diff --git a/chain/execution.go b/chain/execution.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..932ffa868e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/chain/execution.go
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+package chain
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethutil"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/state"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/vm"
+)
+
+type Execution struct {
+	vm                vm.VirtualMachine
+	address, input    []byte
+	Gas, price, value *big.Int
+	object            *state.StateObject
+	SkipTransfer      bool
+}
+
+func NewExecution(vm vm.VirtualMachine, address, input []byte, gas, gasPrice, value *big.Int) *Execution {
+	return &Execution{vm: vm, address: address, input: input, Gas: gas, price: gasPrice, value: value}
+}
+
+func (self *Execution) Addr() []byte {
+	return self.address
+}
+
+func (self *Execution) Call(codeAddr []byte, caller vm.ClosureRef) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Retrieve the executing code
+	code := self.vm.Env().State().GetCode(codeAddr)
+
+	return self.exec(code, codeAddr, caller)
+}
+
+func (self *Execution) exec(code, caddr []byte, caller vm.ClosureRef) (ret []byte, err error) {
+	env := self.vm.Env()
+
+	chainlogger.Debugf("pre state %x\n", env.State().Root())
+	snapshot := env.State().Copy()
+	defer func() {
+		if vm.IsDepthErr(err) || vm.IsOOGErr(err) {
+			env.State().Set(snapshot)
+		}
+		chainlogger.Debugf("post state %x\n", env.State().Root())
+	}()
+
+	from, to := env.State().GetStateObject(caller.Address()), env.State().GetOrNewStateObject(self.address)
+	// Skipping transfer is used on testing for the initial call
+	if !self.SkipTransfer {
+		err = env.Transfer(from, to, self.value)
+	}
+
+	if err != nil {
+		caller.ReturnGas(self.Gas, self.price)
+
+		err = fmt.Errorf("Insufficient funds to transfer value. Req %v, has %v", self.value, from.Balance)
+	} else {
+		self.object = to
+		// Pre-compiled contracts (address.go) 1, 2 & 3.
+		naddr := ethutil.BigD(caddr).Uint64()
+		if p := vm.Precompiled[naddr]; p != nil {
+			if self.Gas.Cmp(p.Gas) >= 0 {
+				ret = p.Call(self.input)
+				self.vm.Printf("NATIVE_FUNC(%x) => %x", naddr, ret)
+				self.vm.Endl()
+			}
+		} else {
+			ret, err = self.vm.Run(to, caller, code, self.value, self.Gas, self.price, self.input)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+func (self *Execution) Create(caller vm.ClosureRef) (ret []byte, err error, account *state.StateObject) {
+	ret, err = self.exec(self.input, nil, caller)
+	account = self.vm.Env().State().GetStateObject(self.address)
+
+	return
+}
diff --git a/chain/state_transition.go b/chain/state_transition.go
index 8f7b55cd45..b2ba4f22a5 100644
--- a/chain/state_transition.go
+++ b/chain/state_transition.go
@@ -169,120 +169,21 @@ func (self *StateTransition) TransitionState() (err error) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	if sender.Balance().Cmp(self.value) < 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Insufficient funds to transfer value. Req %v, has %v", self.value, sender.Balance)
-	}
-
-	var snapshot *state.State
-	// If the receiver is nil it's a contract (\0*32).
+	var ret []byte
+	vmenv := NewEnv(self.state, self.tx, self.block)
+	var ref vm.ClosureRef
 	if tx.CreatesContract() {
-		// Subtract the (irreversible) amount from the senders account
-		sender.SubAmount(self.value)
+		self.rec = MakeContract(tx, self.state)
 
-		snapshot = self.state.Copy()
-
-		// Create a new state object for the contract
-		receiver = MakeContract(tx, self.state)
-		self.rec = receiver
-		if receiver == nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("Unable to create contract")
-		}
-
-		// Add the amount to receivers account which should conclude this transaction
-		receiver.AddAmount(self.value)
+		ret, err, ref = vmenv.Create(sender, receiver.Address(), self.tx.Data, self.gas, self.gasPrice, self.value)
+		ref.SetCode(ret)
 	} else {
-		receiver = self.Receiver()
-
-		// Subtract the amount from the senders account
-		sender.SubAmount(self.value)
-		// Add the amount to receivers account which should conclude this transaction
-		receiver.AddAmount(self.value)
-
-		snapshot = self.state.Copy()
+		ret, err = vmenv.Call(self.Sender(), self.Receiver().Address(), self.tx.Data, self.gas, self.gasPrice, self.value)
 	}
-
-	msg := self.state.Manifest().AddMessage(&state.Message{
-		To: receiver.Address(), From: sender.Address(),
-		Input:  self.tx.Data,
-		Origin: sender.Address(),
-		Block:  self.block.Hash(), Timestamp: self.block.Time, Coinbase: self.block.Coinbase, Number: self.block.Number,
-		Value: self.value,
-	})
-
-	// Process the init code and create 'valid' contract
-	if types.IsContractAddr(self.receiver) {
-		// Evaluate the initialization script
-		// and use the return value as the
-		// script section for the state object.
-		self.data = nil
-
-		code, evmerr := self.Eval(msg, receiver.Init(), receiver)
-		if evmerr != nil {
-			self.state.Set(snapshot)
-
-			statelogger.Debugf("Error during init execution %v", evmerr)
-		}
-
-		receiver.Code = code
-		msg.Output = code
-	} else {
-		if len(receiver.Code) > 0 {
-			ret, evmerr := self.Eval(msg, receiver.Code, receiver)
-			if evmerr != nil {
-				self.state.Set(snapshot)
-
-				statelogger.Debugf("Error during code execution %v", evmerr)
-			}
-
-			msg.Output = ret
-		}
+	if err != nil {
+		statelogger.Debugln(err)
 	}
 
-	/*
-	* XXX The following _should_ replace the above transaction
-	* execution (also for regular calls. Will replace / test next
-	* phase
-	 */
-	/*
-		// Execute transaction
-		if tx.CreatesContract() {
-			self.rec = MakeContract(tx, self.state)
-		}
-
-		address := self.Receiver().Address()
-		evm := vm.New(NewEnv(state, self.tx, self.block), vm.DebugVmTy)
-		exe := NewExecution(evm, address, self.tx.Data, self.gas, self.gas.Price, self.tx.Value)
-		ret, err := msg.Exec(address, self.Sender())
-		if err != nil {
-			statelogger.Debugln(err)
-		} else {
-			if tx.CreatesContract() {
-				self.Receiver().Code = ret
-			}
-			msg.Output = ret
-		}
-	*/
-
-	// Add default LOG. Default = big(sender.addr) + 1
-	//addr := ethutil.BigD(receiver.Address())
-	//self.state.AddLog(&state.Log{ethutil.U256(addr.Add(addr, ethutil.Big1)).Bytes(), [][]byte{sender.Address()}, nil})
-
-	return
-}
-
-func (self *StateTransition) Eval(msg *state.Message, script []byte, context *state.StateObject) (ret []byte, err error) {
-	var (
-		transactor    = self.Sender()
-		state         = self.state
-		env           = NewEnv(state, self.tx, self.block)
-		callerClosure = vm.NewClosure(msg, transactor, context, script, self.gas, self.gasPrice)
-	)
-
-	evm := vm.New(env, vm.DebugVmTy)
-	// TMP this will change in the refactor
-	callerClosure.SetExecution(vm.NewExecution(evm, nil, nil, nil, nil, self.tx.Value))
-	ret, _, err = callerClosure.Call(evm, self.tx.Data)
-
 	return
 }
 
