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#1638 Add Parameter Object pattern (#1650)

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* #1638 Add Parameter Object pattern

* #1638 Fix comments and formatting for Parameter Object pattern

* #1638 Fix formatting, commenting, remove string concatenation in Parameter Object pattern

* #1638 Fix readme formatting and log parameter object
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---
layout: pattern
title: Parameter Object
folder: parameter-object
permalink: /patterns/parameter-object/
categories: Behavioral
tags:
- Extensibility
---
## Intent
The syntax of Java language doesn’t allow you to declare a method with a predefined value
for a parameter. Probably the best option to achieve default method parameters in Java is
by using the method overloading. Method overloading allows you to declare several methods
with the same name but with a different number of parameters. But the main problem with
method overloading as a solution for default parameter values reveals itself when a method
accepts multiple parameters. Creating an overloaded method for each possible combination of
parameters might be cumbersome. To deal with this issue, the Parameter Object pattern is used.
## Explanation
The Parameter Object is simply a wrapper object for all parameters of a method.
It is nothing more than just a regular POJO. The advantage of the Parameter Object over a
regular method parameter list is the fact that class fields can have default values.
Once the wrapper class is created for the method parameter list, a corresponding builder class
is also created. Usually it's an inner static class. The final step is to use the builder
to construct a new parameter object. For those parameters that are skipped,
their default values are going to be used.
**Programmatic Example**
Here's the simple `SearchService` class where Method Overloading is used to default values here. To use method overloading, either the number of arguments or argument type has to be different.
```java
public class SearchService {
//Method Overloading example. SortOrder is defaulted in this method
public String search(String type, String sortBy) {
return getQuerySummary(type, sortBy, SortOrder.DESC);
}
/* Method Overloading example. SortBy is defaulted in this method. Note that the type has to be
different here to overload the method */
public String search(String type, SortOrder sortOrder) {
return getQuerySummary(type, "price", sortOrder);
}
private String getQuerySummary(String type, String sortBy, SortOrder sortOrder) {
return "Requesting shoes of type \"" + type + "\" sorted by \"" + sortBy + "\" in \""
+ sortOrder.getValue() + "ending\" order...";
}
}
```
Next we present the `SearchService` with `ParameterObject` created with Builder pattern.
```java
public class SearchService {
/* Parameter Object example. Default values are abstracted into the Parameter Object
at the time of Object creation */
public String search(ParameterObject parameterObject) {
return getQuerySummary(parameterObject.getType(), parameterObject.getSortBy(),
parameterObject.getSortOrder());
}
private String getQuerySummary(String type, String sortBy, SortOrder sortOrder) {
return "Requesting shoes of type \"" + type + "\" sorted by \"" + sortBy + "\" in \""
+ sortOrder.getValue() + "ending\" order...";
}
}
public class ParameterObject {
public static final String DEFAULT_SORT_BY = "price";
public static final SortOrder DEFAULT_SORT_ORDER = SortOrder.ASC;
private String type;
private String sortBy = DEFAULT_SORT_BY;
private SortOrder sortOrder = DEFAULT_SORT_ORDER;
private ParameterObject(Builder builder) {
type = builder.type;
sortBy = builder.sortBy != null && !builder.sortBy.isBlank() ? builder.sortBy : sortBy;
sortOrder = builder.sortOrder != null ? builder.sortOrder : sortOrder;
}
public static Builder newBuilder() {
return new Builder();
}
//Getters and Setters...
public static final class Builder {
private String type;
private String sortBy;
private SortOrder sortOrder;
private Builder() {
}
public Builder withType(String type) {
this.type = type;
return this;
}
public Builder sortBy(String sortBy) {
this.sortBy = sortBy;
return this;
}
public Builder sortOrder(SortOrder sortOrder) {
this.sortOrder = sortOrder;
return this;
}
public ParameterObject build() {
return new ParameterObject(this);
}
}
}
```
## Class diagram
![alt text](./etc/parameter-object.png "Parameter Object")
## Applicability
This pattern shows us the way to have default parameters for a method in Java as the language doesn't default parameters feature out of the box.
## Credits
- [Does Java have default parameters?](http://dolszewski.com/java/java-default-parameters)

