---
title: The Auto Feature
---

## The Auto Feature

`auto` is a C++11 feature that lets the compiler infer the data type for you in a definition. This can save you a lot of typing, especially with complicated types. 

Without `auto`:
```cpp
double x = 10.425;
double y = x * x;
```

With `auto`:
```cpp
double x = 10.425;
auto y = x * x;
```

While it may seem trivial, it becomes incredibly useful when data types begin to get complicated. For example, assume you want to store a [`vector`](https://guide.freecodecamp.org/cplusplus/vector) of employees, and you are only interested in their name and age. One way to store the name and age could be a `pair` with a `string` and an `unsigned int`. This is declared as `std::vector<std::pair<std::string, unsigned int>> employees`. Now suppose you want to access the last employee added:

```cpp
std::vector<std::pair<std::string, unsigned int>> employees;

// without auto, you have to write:
std::pair<std::string, unsigned int>> last_employee = employees.back();

// with auto, you just have to write:
auto last_employee = employees.back();
//if you want to output the "last_employee" variable you have to do it with a pointer
cout<<last_employee;  //you will get an error to this
cout<<*last_employee; // this will run correctly

```

Once the compiler determines the type on the right side of the `=` it replaces `auto` with that type.
However,it should be noted that it is mandatory to intialize the variable marked as auto while declaring so that the compiler can know the type of that variable.

In modern versions of C++ (since C++14), `auto` can also be used in a function declaration as the return type. The compiler will then infer the return type from the return statement inside of the function. Following the example with employees:

```
std::vector<std::pair<std::string, unsigned int>> employees;
auto get_last_employee() {
	return employees.back(); // Compiler knows the return type from this line.
}
```
The compiler will know from the line with the return statement that the return type from the function should be `std::vector<std::pair<std::string, unsigned int>>`.

While quite technical, the [cppreference page on auto](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/auto) describes many more usages of `auto` and the details of when it can and can't be used.

### `auto` before C++11
In some old textbooks containing _very_ old code, the keyword `auto` is used in a very different manner. 

This particular `auto` was a keyword borrowed from C, and was probably the least used keyword of all time.

In C++, all variables have _automatic duration_, that is, they are defined until you get out of the function they're defined in.

For example:

```cpp
#include <iostream> 

int main()
{
        int a;
        a = 1; //makes sense, as it was defined in the same function
        
        return 0;
 }
 a = 2; //makes no sense, since a isn't defined here
 ```
 
 This is a given in C++, and `auto` specified that the variable should have an _automatic duration_, hence the lack of use.

## Further Reading :
* http://www.stroustrup.com/C++11FAQ.html#auto