diff --git a/chain/vm_env.go b/chain/vm_env.go
index c1911ff510..c2428c2344 100644
--- a/chain/vm_env.go
+++ b/chain/vm_env.go
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ type VMEnv struct {
 	state *state.State
 	block *types.Block
 	tx    *types.Transaction
+	depth int
 }
 
 func NewEnv(state *state.State, tx *types.Transaction, block *types.Block) *VMEnv {
@@ -32,9 +33,31 @@ func (self *VMEnv) BlockHash() []byte     { return self.block.Hash() }
 func (self *VMEnv) Value() *big.Int       { return self.tx.Value }
 func (self *VMEnv) State() *state.State   { return self.state }
 func (self *VMEnv) GasLimit() *big.Int    { return self.block.GasLimit }
+func (self *VMEnv) Depth() int            { return self.depth }
+func (self *VMEnv) SetDepth(i int)        { self.depth = i }
 func (self *VMEnv) AddLog(log *state.Log) {
 	self.state.AddLog(log)
 }
 func (self *VMEnv) Transfer(from, to vm.Account, amount *big.Int) error {
 	return vm.Transfer(from, to, amount)
 }
+
+func (self *VMEnv) vm(addr, data []byte, gas, price, value *big.Int) *Execution {
+	evm := vm.New(self, vm.DebugVmTy)
+
+	return NewExecution(evm, addr, data, gas, price, value)
+}
+
+func (self *VMEnv) Call(me vm.ClosureRef, addr, data []byte, gas, price, value *big.Int) ([]byte, error) {
+	exe := self.vm(addr, data, gas, price, value)
+	return exe.Call(addr, me)
+}
+func (self *VMEnv) CallCode(me vm.ClosureRef, addr, data []byte, gas, price, value *big.Int) ([]byte, error) {
+	exe := self.vm(me.Address(), data, gas, price, value)
+	return exe.Call(addr, me)
+}
+
+func (self *VMEnv) Create(me vm.ClosureRef, addr, data []byte, gas, price, value *big.Int) ([]byte, error, vm.ClosureRef) {
+	exe := self.vm(addr, data, gas, price, value)
+	return exe.Create(me)
+}
diff --git a/state/state_object.go b/state/state_object.go
index 47c882463d..a56e91bc59 100644
--- a/state/state_object.go
+++ b/state/state_object.go
@@ -276,15 +276,14 @@ func (c *StateObject) Init() Code {
 	return c.InitCode
 }
 
-// To satisfy ClosureRef
-func (self *StateObject) Object() *StateObject {
-	return self
-}
-
 func (self *StateObject) Root() []byte {
 	return self.State.Trie.GetRoot()
 }
 
+func (self *StateObject) SetCode(code []byte) {
+	self.Code = code
+}
+
 //
 // Encoding
 //
diff --git a/tests/helper/vm.go b/tests/helper/vm.go
index 8e6645fc31..6ee50a5ae0 100644
--- a/tests/helper/vm.go
+++ b/tests/helper/vm.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package helper
 import (
 	"math/big"
 
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/chain"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethutil"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/state"
@@ -10,7 +11,10 @@ import (
 )
 
 type Env struct {
-	state *state.State
+	depth        int
+	state        *state.State
+	skipTransfer bool
+	Gas          *big.Int
 
 	origin   []byte
 	parent   []byte
@@ -56,33 +60,71 @@ func (self *Env) GasLimit() *big.Int    { return self.gasLimit }
 func (self *Env) AddLog(log *state.Log) {
 	self.logs = append(self.logs, log)
 }
+func (self *Env) Depth() int     { return self.depth }
+func (self *Env) SetDepth(i int) { self.depth = i }
 func (self *Env) Transfer(from, to vm.Account, amount *big.Int) error {
 	return vm.Transfer(from, to, amount)
 }
 
+func (self *Env) vm(addr, data []byte, gas, price, value *big.Int) *chain.Execution {
+	evm := vm.New(self, vm.DebugVmTy)
+	exec := chain.NewExecution(evm, addr, data, gas, price, value)
+	exec.SkipTransfer = self.skipTransfer
+
+	return exec
+}
+
+func (self *Env) Call(caller vm.ClosureRef, addr, data []byte, gas, price, value *big.Int) ([]byte, error) {
+	exe := self.vm(addr, data, gas, price, value)
+	ret, err := exe.Call(addr, caller)
+	self.Gas = exe.Gas
+
+	return ret, err
+}
+func (self *Env) CallCode(caller vm.ClosureRef, addr, data []byte, gas, price, value *big.Int) ([]byte, error) {
+	exe := self.vm(caller.Address(), data, gas, price, value)
+	return exe.Call(addr, caller)
+}
+
+func (self *Env) Create(caller vm.ClosureRef, addr, data []byte, gas, price, value *big.Int) ([]byte, error, vm.ClosureRef) {
+	exe := self.vm(addr, data, gas, price, value)
+	return exe.Create(caller)
+}
+
 func RunVm(state *state.State, env, exec map[string]string) ([]byte, state.Logs, *big.Int, error) {
-	address := FromHex(exec["address"])
-	caller := state.GetOrNewStateObject(FromHex(exec["caller"]))
+	var (
+		to    = FromHex(exec["address"])
+		from  = FromHex(exec["caller"])
+		data  = FromHex(exec["data"])
+		gas   = ethutil.Big(exec["gas"])
+		price = ethutil.Big(exec["gasPrice"])
+		value = ethutil.Big(exec["value"])
+	)
+
+	caller := state.GetOrNewStateObject(from)
 
 	vmenv := NewEnvFromMap(state, env, exec)
-	evm := vm.New(vmenv, vm.DebugVmTy)
-	execution := vm.NewExecution(evm, address, FromHex(exec["data"]), ethutil.Big(exec["gas"]), ethutil.Big(exec["gasPrice"]), ethutil.Big(exec["value"]))
-	execution.SkipTransfer = true
-	ret, err := execution.Exec(address, caller)
+	vmenv.skipTransfer = true
+	ret, err := vmenv.Call(caller, to, data, gas, price, value)
 