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@startuml
package com.iluwatar.parameter.object {
class App {
- LOGGER : Logger {static}
+ App()
+ main(args : String[]) {static}
}
class ParameterObject {
+ DEFAULT_SORT_BY : String {static}
+ DEFAULT_SORT_ORDER : SortOrder {static}
- sortBy : String
- sortOrder : SortOrder
- type : String
- ParameterObject(builder : Builder)
+ getSortBy() : String
+ getSortOrder() : SortOrder
+ getType() : String
+ newBuilder() : Builder {static}
+ setSortBy(sortBy : String)
+ setSortOrder(sortOrder : SortOrder)
+ setType(type : String)
}
class Builder {
- sortBy : String
- sortOrder : SortOrder
- type : String
- Builder()
+ build() : ParameterObject
+ sortBy(sortBy : String) : Builder
+ sortOrder(sortOrder : SortOrder) : Builder
+ withType(type : String) : Builder
}
class SearchService {
+ SearchService()
- getQuerySummary(type : String, sortBy : String, sortOrder : SortOrder) : String
+ search(parameterObject : ParameterObject) : String
+ search(type : String, sortBy : String) : String
+ search(type : String, sortOrder : SortOrder) : String
}
enum SortOrder {
+ ASC {static}
+ DESC {static}
- value : String
+ getValue() : String
+ valueOf(name : String) : SortOrder {static}
+ values() : SortOrder[] {static}
}
}
Builder --> "-sortOrder" SortOrder
Builder ..+ ParameterObject
ParameterObject --> "-DEFAULT_SORT_ORDER" SortOrder
@enduml

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<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!--
The MIT License
Copyright © 2014-2019 Ilkka Seppälä
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.
-->
<project xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd" xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<parent>
<groupId>com.iluwatar</groupId>
<artifactId>java-design-patterns</artifactId>
<version>1.24.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
<artifactId>parameter-object</artifactId>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
<artifactId>junit-jupiter-engine</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-assembly-plugin</artifactId>
<executions>
<execution>
<configuration>
<archive>
<manifest>
<mainClass>com.iluwatar.parameter.object.App</mainClass>
</manifest>
</archive>
</configuration>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>

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/*
* The MIT License
* Copyright © 2014-2019 Ilkka Seppälä
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
* of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
* all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
* THE SOFTWARE.
*/
package com.iluwatar.parameter.object;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
/**
* The syntax of Java language doesn’t allow you to declare a method with a predefined value
* for a parameter. Probably the best option to achieve default method parameters in Java is
* by using the method overloading. Method overloading allows you to declare several methods
* with the same name but with a different number of parameters. But the main problem with
* method overloading as a solution for default parameter values reveals itself when a method
* accepts multiple parameters. Creating an overloaded method for each possible combination of
* parameters might be cumbersome. To deal with this issue, the Parameter Object pattern is used.
* The Parameter Object is simply a wrapper object for all parameters of a method.
* It is nothing more than just a regular POJO. The advantage of the Parameter Object over a
* regular method parameter list is the fact that class fields can have default values.
* Once the wrapper class is created for the method parameter list, a corresponding builder class
* is also created. Usually it's an inner static class. The final step is to use the builder
* to construct a new parameter object. For those parameters that are skipped,
* their default values are going to be used.
*/
public class App {
private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(App.class);
/**
* Program entry point.
*
* @param args command line args
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
ParameterObject params = ParameterObject.newBuilder()
.withType("sneakers")
.sortBy("brand")
.build();
LOGGER.info(params.toString());
LOGGER.info(new SearchService().search(params));
}
}

