cmd/geth, cmd/evm, params: implement Arrow Glacier (EIP 4345) (#23810)

This PR adds support for ArrowGlacier, as defined by

    https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/arrow-glacier.md
    https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4345

> Starting with FORK_BLOCK_NUMBER the client will calculate the difficulty based on a fake block number suggesting to the client that the difficulty bomb is adjusting 10,700,000 blocks later than the actual block number.

This also adds support for evm t8n to return the calculated difficulty, so it can be used to construct test.

cmd/evm/t8n_test.go

@@ -171,13 +171,45 @@ func TestT8n(t *testing.T) {
 			output: t8nOutput{result: true},
 			expOut: "exp2.json",
 		},
+		{ // Difficulty calculation - with uncles + Berlin
+			base: "./testdata/14",
+			input: t8nInput{
+				"alloc.json", "txs.json", "env.uncles.json", "Berlin", "",
+			},
+			output: t8nOutput{result: true},
+			expOut: "exp_berlin.json",
+		},
+		{ // Difficulty calculation on arrow glacier
+			base: "./testdata/19",
+			input: t8nInput{
+				"alloc.json", "txs.json", "env.json", "London", "",
+			},
+			output: t8nOutput{result: true},
+			expOut: "exp_london.json",
+		},
+		{ // Difficulty calculation on arrow glacier
+			base: "./testdata/19",
+			input: t8nInput{
+				"alloc.json", "txs.json", "env.json", "ArrowGlacier", "",
+			},
+			output: t8nOutput{result: true},
+			expOut: "exp_arrowglacier.json",
+		},
 	} {
 
 		args := []string{"t8n"}
 		args = append(args, tc.output.get()...)
 		args = append(args, tc.input.get(tc.base)...)
+		var qArgs []string // quoted args for debugging purposes
+		for _, arg := range args {
+			if len(arg) == 0 {
+				qArgs = append(qArgs, `""`)
+			} else {
+				qArgs = append(qArgs, arg)
+			}
+		}
+		tt.Logf("args: %v\n", strings.Join(qArgs, " "))
 		tt.Run("evm-test", args...)
-		tt.Logf("args: %v\n", strings.Join(args, " "))
 		// Compare the expected output, if provided
 		if tc.expOut != "" {
 			want, err := os.ReadFile(fmt.Sprintf("%v/%v", tc.base, tc.expOut))

cmd/evm/testdata/14/exp_berlin.json

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "result": {
+    "stateRoot": "0x6f058887ca01549716789c380ede95aecc510e6d1fdc4dbf67d053c7c07f4bdc",
+    "txRoot": "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
+    "receiptRoot": "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
+    "logsHash": "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
+    "logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "receipts": [],
+    "currentDifficulty": "0x1ff9000000000"
+  }
+}

cmd/evm/testdata/19/alloc.json

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "a94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b": {
+    "balance": "0x5ffd4878be161d74",
+    "code": "0x",
+    "nonce": "0xac",
+    "storage": {}
+  },
+  "0x8a8eafb1cf62bfbeb1741769dae1a9dd47996192":{
+    "balance": "0xfeedbead",
+    "nonce" : "0x00"
+  }
+}

cmd/evm/testdata/19/env.json

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+{
+  "currentCoinbase": "0xc94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b",
+  "currentGasLimit": "0x750a163df65e8a",
+  "currentBaseFee": "0x500",
+  "currentNumber": "13000000",
+  "currentTimestamp": "100015",
+  "parentTimestamp" : "99999",
+  "parentDifficulty" : "0x2000000000000"
+}

cmd/evm/testdata/19/exp_arrowglacier.json

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "result": {
+    "stateRoot": "0x6f058887ca01549716789c380ede95aecc510e6d1fdc4dbf67d053c7c07f4bdc",
+    "txRoot": "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
+    "receiptRoot": "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
+    "logsHash": "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
+    "logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "currentDifficulty": "0x2000000200000",
+    "receipts": []
+  }
+}

cmd/evm/testdata/19/exp_london.json

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "result": {
+    "stateRoot": "0x6f058887ca01549716789c380ede95aecc510e6d1fdc4dbf67d053c7c07f4bdc",
+    "txRoot": "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
+    "receiptRoot": "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
+    "logsHash": "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
+    "logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "currentDifficulty": "0x2000080000000",
+    "receipts": []
+  }
+}

cmd/evm/testdata/19/readme.md

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+## Difficulty calculation
+
+This test shows how the `evm t8n` can be used to calculate the (ethash) difficulty, if none is provided by the caller, 
+this time on `ArrowGlacier` (Eip 4345).
+
+Calculating it (with an empty set of txs) using `ArrowGlacier` rules (and no provided unclehash for the parent block):
+```
+[user@work evm]$ ./evm t8n --input.alloc=./testdata/14/alloc.json --input.txs=./testdata/14/txs.json --input.env=./testdata/14/env.json --output.result=stdout --state.fork=ArrowGlacier
+```

cmd/evm/testdata/19/txs.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[]