-	return ret, vmenv.logs, execution.Gas, err
+	return ret, vmenv.logs, vmenv.Gas, err
 }
 
 func RunState(state *state.State, env, tx map[string]string) ([]byte, state.Logs, *big.Int, error) {
-	address := FromHex(tx["to"])
-	keyPair, _ := crypto.NewKeyPairFromSec([]byte(ethutil.Hex2Bytes(tx["secretKey"])))
+	var (
+		keyPair, _ = crypto.NewKeyPairFromSec([]byte(ethutil.Hex2Bytes(tx["secretKey"])))
+		to         = FromHex(tx["to"])
+		data       = FromHex(tx["data"])
+		gas        = ethutil.Big(tx["gasLimit"])
+		price      = ethutil.Big(tx["gasPrice"])
+		value      = ethutil.Big(tx["value"])
+	)
+
 	caller := state.GetOrNewStateObject(keyPair.Address())
 
 	vmenv := NewEnvFromMap(state, env, tx)
 	vmenv.origin = caller.Address()
-	evm := vm.New(vmenv, vm.DebugVmTy)
-	execution := vm.NewExecution(evm, address, FromHex(tx["data"]), ethutil.Big(tx["gasLimit"]), ethutil.Big(tx["gasPrice"]), ethutil.Big(tx["value"]))
-	ret, err := execution.Exec(address, caller)
+	ret, err := vmenv.Call(caller, to, data, gas, price, value)
 
-	return ret, vmenv.logs, execution.Gas, err
+	return ret, vmenv.logs, vmenv.Gas, err
 }
diff --git a/tests/vm/gh_test.go b/tests/vm/gh_test.go
index 4c18d29e64..5c4df19757 100644
--- a/tests/vm/gh_test.go
+++ b/tests/vm/gh_test.go
@@ -1,147 +1,12 @@
 package vm
 
-<<<<<<< HEAD
-// import (
-// 	"bytes"
-// 	"testing"
-
-// 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethutil"
-// 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/state"
-// 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/tests/helper"
-// )
-
-// type Account struct {
-// 	Balance string
-// 	Code    string
-// 	Nonce   string
-// 	Storage map[string]string
-// }
-
-// func StateObjectFromAccount(addr string, account Account) *state.StateObject {
-// 	obj := state.NewStateObject(ethutil.Hex2Bytes(addr))
-// 	obj.SetBalance(ethutil.Big(account.Balance))
-
-// 	if ethutil.IsHex(account.Code) {
-// 		account.Code = account.Code[2:]
-// 	}
-// 	obj.Code = ethutil.Hex2Bytes(account.Code)
-// 	obj.Nonce = ethutil.Big(account.Nonce).Uint64()
-
-// 	return obj
-// }
-
-// type VmTest struct {
-// 	Callcreates interface{}
-// 	Env         map[string]string
-// 	Exec        map[string]string
-// 	Gas         string
-// 	Out         string
-// 	Post        map[string]Account
-// 	Pre         map[string]Account
-// }
-
-// func RunVmTest(p string, t *testing.T) {
-// 	tests := make(map[string]VmTest)
-// 	helper.CreateFileTests(t, p, &tests)
-
-// 	for name, test := range tests {
-// 		state := state.New(helper.NewTrie())
-// 		for addr, account := range test.Pre {
-// 			obj := StateObjectFromAccount(addr, account)
-// 			state.SetStateObject(obj)
-// 		}
-
-// 		ret, gas, err := helper.RunVm(state, test.Env, test.Exec)
-// 		// When an error is returned it doesn't always mean the tests fails.
-// 		// Have to come up with some conditional failing mechanism.
-// 		if err != nil {
-// 			t.Errorf("%s", err)
-// 			helper.Log.Infoln(err)
-// 		}
-
-// 		rexp := helper.FromHex(test.Out)
-// 		if bytes.Compare(rexp, ret) != 0 {
-// 			t.Errorf("%s's return failed. Expected %x, got %x\n", name, rexp, ret)
-// 		}
-
-// 		gexp := ethutil.Big(test.Gas)
-// 		if gexp.Cmp(gas) != 0 {
-// 			t.Errorf("%s's gas failed. Expected %v, got %v\n", name, gexp, gas)
-// 		}
-
-// 		for addr, account := range test.Post {
-// 			obj := state.GetStateObject(helper.FromHex(addr))
-// 			for addr, value := range account.Storage {
-// 				v := obj.GetState(helper.FromHex(addr)).Bytes()
-// 				vexp := helper.FromHex(value)
-
-// 				if bytes.Compare(v, vexp) != 0 {
-// 					t.Errorf("%s's : (%x: %s) storage failed. Expected %x, got %x (%v %v)\n", name, obj.Address()[0:4], addr, vexp, v, ethutil.BigD(vexp), ethutil.BigD(v))
-// 				}
-// 			}
-// 		}
-// 	}
-// }
-
-// // I've created a new function for each tests so it's easier to identify where the problem lies if any of them fail.
-// func TestVMArithmetic(t *testing.T) {
-// 	//helper.Logger.SetLogLevel(5)
-// 	const fn = "../files/vmtests/vmArithmeticTest.json"
-// 	RunVmTest(fn, t)
-// }
-
-// /*
-// deleted?
-// func TestVMSystemOperation(t *testing.T) {
-// 	helper.Logger.SetLogLevel(5)
-// 	const fn = "../files/vmtests/vmSystemOperationsTest.json"
-// 	RunVmTest(fn, t)
-// }
-// */
-
-// func TestBitwiseLogicOperation(t *testing.T) {
-// 	const fn = "../files/vmtests/vmBitwiseLogicOperationTest.json"
-// 	RunVmTest(fn, t)
-// }
-
-// func TestBlockInfo(t *testing.T) {
-// 	const fn = "../files/vmtests/vmBlockInfoTest.json"
-// 	RunVmTest(fn, t)
-// }
-
-// func TestEnvironmentalInfo(t *testing.T) {
-// 	const fn = "../files/vmtests/vmEnvironmentalInfoTest.json"
-// 	RunVmTest(fn, t)
-// }
-
-// func TestFlowOperation(t *testing.T) {
-// 	helper.Logger.SetLogLevel(5)
-// 	const fn = "../files/vmtests/vmIOandFlowOperationsTest.json"
-// 	RunVmTest(fn, t)
-// }
-
-// func TestPushDupSwap(t *testing.T) {
-// 	const fn = "../files/vmtests/vmPushDupSwapTest.json"
-// 	RunVmTest(fn, t)
-// }
-
-// func TestVMSha3(t *testing.T) {
-// 	const fn = "../files/vmtests/vmSha3Test.json"
-// 	RunVmTest(fn, t)
-// }
-
-// func TestVm(t *testing.T) {
-// 	const fn = "../files/vmtests/vmtests.json"
-// 	RunVmTest(fn, t)
-// }
-=======
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"math/big"
 	"strconv"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/chain"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/chain/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethutil"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/tests/helper"
@@ -263,7 +128,7 @@ func RunVmTest(p string, t *testing.T) {
 		}
 
