core, eth/downloader: commit block data using batches (#15115)

* ethdb: add Putter interface and Has method

* ethdb: improve docs and add IdealBatchSize

* ethdb: remove memory batch lock

Batches are not safe for concurrent use.

* core: use ethdb.Putter for Write* functions

This covers the easy cases.

* core/state: simplify StateSync

* trie: optimize local node check

* ethdb: add ValueSize to Batch

* core: optimize HasHeader check

This avoids one random database read get the block number. For many uses
of HasHeader, the expectation is that it's actually there. Using Has
avoids a load + decode of the value.

* core: write fast sync block data in batches

Collect writes into batches up to the ideal size instead of issuing many
small, concurrent writes.

* eth/downloader: commit larger state batches

Collect nodes into a batch up to the ideal size instead of committing
whenever a node is received.

* core: optimize HasBlock check

This avoids a random database read to get the number.

* core: use numberCache in HasHeader

numberCache has higher capacity, increasing the odds of finding the
header without a database lookup.

* core: write imported block data using a batch

Restore batch writes of state and add blocks, tx entries, receipts to
the same batch. The change also simplifies the miner.

This commit also removes posting of logs when a forked block is imported.

* core: fix DB write error handling

* ethdb: use RLock for Has

* core: fix HasBlock comment

ethdb/interface.go

@@ -16,15 +16,29 @@
 
 package ethdb
 
-type Database interface {
+// Code using batches should try to add this much data to the batch.
+// The value was determined empirically.
+const IdealBatchSize = 100 * 1024
+
+// Putter wraps the database write operation supported by both batches and regular databases.
+type Putter interface {
 	Put(key []byte, value []byte) error
+}
+
+// Database wraps all database operations. All methods are safe for concurrent use.
+type Database interface {
+	Putter
 	Get(key []byte) ([]byte, error)
+	Has(key []byte) (bool, error)
 	Delete(key []byte) error
 	Close()
 	NewBatch() Batch
 }
 
+// Batch is a write-only database that commits changes to its host database
+// when Write is called. Batch cannot be used concurrently.
 type Batch interface {
-	Put(key, value []byte) error
+	Putter
+	ValueSize() int // amount of data in the batch
 	Write() error
 }