137 lines
		
	
	
		
			4.0 KiB
		
	
	
	
		
			Markdown
		
	
	
	
	
	
		
		
			
		
	
	
			137 lines
		
	
	
		
			4.0 KiB
		
	
	
	
		
			Markdown
		
	
	
	
	
	
|   | --- | |||
|  | title: Python defaultdict | |||
|  | localeTitle: Python defaultdict | |||
|  | --- | |||
|  | ## Python defaultdict
 | |||
|  | 
 | |||
|  | Dictionary是Python中最常用的数据结构之一。 字典是无序的项集合,我们通常将字符和值存储在字典中。 让我们看一下通常如何使用字典的几个例子。 | |||
|  | 
 | |||
|  | ```python | |||
|  | # dictionary declaration 1 
 | |||
|  |  dict1 = dict()  | |||
|  |   | |||
|  |  # dictionary declaration 2  | |||
|  |  dict2 = {}  | |||
|  |   | |||
|  |  # Add items to the dictionary  | |||
|  |  # The syntax to add and retrieve items is same for either of the two objects we defined above.  | |||
|  |  key = "X"  | |||
|  |  value = "Y"  | |||
|  |  dict1[key] = value  | |||
|  |   | |||
|  |  # The dictionary doesn't have any specific data-type.  | |||
|  |  # So, the values can be pretty diverse.  | |||
|  |  dict1[key] = dict2  | |||
|  | ``` | |||
|  | 
 | |||
|  | 现在让我们看一些检索方法。 | |||
|  | 
 | |||
|  | ```python | |||
|  | # Since "X" exists in our dictionary, this will retrieve the value 
 | |||
|  |  value = dict1[key]  | |||
|  |   | |||
|  |  # This key doesn't exist in the dictionary.  | |||
|  |  # So, we will get a `KeyError`  | |||
|  |  value = dict1["random"]  | |||
|  | ``` | |||
|  | 
 | |||
|  | ### 避免KeyError:使用.get函数
 | |||
|  | 
 | |||
|  | 如果字典中不存在给定的键,Python将抛出`KeyError` 。 有一个简单的解决方法。让我们看一下如何使用the来避免`KeyError` 用于字典的内置`.get`函数。 | |||
|  | 
 | |||
|  | ```python | |||
|  | dict_ = {}  | |||
|  |   | |||
|  |  # Some random key  | |||
|  |  random_key = "random"  | |||
|  |   | |||
|  |  # The most basic way of doing this is to check if the key  | |||
|  |  # exists in the dictionary or not and only retrieve if the  | |||
|  |  # key exists. Otherwise not.  | |||
|  |  if random_key in dict_:  | |||
|  |   print(dict_[random_key])  | |||
|  |  else:  | |||
|  |   print("Key = {} doesn't exist in the dictionary".format(dict_))  | |||
|  | ``` | |||
|  | 
 | |||
|  | 很多时候,当密钥不存在时,我们可以获得默认值。例如,何时 建立一个柜台。有一种更好的方法可以从字典中获取默认值 丢失密钥而不是依赖标准的`if-else` 。 | |||
|  | 
 | |||
|  | ```python | |||
|  | # Let's say we want to build a frequency counter for items in the following array 
 | |||
|  |  arr = [1,2,3,1,2,3,4,1,2,1,4,1,2,3,1]  | |||
|  |   | |||
|  |  freq = {}  | |||
|  |   | |||
|  |  for item in arr:  | |||
|  |   # Fetch a value of 0 in case the key doesn't exist. Otherwise, fetch the stored value  | |||
|  |   freq[item] = freq.get(item, 0) + 1  | |||
|  | ``` | |||
|  | 
 | |||
|  | 因此, `get(<key>, <defaultval>)`是一个方便的操作,用于从字典中检索任何给定键的默认值。 当我们想要将可变数据结构作为值(例如`list`或`set`处理时,会出现此方法的问题。 | |||
|  | 
 | |||
|  | ```python | |||
|  | dict_ = {}  | |||
|  |   | |||
|  |  # Some random key  | |||
|  |  random_key = "random"  | |||
|  |   | |||
|  |  dict_[random_key] = dict_.get(random_key, []).append("Hello World!")  | |||
|  |  print(dict_) # {'random': None}  | |||
|  |   | |||
|  |  dict_ = {}  | |||
|  |  dict_[random_key] = dict_.get(random_key, set()).add("Hello World!")  | |||
|  |  print(dict_) # {'random': None}  | |||
|  | ``` | |||
|  | 
 | |||
|  | 你看到了问题吗? | |||
|  | 
 | |||
|  | 新的`set`或`list`不会被分配到字典的密钥。我们应该分配一个新的`list`或一`set` 在缺少值的情况下键,然后分别`append`或`add` 。莱伊看了一个例子。 | |||
|  | 
 | |||
|  | ```python | |||
|  | dict_ = {}  | |||
|  |  dict_[random_key] = dict_.get(random_key, set())  | |||
|  |  dict_[random_key].add("Hello World!")  | |||
|  |  print(dict_) # {'random': set(['Hello World!'])}. Yay!  | |||
|  | ``` | |||
|  | 
 | |||
|  | ### 避免KeyError:使用defaultdict
 | |||
|  | 
 | |||
|  | 这在大多数时候都适用。但是,有一种更好的方法可以做到这一点。一种更加`pythonic`方式。 `defaultdict`是内置dict类的子类。 `defaultdict`只是分配我们在缺少键时指定的默认值。那么,这两个步骤: | |||
|  | 
 | |||
|  | ```python | |||
|  | dict_[random_key] = dict_.get(random_key, set())  | |||
|  |  dict_[random_key].add("Hello World!")  | |||
|  | ``` | |||
|  | 
 | |||
|  | 现在可以合并为一个步骤。例如 | |||
|  | 
 | |||
|  | ```python | |||
|  | from collections import defaultdict  | |||
|  |   | |||
|  |  # Yet another random key  | |||
|  |  random_key = "random_key"  | |||
|  |   | |||
|  |  # list defaultdict  | |||
|  |  list_dict_ = defaultdict(list)  | |||
|  |   | |||
|  |  # set defaultdict  | |||
|  |  set_dict_ = defaultdict(set)  | |||
|  |   | |||
|  |  # integer defaultdict  | |||
|  |  int_dict_ = defaultdict(int)  | |||
|  |   | |||
|  |  list_dict_[random_key].append("Hello World!")  | |||
|  |  set_dict_[random_key].add("Hello World!")  | |||
|  |  int_dict_[random_key] += 1  | |||
|  |   | |||
|  |  """  | |||
|  |   defaultdict(<class 'list'>, {'random_key': ['Hello World!']})  | |||
|  |   defaultdict(<class 'set'>, {'random_key': {'Hello World!'}})  | |||
|  |   defaultdict(<class 'int'>, {'random_key': 1})  | |||
|  |  """  | |||
|  |  print(list_dict_, set_dict_, int_dict_)  | |||
|  | ``` | |||
|  | 
 | |||
|  | * * * | |||
|  | 
 | |||
|  | [官方文件](https://docs.python.org/2/library/collections.html) |