 		if len(test.Logs) > 0 {
-			genBloom := ethutil.LeftPadBytes(chain.LogsBloom(logs).Bytes(), 64)
+			genBloom := ethutil.LeftPadBytes(types.LogsBloom(logs).Bytes(), 64)
 			// Logs within the test itself aren't correct, missing empty fields (32 0s)
 			for bloom /*logs*/, _ := range test.Logs {
 				if !bytes.Equal(genBloom, ethutil.Hex2Bytes(bloom)) {
@@ -339,4 +204,3 @@ func TestStateSpecialTest(t *testing.T) {
 	const fn = "../files/StateTests/stSpecialTest.json"
 	RunVmTest(fn, t)
 }
->>>>>>> develop
diff --git a/vm/closure.go b/vm/closure.go
index 5bd8c1bb86..2263236e72 100644
--- a/vm/closure.go
+++ b/vm/closure.go
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import (
 type ClosureRef interface {
 	ReturnGas(*big.Int, *big.Int)
 	Address() []byte
-	Object() *state.StateObject
+	SetCode([]byte)
 	GetStorage(*big.Int) *ethutil.Value
 	SetStorage(*big.Int, *ethutil.Value)
 }
@@ -20,10 +20,9 @@ type ClosureRef interface {
 // Basic inline closure object which implement the 'closure' interface
 type Closure struct {
 	caller  ClosureRef
-	object  *state.StateObject
+	object  ClosureRef
 	Code    []byte
 	message *state.Message
-	exe     *Execution
 
 	Gas, UsedGas, Price *big.Int
 
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ type Closure struct {
 }
 
 // Create a new closure for the given data items
-func NewClosure(msg *state.Message, caller ClosureRef, object *state.StateObject, code []byte, gas, price *big.Int) *Closure {
+func NewClosure(msg *state.Message, caller ClosureRef, object ClosureRef, code []byte, gas, price *big.Int) *Closure {
 	c := &Closure{message: msg, caller: caller, object: object, Code: code, Args: nil}
 
 	// Gas should be a pointer so it can safely be reduced through the run
@@ -89,6 +88,10 @@ func (c *Closure) Gets(x, y *big.Int) *ethutil.Value {
 	return ethutil.NewValue(partial)
 }
 
+func (self *Closure) SetCode(code []byte) {
+	self.Code = code
+}
+
 func (c *Closure) SetStorage(x *big.Int, val *ethutil.Value) {
 	c.object.SetStorage(x, val)
 }
@@ -97,6 +100,7 @@ func (c *Closure) Address() []byte {
 	return c.object.Address()
 }
 
+/*
 func (c *Closure) Call(vm VirtualMachine, args []byte) ([]byte, *big.Int, error) {
 	c.Args = args
 
@@ -104,6 +108,7 @@ func (c *Closure) Call(vm VirtualMachine, args []byte) ([]byte, *big.Int, error)
 
 	return ret, c.UsedGas, err
 }
+*/
 
 func (c *Closure) Return(ret []byte) []byte {
 	// Return the remaining gas to the caller
@@ -131,14 +136,6 @@ func (c *Closure) ReturnGas(gas, price *big.Int) {
 	c.UsedGas.Sub(c.UsedGas, gas)
 }
 
-func (c *Closure) Object() *state.StateObject {
-	return c.object
-}
-
 func (c *Closure) Caller() ClosureRef {
 	return c.caller
 }
-
-func (self *Closure) SetExecution(exe *Execution) {
-	self.exe = exe
-}
diff --git a/vm/environment.go b/vm/environment.go
index 5604989e15..3d75d05b94 100644
--- a/vm/environment.go
+++ b/vm/environment.go
@@ -21,6 +21,13 @@ type Environment interface {
 	GasLimit() *big.Int
 	Transfer(from, to Account, amount *big.Int) error
 	AddLog(*state.Log)
+
+	Depth() int
+	SetDepth(i int)
+
+	Call(me ClosureRef, addr, data []byte, gas, price, value *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
+	CallCode(me ClosureRef, addr, data []byte, gas, price, value *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
+	Create(me ClosureRef, addr, data []byte, gas, price, value *big.Int) ([]byte, error, ClosureRef)
 }
 
 type Object interface {
@@ -43,9 +50,5 @@ func Transfer(from, to Account, amount *big.Int) error {
 	from.SubBalance(amount)
 	to.AddBalance(amount)
 
-	// Add default LOG. Default = big(sender.addr) + 1
-	//addr := ethutil.BigD(receiver.Address())
-	//tx.addLog(vm.Log{sender.Address(), [][]byte{ethutil.U256(addr.Add(addr, ethutil.Big1)).Bytes()}, nil})
-
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/vm/execution.go b/vm/execution.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 8c04cf5366..0000000000
--- a/vm/execution.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-package vm
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"math/big"
-
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethutil"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/state"
-)
-
-type Execution struct {
-	vm                VirtualMachine
-	address, input    []byte
-	Gas, price, value *big.Int
-	object            *state.StateObject
-	SkipTransfer      bool
-}
-
-func NewExecution(vm VirtualMachine, address, input []byte, gas, gasPrice, value *big.Int) *Execution {
-	return &Execution{vm: vm, address: address, input: input, Gas: gas, price: gasPrice, value: value}
-}
-
-func (self *Execution) Addr() []byte {
-	return self.address
-}
-
-func (self *Execution) Exec(codeAddr []byte, caller ClosureRef) ([]byte, error) {
-	// Retrieve the executing code
-	code := self.vm.Env().State().GetCode(codeAddr)
-
-	return self.exec(code, codeAddr, caller)
-}
-
-func (self *Execution) exec(code, caddr []byte, caller ClosureRef) (ret []byte, err error) {
-	env := self.vm.Env()
-
-	vmlogger.Debugf("pre state %x\n", env.State().Root())
-	snapshot := env.State().Copy()
-	defer func() {
-		if IsDepthErr(err) || IsOOGErr(err) {
-			env.State().Set(snapshot)
-		}
-		vmlogger.Debugf("post state %x\n", env.State().Root())
-	}()
-
-	msg := env.State().Manifest().AddMessage(&state.Message{
-		To: self.address, From: caller.Address(),
-		Input:  self.input,
-		Origin: env.Origin(),
-		Block:  env.BlockHash(), Timestamp: env.Time(), Coinbase: env.Coinbase(), Number: env.BlockNumber(),
-		Value: self.value,
-	})
-
-	from, to := caller.Object(), env.State().GetOrNewStateObject(self.address)
-	// Skipping transfer is used on testing for the initial call
-	if !self.SkipTransfer {
-		err = env.Transfer(from, to, self.value)
-	}
-
-	if err != nil {
-		caller.ReturnGas(self.Gas, self.price)
-
-		err = fmt.Errorf("Insufficient funds to transfer value. Req %v, has %v", self.value, from.Balance)
-	} else {
-		self.object = to
-		// Pre-compiled contracts (address.go) 1, 2 & 3.
-		naddr := ethutil.BigD(caddr).Uint64()
-		if p := Precompiled[naddr]; p != nil {
-			if self.Gas.Cmp(p.Gas) >= 0 {
-				ret = p.Call(self.input)
-				self.vm.Printf("NATIVE_FUNC(%x) => %x", naddr, ret)
-				self.vm.Endl()
-			}
-		} else {
-			// Create a new callable closure
-			c := NewClosure(msg, caller, to, code, self.Gas, self.price)
-			c.exe = self
-
-			if self.vm.Depth() == MaxCallDepth {
-				c.UseGas(self.Gas)
-
-				return c.Return(nil), DepthError{}
-			}
-
-			// Executer the closure and get the return value (if any)
-			ret, _, err = c.Call(self.vm, self.input)
-			msg.Output = ret
-		}
-	}
-
-	return
-}
-
-func (self *Execution) Create(caller ClosureRef) (ret []byte, err error) {
-	return self.exec(self.input, nil, caller)
-}
diff --git a/vm/virtual_machine.go b/vm/virtual_machine.go
index cc8cd39a9f..5738075fb4 100644
--- a/vm/virtual_machine.go
+++ b/vm/virtual_machine.go
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 package vm
 
