20 lines
87 KiB
HTML
20 lines
87 KiB
HTML
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transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);display:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-weight:600;}.css-tomzwu:hover,.css-tomzwu[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-tomzwu:focus,.css-tomzwu[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tomzwu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-tomzwu" href="https://twitter.com/kamranahmedse"><style data-emotion="css 1bgbs7z">.css-1bgbs7z{border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-full);margin-right:7px;width:22px;}</style><img alt="" src="/authors/kamranahmedse.jpeg" class="chakra-image css-1bgbs7z"/>Kamran Ahmed</a><style data-emotion="css 16hbmpr">.css-16hbmpr{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-16hbmpr{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-16hbmpr">·</span><style data-emotion="css q9k0mw">.css-q9k0mw{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}</style><span class="chakra-text css-q9k0mw">October 28, 2017</span><style data-emotion="css hdjuk6">.css-hdjuk6{display:none;-webkit-margin-start:7px;margin-inline-start:7px;-webkit-margin-end:7px;margin-inline-end:7px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-hdjuk6{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-hdjuk6{display:inline;}}</style><span class="chakra-text css-hdjuk6">·</span><style data-emotion="css 44g9xm">.css-44g9xm{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-blue-500);display:none;font-weight:500;}.css-44g9xm:hover,.css-44g9xm[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-44g9xm:focus,.css-44g9xm[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-44g9xm{display:none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-44g9xm{display:inline;}}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-44g9xm" href="https://github.com/kamranahmedse/developer-roadmap/tree/master/content/guides/history-of-javascript.md">Improve this Guide</a></div><style data-emotion="css 114bhkb">.css-114bhkb{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:700;font-size:30px;line-height:40px;color:var(--chakra-colors-black);margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:30px;line-height:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-114bhkb{font-size:45px;line-height:53px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-114bhkb">Brief History of JavaScript</h1><style data-emotion="css 1vh4uni">.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:14px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-1vh4uni{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-1vh4uni">How JavaScript was introduced and evolved over the years</p></div></div><style data-emotion="css 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0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}input[type="number"]{-moz-appearance:textfield;}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none!important;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none!important;}body,blockquote,dl,dd,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,figure,p,pre{margin:0;}button{background:transparent;padding:0;}fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}textarea{resize:vertical;}button,[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0!important;}table{border-collapse:collapse;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{padding:0;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;}img,svg,video,canvas,audio,iframe,embed,object{display:block;}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;}[data-js-focus-visible] :focus:not([data-focus-visible-added]){outline:none;box-shadow:none;}select::-ms-expand{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 1baqkrf">body{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);background:var(--chakra-colors-white);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*::placeholder{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);word-wrap:break-word;}</style><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Around 10 years ago, Jeff Atwood (the founder of stackoverflow) made a case that JavaScript is going to be the future and he coined the “Atwood Law” which states that <em>Any application that can be written in JavaScript will eventually be written in JavaScript</em>. Fast-forward to today, 10 years later, if you look at it it rings truer than ever. JavaScript is continuing to gain more and more adoption.</p><h3 class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb dKUOdJ cabxUq">JavaScript is announced</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">JavaScript was initially created by <a href="https://twitter.com/BrendanEich" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">Brendan Eich</a> of NetScape and was first announced in a press release by Netscape in 1995. It has a bizarre history of naming; initally it was named <code>Mocha</code> by the creator, which was later renamed to <code>LiveScript</code>. In 1996, about a year later after the release, NetScape decided to rename it to be <code>JavaScript</code> with hopes of capitalizing on the Java community (although JavaScript did not have any relationship with Java) and released Netscape 2.0 with the official support of JavaScript.</p><h3 class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb dKUOdJ cabxUq">ES1, ES2 and ES3</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In 1996, Netscape decided to submit it to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecma_International" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">ECMA International</a> with the hopes of getting it standardized. First edition of the standard specification was released in 1997 and the language was standardized. After the initial release, <code>ECMAScript</code> was continued to be worked upon and in no-time two more versions were released ECMAScript 2 in 1998 and ECMAScript 3 in 1999.</p><h3 class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb dKUOdJ cabxUq">Decade of Silence and ES4</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">After the release of ES3 in 1999, there was a complete silence for a decade and no changes were made to the official standard. There was some work on the fourth edition in the initial days; some of the features that were being discussed included classes, modules, static typings, destructuring etc. It was being targeted to be released by 2008 but was abandoned due to political differences concerning language complexity. However, the vendors kept introducing the extensions to the language and the developers were left scratching their heads — adding polyfills to battle compatibility issues between different browsers.</p><h3 class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb dKUOdJ cabxUq">From silence to ES5</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Google, Microsoft, Yahoo and other disputers of ES4 came together and decided to work on a less ambitious update to ES3 tentatively named ES3.1. But the teams were still fighting about what to include from ES4 and what not. Finally, in 2009 ES5 was released mainly focusing on fixing the compatibility and security issues etc. But there wasn’t much of a splash in the water — it took ages for the vendors to incorporate the standards and many developers were still using ES3 without being aware of the “modern” standards.