fix(guide): Improve java access modifiers (#19578)
Made several improvements to the current guide on Java access modifiers.
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Manish Giri
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Randell Dawson
Randell Dawson
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@ -5,116 +5,116 @@ title: Access Modifiers
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Have you ever wanted to define how people would access some of your properties? You would not want anyone using your underwear. However, your close friends and relatives can use your sweater and maybe your car.
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Similarly to how you set a level of access to your posessions, Java controls access, too. You want to define the access level for variables, methods and classes depending on which other classes you want accessing them.
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Similar to how you set a level of access to your possessions, Java controls access, too. You want to define the access level for variables, methods, and classes, depending on which other classes you want accessing them.
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Java provides 4 levels of access modifiers. This means that you can modify access to a variable, method or a class in 4 ways. These 4 ways are private, public, protected and default.
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Java provides 4 levels of access modifiers. This means that you can modify access to a variable, method or a class in 4 ways. These 4 ways are `private`, `public`, `protected` and `default`.
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These access modifiers can be applied to fields, methods and classes (Classes are a special case, we will look at them at the end of this artice). Here is a quick overview<sup>1</sup> of what the `Access Levels` are for each `Access Modifier`:
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These access modifiers can be applied to fields, methods and classes (Classes are a special case, we will look at them at the end of this artice). Here is a quick overview<sup>1</sup> of what the access levels are for each Access Modifier:
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#### Access Modifiers Table Reference:
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#### Private Access Modifier
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Allows a variable or method to only be accessed in the class in which it was created. No other class beyond the class that created the variable or method can access it. This is closely similar to your internal organs. They are only accessible to the owner. To make a variable or method private, you simply append the private keyword before the variable or method type.
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Let us use private in a coding example. If a bank wants to provide an interest rate of 10% on it's loans, it would make sure that the interest rate variable(let us suppose `int int_rate;`) would stay private so as no other class would try to access it and change it.
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For example;
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Allows a variable or method to only be accessed in the class in which it was created. No other class beyond the class that created the variable or method can access it. This is closely similar to your internal organs. They are only accessible to the owner. To make a variable or method private, you simply append the `private` keyword before the variable or method type, like `private int age`.
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`private String name;`
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Let us use `private` in a coding example. If a bank wants to provide an interest rate of 10% on it's loans, it would make sure that the interest rate variable would stay private so as no other class would try to access it and change it.
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For example:
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```java
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private double interestRate;
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```
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The above example creates a variable called name and ensures that it is only accessible within the class from which it was created.
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The above example creates a `double` variable called `interestRate` and ensures that it is only accessible within the class from which it was created.
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Another example for a method is
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An example for a `private` method is:
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```java
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private void setAge(){
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System.out.println("Set Age");
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System.out.println("Set Age");
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}
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```
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The above example ensures that the method setAge is accessible only within the class from which it was created and nowhere else.
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The above example ensures that the method `setAge()` is accessible only within the class from which it was created and nowhere else.
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#### Public Access Modifier
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The public access modifier is the direct opposite of the private access modifier. A class, method or variable can be declared as public and it means that it is accessible from any class. Public access modifier can be likened to a public school where anyone can seek admission and be admitted.
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The `public` access modifier is the direct opposite of the `private` access modifier. A class, method or variable can be declared as `public` which would make it accessible from anywhere. `public` access modifier can be likened to a public school where anyone can seek admission and be admitted.
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A public class, method, or variable can be accessed from any other class at any time.
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For example, to declare a class as public, all you need is:
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To declare a class as `public`, all you need to do is use the `public` keyword before the class name:
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```java
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public class Animal{
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public class Animal {
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}
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```
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As such, the Animal class can be accessed by any other class.
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As such, the `Animal` class can now be accessed by any other class.
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Similarly, you use the `public` keyword for marking variables and methods too, like so:
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```java
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public int age;
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public int getAge(){
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public int getAge() {
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}
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```
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Above are ways of specifying a variable and a method as public.
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#### The Default Access Modifier
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The default access modifier is different from all the other access modifiers in that it has no keyword. To use the default access modifier, you simply use none of the other access modifiers and that simply means you are using a default access modifier.