+import "math/big"
+
 type VirtualMachine interface {
 	Env() Environment
-	RunClosure(*Closure) ([]byte, error)
+	Run(me, caller ClosureRef, code []byte, value, gas, price *big.Int, data []byte) ([]byte, error)
 	Depth() int
 	Printf(string, ...interface{}) VirtualMachine
 	Endl() VirtualMachine
diff --git a/vm/vm.go b/vm/vm.go
index e1c2d9c14d..968ca10fa3 100644
--- a/vm/vm.go
+++ b/vm/vm.go
@@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
 package vm
 
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"math/big"
-
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethutil"
-)
+import "math/big"
 
 // BIG FAT WARNING. THIS VM IS NOT YET IS USE!
 // I want to get all VM tests pass first before updating this VM
@@ -26,686 +20,8 @@ func New(env Environment, typ Type) VirtualMachine {
 	}
 }
 
-func (self *Vm) RunClosure(closure *Closure) (ret []byte, err error) {
-	self.depth++
-
-	// Recover from any require exception
-	defer func() {
-		if r := recover(); r != nil {
-			ret = closure.Return(nil)
-			err = fmt.Errorf("%v", r)
-		}
-	}()
-
-	// Don't bother with the execution if there's no code.
-	if len(closure.Code) == 0 {
-		return closure.Return(nil), nil
-	}
-
-	var (
-		op OpCode
-
-		mem     = &Memory{}
-		stack   = NewStack()
-		pc      = 0
-		step    = 0
-		require = func(m int) {
-			if stack.Len() < m {
-				panic(fmt.Sprintf("%04v (%v) stack err size = %d, required = %d", pc, op, stack.Len(), m))
-			}
-		}
-	)
-
-	for {
-		// The base for all big integer arithmetic
-		base := new(big.Int)
-
-		step++
-		// Get the memory location of pc
-		op := closure.GetOp(pc)
-
-		gas := new(big.Int)
-		addStepGasUsage := func(amount *big.Int) {
-			gas.Add(gas, amount)
-		}
-
-		addStepGasUsage(GasStep)
-
-		var newMemSize *big.Int = ethutil.Big0
-		switch op {
-		case STOP:
-			gas.Set(ethutil.Big0)
-		case SUICIDE:
-			gas.Set(ethutil.Big0)
-		case SLOAD:
-			gas.Set(GasSLoad)
-		case SSTORE:
-			var mult *big.Int
-			y, x := stack.Peekn()
-			val := closure.GetStorage(x)
-			if val.BigInt().Cmp(ethutil.Big0) == 0 && len(y.Bytes()) > 0 {
-				mult = ethutil.Big2
-			} else if val.BigInt().Cmp(ethutil.Big0) != 0 && len(y.Bytes()) == 0 {
-				mult = ethutil.Big0
-			} else {
-				mult = ethutil.Big1
-			}
-			gas = new(big.Int).Mul(mult, GasSStore)
-		case BALANCE:
-			gas.Set(GasBalance)
-		case MSTORE:
-			require(2)
-			newMemSize = calcMemSize(stack.Peek(), u256(32))
-		case MLOAD:
-			require(1)
-
-			newMemSize = calcMemSize(stack.Peek(), u256(32))
-		case MSTORE8:
-			require(2)
-			newMemSize = calcMemSize(stack.Peek(), u256(1))
-		case RETURN:
-			require(2)
-
-			newMemSize = calcMemSize(stack.Peek(), stack.data[stack.Len()-2])
-		case SHA3:
-			require(2)
-
-			gas.Set(GasSha)
-
-			newMemSize = calcMemSize(stack.Peek(), stack.data[stack.Len()-2])
-		case CALLDATACOPY:
-			require(2)
-
-			newMemSize = calcMemSize(stack.Peek(), stack.data[stack.Len()-3])
-		case CODECOPY:
-			require(3)
-
-			newMemSize = calcMemSize(stack.Peek(), stack.data[stack.Len()-3])
-		case EXTCODECOPY:
-			require(4)
-
-			newMemSize = calcMemSize(stack.data[stack.Len()-2], stack.data[stack.Len()-4])
-		case CALL, CALLCODE:
-			require(7)
-			gas.Set(GasCall)
-			addStepGasUsage(stack.data[stack.Len()-1])
-
-			x := calcMemSize(stack.data[stack.Len()-6], stack.data[stack.Len()-7])
-			y := calcMemSize(stack.data[stack.Len()-4], stack.data[stack.Len()-5])
-
-			newMemSize = ethutil.BigMax(x, y)
-		case CREATE:
-			require(3)
-			gas.Set(GasCreate)
-
-			newMemSize = calcMemSize(stack.data[stack.Len()-2], stack.data[stack.Len()-3])
-		}
-
-		if newMemSize.Cmp(ethutil.Big0) > 0 {
-			newMemSize.Add(newMemSize, u256(31))
-			newMemSize.Div(newMemSize, u256(32))
-			newMemSize.Mul(newMemSize, u256(32))
-
-			if newMemSize.Cmp(u256(int64(mem.Len()))) > 0 {
-				memGasUsage := new(big.Int).Sub(newMemSize, u256(int64(mem.Len())))
-				memGasUsage.Mul(GasMemory, memGasUsage)
-				memGasUsage.Div(memGasUsage, u256(32))
-
-				addStepGasUsage(memGasUsage)
-			}
-		}
-
-		if !closure.UseGas(gas) {
-			err := fmt.Errorf("Insufficient gas for %v. req %v has %v", op, gas, closure.Gas)
-
-			closure.UseGas(closure.Gas)
-
-			return closure.Return(nil), err
-		}
-
-		mem.Resize(newMemSize.Uint64())
-
-		switch op {
-		// 0x20 range
-		case ADD:
-			require(2)
-			x, y := stack.Popn()
-
-			base.Add(y, x)
-
-			U256(base)
-
-			// Pop result back on the stack
-			stack.Push(base)
-		case SUB:
-			require(2)
-			x, y := stack.Popn()
-
-			base.Sub(y, x)
-
-			U256(base)
-
-			// Pop result back on the stack
-			stack.Push(base)
-		case MUL:
-			require(2)
-			x, y := stack.Popn()
-
-			base.Mul(y, x)
-
-			U256(base)
-
-			// Pop result back on the stack
-			stack.Push(base)
-		case DIV:
-			require(2)
-			x, y := stack.Popn()
-
-			if x.Cmp(ethutil.Big0) != 0 {
-				base.Div(y, x)
-			}
-
-			U256(base)
-
-			// Pop result back on the stack
-			stack.Push(base)
-		case SDIV:
-			require(2)
-			y, x := S256(stack.Pop()), S256(stack.Pop())
-
-			if x.Cmp(ethutil.Big0) == 0 {
-				base.Set(ethutil.Big0)
-			} else {
-				n := new(big.Int)
-				if new(big.Int).Mul(y, x).Cmp(ethutil.Big0) < 0 {
-					n.SetInt64(-1)
-				} else {
-					n.SetInt64(1)
