diff --git a/guide/english/linux/basic-linux-commands/index.md b/guide/english/linux/basic-linux-commands/index.md index d90cb6f1df..8ebad27abc 100644 --- a/guide/english/linux/basic-linux-commands/index.md +++ b/guide/english/linux/basic-linux-commands/index.md @@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ title: Basic Linux Commands When starting out with linux, there are some basic commands everyone should know. + 1. **cd** - change directory - cd followed by a directory or file path will take you inside that directory(folder). @@ -50,40 +51,41 @@ When starting out with linux, there are some basic commands everyone should know 14. **cp** - copy files and directories - Use 'cp' to copy a file or a direcotry with files inside it to another location using command 'cp CURRENT_FILE-LOCATION DESTINATION_FOLDER'. Add '-r' flag to copy a directory that is not empty. - 15. **du** - estimate file space usage + +15. **du** - estimate file space usage - Use 'du' to estimate file space usage. du is abbreviation of "disk usage". This command tool reports usage by given directory -15. **ln** - link LINKNAME to TARGET file/directory +16. **ln** - link LINKNAME to TARGET file/directory - Link is pointer which connects file name to actual bytes of data on the disk. More than one link can point on the same data. - Use `ln` to create a link to targeted file with linkname. Link to target is created in current working directory. By default ln creates [hard link](http://www.linfo.org/hard_link.html) and requires existance of TARGET file/directory. If we add `-s`(--symbolic) to the command, [symbolic link](https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/symblink.htm) will be created. -16. **top** - shows the system load +17. **top** - shows the system load - Use `top` to get information about running processes of your system, the amount or RAM they allocate and the CPU percentage that they use. 'Top' is interactive so do not forget to press `q` when you want to quit. -17. **df -h** Checks disk space in human readable form +18. **df -h** Checks disk space in human readable form - Shows the size, amount used, amount available and capacity percentage of mounted drives/partitions. -18. **grep** - The grep searches any given input files, selecting lines that match one or more patterns. +19. **grep** - The grep searches any given input files, selecting lines that match one or more patterns. - use `grep` to find a file, a directory, some text in the file/directory. -19. **sudo** - execute a command as super user +20. **sudo** - execute a command as super user - A widely used command in the Linux command line, sudo stands for "SuperUser Do". So, if you want any command to be done with administrative or root privileges, you can use the sudo command. -20. **kill** - stops runing process +21. **kill** - stops runing process - The `kill` command sends a signal to a running process. This default action normally stops processes. If you want to stop a process, specify the process ID (PID) in the `ProcessID` variable. The shell reports the PID of each process that is running in the background (unless you start more than one process in a pipeline, in which case the shell reports the number of the last process). You can also use the `ps` command to find the process ID number of commands. -21. **find** - search for files in a directory hierarchy +22. **find** - search for files in a directory hierarchy - `find` searches the directory tree rooted at each given file name by evaluating the given expression from left to right, according to the rules of precedence, until the outcome is known (the left hand side is false for and operations, true for or), at which point `find` moves on to the next file name. -22. **man** - Show the manual for a command +23. **man** - Show the manual for a command - Use `man` to see manual of any commmand. It will show different ways a given command can be used Example: `man ls` -23. **ps** - Show active processes +24. **ps** - Show active processes - Use `ps` to see running processes, and their process IDs Example: `ps` -24. **history** +25. **history** - Use `history` to see previously entered commands Example: `history` @@ -91,4 +93,3 @@ When starting out with linux, there are some basic commands everyone should know - [JSLinux](https://bellard.org/jslinux/vm.html?url=https://bellard.org/jslinux/buildroot-x86.cfg): Run the terminal inside your browser. Great for practice. - [LearnShell](https://www.learnshell.org/): Interactive Linux shell (terminal) tutorials. - [LinuxJourney](https://linuxjourney.com/lesson/the-shell): A collection of beginner-friendly terminal tutorials. - diff --git a/guide/english/linux/common-terms-every-linux-user-should-know/index.md b/guide/english/linux/common-terms-every-linux-user-should-know/index.md index c8df671b5f..b46dc7dbc6 100644 --- a/guide/english/linux/common-terms-every-linux-user-should-know/index.md +++ b/guide/english/linux/common-terms-every-linux-user-should-know/index.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ title: common terms every Linux user should know. * Shell: this is the program that reads your command input and runs the specified commands. The dollar sign (`$’) preceding the cursor is called the shell prompt; it tells you that the system is ready and waiting for inputs in the form of commands. -* CLI: stands for Command Line Interface. Its the simple user interface that provides the services needed by the user to interact with Linux OS using text commands. It protect the user from having to know intricate hardware details. +* CLI: stands for Command Line Interface. It's the simple user interface that provides the services needed by the user to interact with Linux OS using text commands. It protect the user from having to know intricate hardware details. * GUI: stands for graphic user interface. It is the part of the Linux system that comprises windows, icon, pictures (graphics in general), that make point and click possible. @@ -18,14 +18,13 @@ title: common terms every Linux user should know. * Tux: it is the official mascot of Linux. That is the penguin that is usually associated with Linux – if you’ve seen the yellow and black penguin online, then you have seen tux. -* Root: also known as the super-user, is the "default" username for the administrator of a linux machine. It is usally represented on the linux terminal witjh the "#" symbol. +* Root: also known as the super-user, is the "default" username for the administrator of a linux machine. It is usually represented on the linux terminal with the "#" symbol. * Commands: are text inputs or instruction given to the linux machine (by typing it in the terminal) to tell it what to do (that is, for a required outcome). - + * Repository: a repository (or “repo” for short) is a collection of software packages for a distro usually hosted online. Software programs can be installed from both the default repositories provided by the distro and third-party ones when they’re added to the package manager. * Package Manager: is a software program that enables you to search, install, update, and remove apps and other application management functions. Every distro has graphic from end package managers (like the Ubuntu Software Centre) and command line package management tools like the “apt-get”. * Dependency: a dependency is a software program that the program you want to install needs to run. When a program is being installed it gives a list of its dependencies to the default package manager to check if they are already installed, and download them from a repository if they’re not. - diff --git a/guide/english/linux/getting-started/index.md b/guide/english/linux/getting-started/index.md index c2ceeb6354..6d34a276ec 100644 --- a/guide/english/linux/getting-started/index.md +++ b/guide/english/linux/getting-started/index.md @@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ title: Getting Started --- ## Choosing a distribution. + There are various types of Linux distributions to choose from nowadays, choosing one is a major concern in the Linux world. Taking in consideration easy to use OSs, the top dogs in this category are: * [Ubuntu](https://www.ubuntu.com/) - Derivative of the stable Debian system, Ubuntu thrives in the a easy to use and up to date environment. * [Mint](https://linuxmint.com/) - Based on Ubuntu and Debian, this OS has great features like Ubuntu's PPA compatibility, the apt package manager. The base mint distribution remind of Windows, this can be a nice characteristic for users comming from Windows. @@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ Some other choices include: * [Gentoo](https://www.gentoo.org/) * [Suse](https://www.suse.com/) + ## Installing. @@ -27,8 +29,8 @@ Remember to read all the steps carefully and leave some space in your HDD for th ## The Dreaded Terminal. -Linux's terminal is not to be feared, actually it is quite easy to use with some practice and it can make our daily tasks easy to automate. +Linux's terminal is not to be feared, actually it is quite easy to use with some practice and it can make our daily tasks easy to automate. In Debian/Ubuntu and derivatives, the shortcut to open the CLI (Command Line Interface) is "Ctrl + Alt + T". Let's open the terminal and try some commands. diff --git a/guide/english/linux/how-linux-system-boots-up-6-step-description/index.md b/guide/english/linux/how-linux-system-boots-up-6-step-description/index.md index 08f91a0060..9980563eba 100644 --- a/guide/english/linux/how-linux-system-boots-up-6-step-description/index.md +++ b/guide/english/linux/how-linux-system-boots-up-6-step-description/index.md @@ -4,12 +4,12 @@ title: Linux Booting Process # Linux Booting Process - 6 Step Descriptive Process -Operating system is defined as the low-level software that supports a computer’s basic functions,such as scheduling tasks and controlling peripherals. OS holds down these 6 high level stages of a typical Linux boot process. +Operating system is defined as the low-level software that supports a computer’s basic functions, such as scheduling tasks and controlling peripherals. OS holds down these 6 high level stages of a typical Linux boot process. ![Steps](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Ayushverma8/tech-interview-handbook/master/LinuxBootingProcess.jpg) - + ### 1. BIOS diff --git a/guide/english/linux/index.md b/guide/english/linux/index.md index f258cb7398..d49fdedd8a 100644 --- a/guide/english/linux/index.md +++ b/guide/english/linux/index.md @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ kernel. The defining component of a Linux distribution is the Linux kernel, an o 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name. The Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to refer to the operating system family, as well as specific distributions, to emphasize that most Linux distributions are not just the Linux kernel, and that they have in common not only the kernel, but also numerous utilities and libraries, a large proportion -of which are from the GNU project. +of which are from the GNU project. ### GNU The GNU operating system is a complete free software system, upward-compatible with Unix. GNU stands for “GNU's Not Unix”. @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ code may be used, modified and distributed commercially or non-commercially by a as the GNU General Public License. Linux was first started as a clone of the MINIX operating system. Open source contributors added onto the kernel and expanded its -hardware compatability. Linux's hardware supoort and free licensing made Linux a popular choice for desktop and server computing in the +hardware compatibility. Linux's hardware support and free licensing made Linux a popular choice for desktop and server computing in the mid 90s. Today, Linux is the most popular operating system in the world. It powers 90% of the world's servers, and is the basis of Google's popular Android operating system. @@ -43,10 +43,9 @@ Other popular distributions of Linux include: * Tails Package types are split between higher-level distributions, with Debian (.deb) and Red Hat (.rpm) being two of the most commonly used, -however there are others including Pacman (used for Arch Linux) and PetGet (Puppy Linux). +however there are others including Pac-Man (used for Arch Linux) and PetGet (Puppy Linux). Linux distributions also come in all shapes and size and most if not all offer the ability to run directly via CD / DVD in what's known as a 'Live CD' environment or even directly via USB if your motherboard supports booting from USB. For more facts about Linux, read Quincy Larson's article [Linux is 25. Yay! Let’s celebrate with 25 stunning facts about Linux](https://medium.freecodecamp.org/linux-is-25-yay-lets-celebrate-with-25-rad-facts-about-linux-c8d8ac30076d). -