</p><h3 class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb dKUOdJ cabxUq">Release of ES6 — ECMAScript 2015</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">After a few years of the release of ES5, things started to change, TC39 (the committee under ECMA international responsible for ECMAScript standardization) kept working on the next version of ECMAScript (ES6) which was originally named ES Harmony, before being eventually released with the name ES2015. ES2015 adds significant features and syntactic sugar to allow writing complex applications. Some of the features that ES6 has to offer, include Classes, Modules, Arrows, Enhanced object literals, Template strings, Destructuring, Default param values + rest + spread, Let and Const, Iterators + for..of, Generators, Maps + Sets, Proxies, Symbols, Promises, math + number + string + array + object APIs <a href="http://es6-features.org/#Constants" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">etc</a></p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Browser support for ES6 is still scarce but everything that ES6 has to offer is still available to developers by transpiling the ES6 code to ES5. With the release of 6th version of ECMAScript, TC39 decided to move to yearly model of releasing updates to ECMAScript so to make sure that the new features are added as soon as they are approved and we don’t have to wait for the full specification to be drafted and approved — thus 6th version of ECMAScript was renamed as ECMAScript 2015 or ES2015 before the release in June 2015. And the next versions of ECMAScript were decided to published in June of every year.</p><h3 class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb dKUOdJ cabxUq">Release of ES7 — ECMAScript 2016</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">In June 2016, seventh version of ECMAScript was released. As ECMAScript has been moved to an yearly release model, ECMAScript 2016 (ES2016) comparatively did not have much to offer. ES2016 includes just two new features</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Exponentiation operator <code>**</code></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><code>Array.prototype.includes</code></li></ul><h3 class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb dKUOdJ cabxUq">Release of ES8 — ECMAScript 2017</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">The eighth version of ECMAScript was released in June 2017. The key highlight of ES8 was the addition of async functions. Here is the list of new features in ES8</p><ul class="sc-egiyK gfrORe"><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><code>Object.values()</code> and <code>Object.entries()</code></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">String padding i.e. <code>String.prototype.padEnd()</code> and <code>String.prototype.padStart()</code></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv"><code>Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors</code></li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Trailing commas in function parameter lists and calls</li><li class="sc-bqiRlB xTMXv">Async functions</li></ul><h3 class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb dKUOdJ cabxUq">What is ESNext then?</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">ESNext is a dynamic name that refers to whatever the current version of ECMAScript is at the given time. For example, at the time of this writing <code>ES2017</code> or <code>ES8</code> is <code>ESNext</code>.</p><h3 class="sc-dkPtRN sc-eCImPb dKUOdJ cabxUq">What does the future hold?</h3><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">Since the release of ES6, <a href="https://github.com/tc39" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">TC39</a> has quite streamlined their process. TC39 operates through a Github organization now and there are <a href="https://github.com/tc39/proposals" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">several proposals</a> for new features or syntax to be added to the next versions of ECMAScript. Any one can go ahead and <a href="https://github.com/tc39/proposals" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">submit a proposal</a> thus resulting in increasing the participation from the community. Every proposal goes through <a href="https://tc39.github.io/process-document/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">four stages of maturity</a> before it makes it into the specification.</p><p class="sc-bdvvtL kiIUjN">And that about wraps it up. Feel free to leave your feedback in the comments section below. Also here are the links to original language specifications <a href="https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">ES6</a>, <a href="https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/7.0/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">ES7</a> and <a href="https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/8.0/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="sc-crHmcD gJMBjK">ES8</a>.</p><span></span></div></div><style data-emotion="css zeuzl6">.css-zeuzl6{background:var(--chakra-colors-white);border-top-width:1px;padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;text-align:center;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:45px;padding-bottom:60px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-zeuzl6{padding-top:70px;padding-bottom:90px;}}</style><div class="css-zeuzl6"><div class="chakra-container css-nm5t63"><style data-emotion="css 482acf">.css-482acf{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:25px;line-height:1.33;margin-bottom:10px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-482acf{font-size:25px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-482acf{font-size:35px;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:20px;}}</style><h2 class="chakra-heading css-482acf">Open Source</h2><style data-emotion="css tmji1h">.css-tmji1h{line-height:26px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:20px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-tmji1h{font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-tmji1h">The project is OpenSource, <style data-emotion="css 1om4i6h">.css-1om4i6h{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;border-bottom-width:1px;font-weight:600;}.css-1om4i6h:hover,.css-1om4i6h[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1om4i6h:focus,.css-1om4i6h[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a target="_blank" class="chakra-link css-1om4i6h" href="https://github.com/search?o=desc&q=stars%3A%3E100000&s=stars&type=Repositories">7th most starred project on GitHub</a> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of developers every month.</p><iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&repo=developer-roadmap&type=star&count=true&size=large" frameBorder="0" scrolling="0" width="170" height="30" style="margin:auto;margin-bottom:30px" title="GitHub"></iframe><style data-emotion="css mz2q9v">.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}@media screen and (min-width: 30em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:25px;font-size:15px;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.css-mz2q9v{line-height:26px;font-size:16px;}}</style><p class="chakra-text css-mz2q9v">A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. 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