-				}
-
-				base.Div(y.Abs(y), x.Mul(x.Abs(x), n))
-
-				U256(base)
-			}
-
-			stack.Push(base)
-		case MOD:
-			require(2)
-			x, y := stack.Popn()
-
-			base.Mod(y, x)
-
-			U256(base)
-
-			stack.Push(base)
-		case SMOD:
-			require(2)
-			y, x := S256(stack.Pop()), S256(stack.Pop())
-
-			if x.Cmp(ethutil.Big0) == 0 {
-				base.Set(ethutil.Big0)
-			} else {
-				n := new(big.Int)
-				if y.Cmp(ethutil.Big0) < 0 {
-					n.SetInt64(-1)
-				} else {
-					n.SetInt64(1)
-				}
-
-				base.Mod(y.Abs(y), x.Mul(x.Abs(x), n))
-
-				U256(base)
-			}
-
-			stack.Push(base)
-
-		case EXP:
-			require(2)
-			x, y := stack.Popn()
-
-			base.Exp(y, x, Pow256)
-
-			U256(base)
-
-			stack.Push(base)
-		case NOT:
-			require(1)
-			base.Sub(Pow256, stack.Pop())
-
-			base = U256(base)
-
-			stack.Push(base)
-		case LT:
-			require(2)
-			x, y := stack.Popn()
-			// x < y
-			if y.Cmp(x) < 0 {
-				stack.Push(ethutil.BigTrue)
-			} else {
-				stack.Push(ethutil.BigFalse)
-			}
-		case GT:
-			require(2)
-			x, y := stack.Popn()
-
-			// x > y
-			if y.Cmp(x) > 0 {
-				stack.Push(ethutil.BigTrue)
-			} else {
-				stack.Push(ethutil.BigFalse)
-			}
-
-		case SLT:
-			require(2)
-			y, x := S256(stack.Pop()), S256(stack.Pop())
-			// x < y
-			if y.Cmp(S256(x)) < 0 {
-				stack.Push(ethutil.BigTrue)
-			} else {
-				stack.Push(ethutil.BigFalse)
-			}
-		case SGT:
-			require(2)
-			y, x := S256(stack.Pop()), S256(stack.Pop())
-
-			// x > y
-			if y.Cmp(x) > 0 {
-				stack.Push(ethutil.BigTrue)
-			} else {
-				stack.Push(ethutil.BigFalse)
-			}
-
-		case EQ:
-			require(2)
-			x, y := stack.Popn()
-
-			// x == y
-			if x.Cmp(y) == 0 {
-				stack.Push(ethutil.BigTrue)
-			} else {
-				stack.Push(ethutil.BigFalse)
-			}
-		case ISZERO:
-			require(1)
-			x := stack.Pop()
-			if x.Cmp(ethutil.BigFalse) > 0 {
-				stack.Push(ethutil.BigFalse)
-			} else {
-				stack.Push(ethutil.BigTrue)
-			}
-
-			// 0x10 range
-		case AND:
-			require(2)
-			x, y := stack.Popn()
-
-			stack.Push(base.And(y, x))
-		case OR:
-			require(2)
-			x, y := stack.Popn()
-
-			stack.Push(base.Or(y, x))
-		case XOR:
-			require(2)
-			x, y := stack.Popn()
-
-			stack.Push(base.Xor(y, x))
-		case BYTE:
-			require(2)
-			val, th := stack.Popn()
-			if th.Cmp(big.NewInt(32)) < 0 && th.Cmp(big.NewInt(int64(len(val.Bytes())))) < 0 {
-				byt := big.NewInt(int64(ethutil.LeftPadBytes(val.Bytes(), 32)[th.Int64()]))
-				stack.Push(byt)
-
-			} else {
-				stack.Push(ethutil.BigFalse)
-			}
-		case ADDMOD:
-			require(3)
-
-			x := stack.Pop()
-			y := stack.Pop()
-			z := stack.Pop()
-
-			base.Add(x, y)
-			base.Mod(base, z)
-
-			U256(base)
-
-			stack.Push(base)
-		case MULMOD:
-			require(3)
-
-			x := stack.Pop()
-			y := stack.Pop()
-			z := stack.Pop()
-
-			base.Mul(x, y)
-			base.Mod(base, z)
-
-			U256(base)
-
-			stack.Push(base)
-
-			// 0x20 range
-		case SHA3:
-			require(2)
-			size, offset := stack.Popn()
-			data := crypto.Sha3(mem.Get(offset.Int64(), size.Int64()))
-
-			stack.Push(ethutil.BigD(data))
-
-			// 0x30 range
-		case ADDRESS:
-			stack.Push(ethutil.BigD(closure.Address()))
-
-		case BALANCE:
-			require(1)
-
-			addr := stack.Pop().Bytes()
-			balance := self.env.State().GetBalance(addr)
-
-			stack.Push(balance)
-
-		case ORIGIN:
-			origin := self.env.Origin()
-
-			stack.Push(ethutil.BigD(origin))
-
-		case CALLER:
-			caller := closure.caller.Address()
-			stack.Push(ethutil.BigD(caller))
-
-		case CALLVALUE:
-			value := closure.exe.value
-
-			stack.Push(value)
-
-		case CALLDATALOAD:
-			require(1)
-			var (
-				offset  = stack.Pop()
-				data    = make([]byte, 32)
-				lenData = big.NewInt(int64(len(closure.Args)))
-			)
-
-			if lenData.Cmp(offset) >= 0 {
-				length := new(big.Int).Add(offset, ethutil.Big32)
-				length = ethutil.BigMin(length, lenData)
-
-				copy(data, closure.Args[offset.Int64():length.Int64()])
-			}
-
-			stack.Push(ethutil.BigD(data))
-		case CALLDATASIZE:
-			l := int64(len(closure.Args))
-			stack.Push(big.NewInt(l))
-
-		case CALLDATACOPY:
-			var (
-				size = int64(len(closure.Args))
-				mOff = stack.Pop().Int64()
-				cOff = stack.Pop().Int64()
-				l    = stack.Pop().Int64()
-			)
-
-			if cOff > size {
-				cOff = 0
-				l = 0
-			} else if cOff+l > size {
-				l = 0
-			}
-
-			code := closure.Args[cOff : cOff+l]
-
-			mem.Set(mOff, l, code)
-		case CODESIZE, EXTCODESIZE:
-			var code []byte
-			if op == EXTCODECOPY {
-				addr := stack.Pop().Bytes()
-
-				code = self.env.State().GetCode(addr)
-			} else {
-				code = closure.Code
-			}
-
-			l := big.NewInt(int64(len(code)))
-			stack.Push(l)
-
-		case CODECOPY, EXTCODECOPY:
-			var code []byte
-			if op == EXTCODECOPY {
-				addr := stack.Pop().Bytes()
-
-				code = self.env.State().GetCode(addr)
-			} else {
-				code = closure.Code
-			}
-
-			var (
-				size = int64(len(code))
-				mOff = stack.Pop().Int64()
-				cOff = stack.Pop().Int64()
-				l    = stack.Pop().Int64()
-			)
-
-			if cOff > size {
-				cOff = 0
-				l = 0
-			} else if cOff+l > size {
-				l = 0
-			}
-
-			codeCopy := code[cOff : cOff+l]
-
-			mem.Set(mOff, l, codeCopy)
-		case GASPRICE:
-			stack.Push(closure.Price)
-
-			// 0x40 range
-		case PREVHASH:
