core/state: implement reverts by journaling all changes

This commit replaces the deep-copy based state revert mechanism with a
linear complexity journal. This commit also hides several internal
StateDB methods to limit the number of ways in which calling code can
use the journal incorrectly.

As usual consultation and bug fixes to the initial implementation were
provided by @karalabe, @obscuren and @Arachnid. Thank you!

core/vm/environment.go

@@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ type Environment interface {
 	// The state database
 	Db() Database
 	// Creates a restorable snapshot
-	MakeSnapshot() Database
+	SnapshotDatabase() int
 	// Set database to previous snapshot
-	SetSnapshot(Database)
+	RevertToSnapshot(int)
 	// Address of the original invoker (first occurrence of the VM invoker)
 	Origin() common.Address
 	// The block number this VM is invoked on

core/vm/jit_test.go

@@ -179,8 +179,8 @@ func (self *Env) BlockNumber() *big.Int  { return big.NewInt(0) }
 
 //func (self *Env) PrevHash() []byte      { return self.parent }
 func (self *Env) Coinbase() common.Address { return common.Address{} }
-func (self *Env) MakeSnapshot() Database   { return nil }
-func (self *Env) SetSnapshot(Database)     {}
+func (self *Env) SnapshotDatabase() int    { return 0 }
+func (self *Env) RevertToSnapshot(int)     {}
 func (self *Env) Time() *big.Int           { return big.NewInt(time.Now().Unix()) }
 func (self *Env) Difficulty() *big.Int     { return big.NewInt(0) }
 func (self *Env) Db() Database             { return nil }

core/vm/runtime/env.go

@@ -86,11 +86,11 @@ func (self *Env) SetDepth(i int) { self.depth = i }
 func (self *Env) CanTransfer(from common.Address, balance *big.Int) bool {
 	return self.state.GetBalance(from).Cmp(balance) >= 0
 }
-func (self *Env) MakeSnapshot() vm.Database {
-	return self.state.Copy()
+func (self *Env) SnapshotDatabase() int {
+	return self.state.Snapshot()
 }
-func (self *Env) SetSnapshot(copy vm.Database) {
-	self.state.Set(copy.(*state.StateDB))
+func (self *Env) RevertToSnapshot(snapshot int) {
+	self.state.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot)
 }
 
 func (self *Env) Transfer(from, to vm.Account, amount *big.Int) {