core/evm: RANDOM opcode (EIP-4399) (#24141)

* core: implement eip-4399 random opcode

* core: make vmconfig threadsafe

* core: miner: pass vmConfig by value not reference

* all: enable 4399 by Rules

* core: remove diff (f)

* tests: set proper difficulty (f)

* smaller diff (f)

* eth/catalyst: nit

* core: make RANDOM a pointer which is only set post-merge

* cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool: fix t8n tracing of 4399

* tests: set difficulty

* cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool: check that baserules are london before applying the merge chainrules

cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go

@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ type ommer struct {
 type stEnv struct {
 	Coinbase         common.Address                      `json:"currentCoinbase"   gencodec:"required"`
 	Difficulty       *big.Int                            `json:"currentDifficulty"`
+	Random           *big.Int                            `json:"currentRandom"`
 	ParentDifficulty *big.Int                            `json:"parentDifficulty"`
 	GasLimit         uint64                              `json:"currentGasLimit"   gencodec:"required"`
 	Number           uint64                              `json:"currentNumber"     gencodec:"required"`
@@ -81,6 +82,7 @@ type stEnv struct {
 type stEnvMarshaling struct {
 	Coinbase         common.UnprefixedAddress
 	Difficulty       *math.HexOrDecimal256
+	Random           *math.HexOrDecimal256
 	ParentDifficulty *math.HexOrDecimal256
 	GasLimit         math.HexOrDecimal64
 	Number           math.HexOrDecimal64
@@ -139,6 +141,11 @@ func (pre *Prestate) Apply(vmConfig vm.Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig,
 	if pre.Env.BaseFee != nil {
 		vmContext.BaseFee = new(big.Int).Set(pre.Env.BaseFee)
 	}
+	// If random is defined, add it to the vmContext.
+	if pre.Env.Random != nil {
+		rnd := common.BigToHash(pre.Env.Random)
+		vmContext.Random = &rnd
+	}
 	// If DAO is supported/enabled, we need to handle it here. In geth 'proper', it's
 	// done in StateProcessor.Process(block, ...), right before transactions are applied.
 	if chainConfig.DAOForkSupport &&