-			prevHash := self.env.PrevHash()
-
-			stack.Push(ethutil.BigD(prevHash))
-
-		case COINBASE:
-			coinbase := self.env.Coinbase()
-
-			stack.Push(ethutil.BigD(coinbase))
-
-		case TIMESTAMP:
-			time := self.env.Time()
-
-			stack.Push(big.NewInt(time))
-
-		case NUMBER:
-			number := self.env.BlockNumber()
-
-			stack.Push(number)
-
-		case DIFFICULTY:
-			difficulty := self.env.Difficulty()
-
-			stack.Push(difficulty)
-
-		case GASLIMIT:
-			// TODO
-			stack.Push(big.NewInt(0))
-
-			// 0x50 range
-		case PUSH1, PUSH2, PUSH3, PUSH4, PUSH5, PUSH6, PUSH7, PUSH8, PUSH9, PUSH10, PUSH11, PUSH12, PUSH13, PUSH14, PUSH15, PUSH16, PUSH17, PUSH18, PUSH19, PUSH20, PUSH21, PUSH22, PUSH23, PUSH24, PUSH25, PUSH26, PUSH27, PUSH28, PUSH29, PUSH30, PUSH31, PUSH32:
-			a := int(op - PUSH1 + 1)
-			val := ethutil.BigD(closure.GetBytes(int(pc+1), a))
-			// Push value to stack
-			stack.Push(val)
-
-			pc += a
-
-			step += int(op) - int(PUSH1) + 1
-		case POP:
-			require(1)
-			stack.Pop()
-		case DUP1, DUP2, DUP3, DUP4, DUP5, DUP6, DUP7, DUP8, DUP9, DUP10, DUP11, DUP12, DUP13, DUP14, DUP15, DUP16:
-			n := int(op - DUP1 + 1)
-			stack.Dupn(n)
-		case SWAP1, SWAP2, SWAP3, SWAP4, SWAP5, SWAP6, SWAP7, SWAP8, SWAP9, SWAP10, SWAP11, SWAP12, SWAP13, SWAP14, SWAP15, SWAP16:
-			n := int(op - SWAP1 + 2)
-			stack.Swapn(n)
-
-		case MLOAD:
-			require(1)
-			offset := stack.Pop()
-			val := ethutil.BigD(mem.Get(offset.Int64(), 32))
-			stack.Push(val)
-
-		case MSTORE: // Store the value at stack top-1 in to memory at location stack top
-			require(2)
-			// Pop value of the stack
-			val, mStart := stack.Popn()
-			mem.Set(mStart.Int64(), 32, ethutil.BigToBytes(val, 256))
-
-		case MSTORE8:
-			require(2)
-			off := stack.Pop()
-			val := stack.Pop()
-
-			mem.store[off.Int64()] = byte(val.Int64() & 0xff)
-
-		case SLOAD:
-			require(1)
-			loc := stack.Pop()
-			val := closure.GetStorage(loc)
-
-			stack.Push(val.BigInt())
-
-		case SSTORE:
-			require(2)
-			val, loc := stack.Popn()
-			closure.SetStorage(loc, ethutil.NewValue(val))
-
-			closure.message.AddStorageChange(loc.Bytes())
-
-		case JUMP:
-			require(1)
-			pc = int(stack.Pop().Int64())
-			// Reduce pc by one because of the increment that's at the end of this for loop
-
-			continue
-		case JUMPI:
-			require(2)
-			cond, pos := stack.Popn()
-			if cond.Cmp(ethutil.BigTrue) >= 0 {
-				pc = int(pos.Int64())
-
-				if closure.GetOp(int(pc)) != JUMPDEST {
-					return closure.Return(nil), fmt.Errorf("JUMP missed JUMPDEST %v", pc)
-				}
-
-				continue
-			}
-		case JUMPDEST:
-		case PC:
-			stack.Push(u256(int64(pc)))
-		case MSIZE:
-			stack.Push(big.NewInt(int64(mem.Len())))
-		case GAS:
-			stack.Push(closure.Gas)
-			// 0x60 range
-		case CREATE:
-			require(3)
-
-			var (
-				err          error
-				value        = stack.Pop()
-				size, offset = stack.Popn()
-				input        = mem.Get(offset.Int64(), size.Int64())
-				gas          = new(big.Int).Set(closure.Gas)
-
-				// Snapshot the current stack so we are able to
-				// revert back to it later.
-				//snapshot = self.env.State().Copy()
-			)
-
-			// Generate a new address
-			addr := crypto.CreateAddress(closure.Address(), closure.object.Nonce)
-			closure.object.Nonce++
-
-			closure.UseGas(closure.Gas)
-
-			msg := NewExecution(self, addr, input, gas, closure.Price, value)
-			ret, err := msg.Exec(addr, closure)
-			if err != nil {
-				stack.Push(ethutil.BigFalse)
-
-				// Revert the state as it was before.
-				//self.env.State().Set(snapshot)
-
-			} else {
-				msg.object.Code = ret
-
-				stack.Push(ethutil.BigD(addr))
-			}
-
-		case CALL, CALLCODE:
-			require(7)
-
-			gas := stack.Pop()
-			// Pop gas and value of the stack.
-			value, addr := stack.Popn()
-			// Pop input size and offset
-			inSize, inOffset := stack.Popn()
-			// Pop return size and offset
-			retSize, retOffset := stack.Popn()
-
-			// Get the arguments from the memory
-			args := mem.Get(inOffset.Int64(), inSize.Int64())
-
-			var executeAddr []byte
-			if op == CALLCODE {
-				executeAddr = closure.Address()
-			} else {
-				executeAddr = addr.Bytes()
-			}
-
-			msg := NewExecution(self, executeAddr, args, gas, closure.Price, value)
-			ret, err := msg.Exec(addr.Bytes(), closure)
-			if err != nil {
-				stack.Push(ethutil.BigFalse)
-			} else {
-				stack.Push(ethutil.BigTrue)
-
-				mem.Set(retOffset.Int64(), retSize.Int64(), ret)
-			}
-
-		case RETURN:
-			require(2)
-			size, offset := stack.Popn()
-			ret := mem.Get(offset.Int64(), size.Int64())
-
-			return closure.Return(ret), nil
-		case SUICIDE:
-			require(1)
-
-			receiver := self.env.State().GetOrNewStateObject(stack.Pop().Bytes())
-
-			receiver.AddAmount(closure.object.Balance())
-
-			closure.object.MarkForDeletion()
-
-			fallthrough
-		case STOP: // Stop the closure
-
-			return closure.Return(nil), nil
-		default:
-			vmlogger.Debugf("(pc) %-3v Invalid opcode %x\n", pc, op)
-
-			//panic(fmt.Sprintf("Invalid opcode %x", op))
-
-			return closure.Return(nil), fmt.Errorf("Invalid opcode %x", op)
-		}
-
-		pc++
-	}
+func (self *Vm) Run(me, caller ClosureRef, code []byte, value, gas, price *big.Int, data []byte) (ret []byte, err error) {
+	return nil, nil
 }
 