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The `default` access modifier is different from all the other access modifiers in that it has no keyword. To use the default access modifier, you simply use none of the other access modifiers, which means you are using the `default` access modifier.
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For example, to use the default access modifier for a class, you use
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For example, to use the `default` access modifier for a class, you use
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```java
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class Bird{
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class Bird {
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}
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```
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This basically means you are using the default access modifier. The default access modifier allows a variable, method, or class to be accessible by other classes within the same package. A package is a collection of related classes in a file directory. For more information about packages, check out the section on packages.
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This indicates you are using the `default` access modifier. It allows a variable, method, or class to be accessible by other classes within the same package. A package is a collection of related classes in a directory. For more information about packages, check out the section on packages.
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Any variable, method, or class declared to use the default access modifier cannot be accessed by any other class outside of the package from which it was declared.
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Again, similar to classes, you use the `default` access modifiers for variables and methods like so:
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```java
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int age;
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void setNewAge(){
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void setNewAge() {
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}
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```
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Above are some ways of using the default access modifier for a variable or method.
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Don't forget, the default access modifier does not have a key word. The absence of the 3 other access modifiers means you are using the default access modifier.
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Don't forget, the `default` access modifier does not have a keyword. The absence of the 3 other access modifiers means you are using the `default` access modifier.
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#### Protected Access Modifier
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The protected access modifier is closely related to the default access modifier. The protected access modifier has the properties of the default access modifier but with a little improvement.
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The `protected` access modifier is closely related to the `default` access modifier. The `protected` access modifier has the properties of the `default` access modifier but with a little improvement.
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A variable and method are the only ones to use the protected access modifier. The little improvement is that a class outside the class package from which the variable or method was declared can access the said variable or method. This is possible ONLY if it inherits from the Class, however.
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Variables and methods are the only ones to use the `protected` access modifier. The little improvement is that a class outside the package in which the class variable or method was declared can access the said variable or method. This is possible ONLY if it inherits from the original class, however.
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The class from another package which can see protected variables or methods must have extended the Class that created the variables or methods.
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A class from another package which has access to the `protected` variables or methods must have extended the class that created the variables or methods.
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Note without the advantage of Inheritance, a default access modifier has exactly the same access as a protected access modifier.
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Note: without the advantage of inheritance, a `default` access modifier has the same access as a `protected` access modifier.
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Examples of using the protected access modifier is shown below:
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Examples of using the protected access modifier are shown below:
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```java
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protected int age;
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protected String getName(){
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protected String getName() {
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return "My Name is You";
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}
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```
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#### Access Modifiers on Classes
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By default, classes can only have 2 modifiers:
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- public
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- no modifier (default modifier)
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- `public`
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- no modifier (`default` modifier)
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So this means classes can never be set to `private` or `protected`?
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So does this mean classes can never be set to `private` or `protected`?
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This is logical, why would you want to make a private class? No other class would be able to use it. But sometimes, you can embed a class into another class. These special classes, `inner classes`, can be set to private or protected so that only its surrounding class can access it:
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This is logical, why would you want to make a private class? No other class would be able to use it. But sometimes, you can embed a class within another class. These special classes, `inner classes`, can be set to `private` or `protected` so that only its encapsulating class can access it:
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```java
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public class Car {
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private String brand;
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private Engine engine;
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// ...
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// outer class ...
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private class Engine {
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// ...
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// inner class ...
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}
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}
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```
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In the above example, only the `Car` class can use the `Engine`class. This can be useful in some cases.
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In the above example, only the `Car` class can access and use the `Engine`class. This can be useful in some cases.
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Other classes can never be set to `protected` or `private`, because it makes no sense. The `protected`access modifier is used to make things `package-private` but with the option to be accessible to subclasses. There is no concept such as 'subpackages' or 'package-inheritance' in java.
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Other classes can never be set to `protected` or `private`, because it makes no sense. The `protected` access modifier is used to make things `package-private` but with the option to be accessible to subclasses. There is no concept of 'package-inheritance' in java.
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### Sources
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[1. Oracle docs on Access Modifiers](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/accesscontrol.html "Oracle Docs")
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