion="css 1vh4uni">.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-1vh4uni">An illustrated explanation to CAP theorem with examples and proof.</p></div></div><style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><div class="sc-kDTinF csUndQ"><iframe frameBorder="0" title="What is CAP Theorem?" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_RbsFXWRZ10" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media 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16hbmpr">.css-16hbmpr{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-16hbmpr">·</span><style data-emotion="css q9k0mw">.css-q9k0mw{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><span class="chakra-text css-q9k0mw">July 4, 2020</span><style data-emotion="css hdjuk6">.css-hdjuk6{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-hdjuk6{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-hdjuk6{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-hdjuk6">·</span><style data-emotion="css 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allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);display:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-weight:600;}.css-tomzwu:hover,.css-tomzwu[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-tomzwu:focus,.css-tomzwu[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-tomzwu" href="https://twitter.com/kamranahmedse"><style data-emotion="css 1bgbs7z">.css-1bgbs7z{border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-full);margin-right:7px;width:22px;}</style><img alt="" src="/authors/kamranahmedse.jpeg" class="chakra-image css-1bgbs7z"/>Kamran Ahmed</a><style data-emotion="css 16hbmpr">.css-16hbmpr{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-16hbmpr">·</span><style data-emotion="css q9k0mw">.css-q9k0mw{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><span class="chakra-text css-q9k0mw">July 20, 2020</span><style data-emotion="css hdjuk6">.css-hdjuk6{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-hdjuk6{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-hdjuk6{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-hdjuk6">·</span><style data-emotion="css 44g9xm">.css-44g9xm{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);display:none;font-weight:500;}.css-44g9xm:hover,.css-44g9xm[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-44g9xm:focus,.css-44g9xm[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-44g9xm{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-44g9xm{display:inline;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-44g9xm" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Tok22qxPzQ">Watch on YouTube</a></div><style data-emotion="css 114bhkb">.css-114bhkb{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:30px;line-height:40px;color:var(--chakra-colors-black);margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:30px;line-height:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:45px;line-height:53px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-114bhkb">DOM, Shadow DOM, Virtual DOM</h1><style data-emotion="css 1vh4uni">.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-1vh4uni">Learn what is DOM, Shadow DOM and Virtual DOM and how they work.</p></div></div><style data-emotion="css 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;font-weight:600;}.css-yq7epg:hover,.css-yq7epg[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-yq7epg:focus,.css-yq7epg[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-yq7epg" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Tok22qxPzQ">video is best viewed on YouTube</a>.</p><style data-emotion="css-global 1665pni">:host,:root{--chakra-ring-inset:var(--chakra-empty,/*!*/ /*!*/);--chakra-ring-offset-width:0px;--chakra-ring-offset-color:#fff;--chakra-ring-color:rgba(66, 153, 225, 0.6);--chakra-ring-offset-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-ring-shadow:0 0 #0000;--chakra-space-x-reverse:0;--chakra-space-y-reverse:0;--chakra-colors-transparent:transparent;--chakra-colors-current:currentColor;--chakra-colors-black:#000000;--chakra-colors-white:#FFFFFF;--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-50:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);--chakra-colors-whiteAlpha-100:rgba(255, 255, 255, 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><div class="sc-kDTinF csUndQ"><iframe frameBorder="0" title="DOM, Shadow DOM, Virtual DOM" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7Tok22qxPzQ" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media 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transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);display:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-weight:600;}.css-tomzwu:hover,.css-tomzwu[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-tomzwu:focus,.css-tomzwu[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-tomzwu" href="https://twitter.com/kamranahmedse"><style data-emotion="css 1bgbs7z">.css-1bgbs7z{border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-full);margin-right:7px;width:22px;}</style><img alt="" src="/authors/kamranahmedse.jpeg" class="chakra-image css-1bgbs7z"/>Kamran Ahmed</a><style data-emotion="css 16hbmpr">.css-16hbmpr{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-16hbmpr">·</span><style data-emotion="css q9k0mw">.css-q9k0mw{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><span class="chakra-text css-q9k0mw">November 30, 2021</span><style data-emotion="css hdjuk6">.css-hdjuk6{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-hdjuk6{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-hdjuk6{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-hdjuk6">·</span><style data-emotion="css 44g9xm">.css-44g9xm{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);display:none;font-weight:500;}.css-44g9xm:hover,.css-44g9xm[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-44g9xm:focus,.css-44g9xm[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-44g9xm{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-44g9xm{display:inline;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-44g9xm" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rpqsSkTIdAw">Watch on YouTube</a></div><style data-emotion="css 114bhkb">.css-114bhkb{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:30px;line-height:40px;color:var(--chakra-colors-black);margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:30px;line-height:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:45px;line-height:53px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-114bhkb">What is Eventual Consistency?</h1><style data-emotion="css 1vh4uni">.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-1vh4uni">Learn about the different consistency models in distributed systems</p></div></div><style data-emotion="css 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allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&amp;q=stars%3A%3E100000&amp;s=stars&amp;type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;repo=developer-roadmap&amp;type=star&amp;count=true&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><div class="css-0"><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&amp;type=sponsor&amp;size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="260" height="30" title="GitHub" style="margin:auto"></iframe></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css llwly4">.css-llwly4{border-top-width:1px;padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;text-align:left;background:var(--chakra-colors-brand-footer);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:45px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-llwly4{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:80px;}}</style><div class="css-llwly4"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 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:focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><div class="sc-kDTinF csUndQ"><iframe frameBorder="0" title="YAML in Depth" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ImHSpwUlNVc" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media 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