 func (self *Vm) Env() Environment {
diff --git a/vm/vm_debug.go b/vm/vm_debug.go
index 91d3c55c1b..26756fceb9 100644
--- a/vm/vm_debug.go
+++ b/vm/vm_debug.go
@@ -35,11 +35,26 @@ func NewDebugVm(env Environment) *DebugVm {
 		lt = LogTyDiff
 	}
 
-	return &DebugVm{env: env, logTy: lt, Recoverable: false}
+	return &DebugVm{env: env, logTy: lt, Recoverable: true}
 }
 
-func (self *DebugVm) RunClosure(closure *Closure) (ret []byte, err error) {
-	self.depth++
+func (self *DebugVm) Run(me, caller ClosureRef, code []byte, value, gas, price *big.Int, callData []byte) (ret []byte, err error) {
+	self.env.SetDepth(self.env.Depth() + 1)
+
+	msg := self.env.State().Manifest().AddMessage(&state.Message{
+		To: me.Address(), From: caller.Address(),
+		Input:  callData,
+		Origin: self.env.Origin(),
+		Block:  self.env.BlockHash(), Timestamp: self.env.Time(), Coinbase: self.env.Coinbase(), Number: self.env.BlockNumber(),
+		Value: value,
+	})
+	closure := NewClosure(msg, caller, me, code, gas, price)
+
+	if self.env.Depth() == MaxCallDepth {
+		closure.UseGas(gas)
+
+		return closure.Return(nil), DepthError{}
+	}
 
 	if self.Recoverable {
 		// Recover from any require exception
@@ -96,17 +111,12 @@ func (self *DebugVm) RunClosure(closure *Closure) (ret []byte, err error) {
 		}
 	)
 
-	// Debug hook
-	if self.Dbg != nil {
-		self.Dbg.SetCode(closure.Code)
-	}
-
 	// Don't bother with the execution if there's no code.
-	if len(closure.Code) == 0 {
+	if len(code) == 0 {
 		return closure.Return(nil), nil
 	}
 
-	vmlogger.Debugf("(%d) %x gas: %v (d) %x\n", self.depth, closure.Address(), closure.Gas, closure.Args)
+	vmlogger.Debugf("(%d) %x gas: %v (d) %x\n", self.depth, closure.Address(), closure.Gas, callData)
 
 	for {
 		prevStep = step
@@ -596,8 +606,6 @@ func (self *DebugVm) RunClosure(closure *Closure) (ret []byte, err error) {
 
 			self.Printf(" => %x", caller)
 		case CALLVALUE:
-			value := closure.exe.value
-
 			stack.Push(value)
 
 			self.Printf(" => %v", value)
@@ -605,27 +613,27 @@ func (self *DebugVm) RunClosure(closure *Closure) (ret []byte, err error) {
 			var (
 				offset  = stack.Pop()
 				data    = make([]byte, 32)
-				lenData = big.NewInt(int64(len(closure.Args)))
+				lenData = big.NewInt(int64(len(callData)))
 			)
 
 			if lenData.Cmp(offset) >= 0 {
 				length := new(big.Int).Add(offset, ethutil.Big32)
 				length = ethutil.BigMin(length, lenData)
 
-				copy(data, closure.Args[offset.Int64():length.Int64()])
+				copy(data, callData[offset.Int64():length.Int64()])
 			}
 
 			self.Printf(" => 0x%x", data)
 
 			stack.Push(ethutil.BigD(data))
 		case CALLDATASIZE:
-			l := int64(len(closure.Args))
+			l := int64(len(callData))
 			stack.Push(big.NewInt(l))
 
 			self.Printf(" => %d", l)
 		case CALLDATACOPY:
 			var (
-				size = int64(len(closure.Args))
+				size = int64(len(callData))
 				mOff = stack.Pop().Int64()
 				cOff = stack.Pop().Int64()
 				l    = stack.Pop().Int64()
@@ -638,7 +646,7 @@ func (self *DebugVm) RunClosure(closure *Closure) (ret []byte, err error) {
 				l = 0
 			}
 
-			code := closure.Args[cOff : cOff+l]
+			code := callData[cOff : cOff+l]
 
 			mem.Set(mOff, l, code)
 
@@ -847,17 +855,14 @@ func (self *DebugVm) RunClosure(closure *Closure) (ret []byte, err error) {
 
 			closure.UseGas(closure.Gas)
 
-			msg := NewExecution(self, addr, input, gas, closure.Price, value)
-			ret, err := msg.Create(closure)
+			ret, err, ref := self.env.Create(closure, addr, input, gas, price, value)
 			if err != nil {
 				stack.Push(ethutil.BigFalse)
 
-				// Revert the state as it was before.
-				//self.env.State().Set(snapshot)
-
 				self.Printf("CREATE err %v", err)
 			} else {
-				msg.object.Code = ret
+				ref.SetCode(ret)
+				msg.Output = ret
 
 				stack.Push(ethutil.BigD(addr))
 			}
@@ -889,14 +894,14 @@ func (self *DebugVm) RunClosure(closure *Closure) (ret []byte, err error) {
 				executeAddr = addr.Bytes()
 			}
 
-			msg := NewExecution(self, executeAddr, args, gas, closure.Price, value)
-			ret, err := msg.Exec(addr.Bytes(), closure)
+			ret, err := self.env.Call(closure, executeAddr, args, gas, price, value)
 			if err != nil {
 				stack.Push(ethutil.BigFalse)
 
 				vmlogger.Debugln(err)
 			} else {
 				stack.Push(ethutil.BigTrue)
+				msg.Output = ret
 
 				mem.Set(retOffset.Int64(), retSize.Int64(), ret)
 			}