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/*
* The MIT License
* Copyright © 2014-2019 Ilkka Seppälä
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
* of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
* all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
* THE SOFTWARE.
*/
package com.iluwatar.parameter.object;
public class ParameterObject {
/**
* Default values are defined here.
*/
public static final String DEFAULT_SORT_BY = "price";
public static final SortOrder DEFAULT_SORT_ORDER = SortOrder.ASC;
private String type;
/**
* Default values are assigned here.
*/
private String sortBy = DEFAULT_SORT_BY;
private SortOrder sortOrder = DEFAULT_SORT_ORDER;
/**
* Overriding default values on object creation only when builder object has a valid value.
*/
private ParameterObject(Builder builder) {
setType(builder.type);
setSortBy(builder.sortBy != null && !builder.sortBy.isBlank() ? builder.sortBy : sortBy);
setSortOrder(builder.sortOrder != null ? builder.sortOrder : sortOrder);
}
public static Builder newBuilder() {
return new Builder();
}
public String getType() {
return type;
}
public void setType(String type) {
this.type = type;
}
public String getSortBy() {
return sortBy;
}
public void setSortBy(String sortBy) {
this.sortBy = sortBy;
}
public SortOrder getSortOrder() {
return sortOrder;
}
public void setSortOrder(SortOrder sortOrder) {
this.sortOrder = sortOrder;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return String.format("ParameterObject[type='%s', sortBy='%s', sortOrder='%s']",
type, sortBy, sortOrder);
}
public static final class Builder {
private String type;
private String sortBy;
private SortOrder sortOrder;
private Builder() {
}
public Builder withType(String type) {
this.type = type;
return this;
}
public Builder sortBy(String sortBy) {
this.sortBy = sortBy;
return this;
}
public Builder sortOrder(SortOrder sortOrder) {
this.sortOrder = sortOrder;
return this;
}
public ParameterObject build() {
return new ParameterObject(this);
}
}
}

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/*
* The MIT License
* Copyright © 2014-2019 Ilkka Seppälä
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
* of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
* all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
* THE SOFTWARE.
*/
package com.iluwatar.parameter.object;
public class SearchService {
/**
* Below two methods of name `search` is overloaded so that we can send a default value for
* one of the criteria and call the final api. A default SortOrder is sent in the first method
* and a default SortBy is sent in the second method. So two separate method definitions are
* needed for having default values for one argument in each case. Hence multiple overloaded
* methods are needed as the number of argument increases.
*/
public String search(String type, String sortBy) {
return getQuerySummary(type, sortBy, SortOrder.ASC);
}
public String search(String type, SortOrder sortOrder) {
return getQuerySummary(type, "price", sortOrder);
}
/**
* The need for multiple method definitions can be avoided by the Parameter Object pattern.
* Below is the example where only one method is required and all the logic for having default
* values are abstracted into the Parameter Object at the time of object creation.
*/
public String search(ParameterObject parameterObject) {
return getQuerySummary(parameterObject.getType(), parameterObject.getSortBy(),
parameterObject.getSortOrder());
}
private String getQuerySummary(String type, String sortBy, SortOrder sortOrder) {
return String.format("Requesting shoes of type \"%s\" sorted by \"%s\" in \"%sending\" order..",
type,
sortBy,
sortOrder.getValue());
}
}

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/*
* The MIT License
* Copyright © 2014-2019 Ilkka Seppälä
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
* of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
* all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
* THE SOFTWARE.
*/
package com.iluwatar.parameter.object;
public enum SortOrder {
ASC("asc"),
DESC("desc");
private String value;
SortOrder(String value) {
this.value = value;
}
public String getValue() {
return value;
}
}

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/*
* The MIT License
* Copyright © 2014-2019 Ilkka Seppälä
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
* of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
* all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
* THE SOFTWARE.
*/
package com.iluwatar.parameter.object;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
/**
* Application test
*/
class AppTest {
private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(AppTest.class);
@Test
void shouldExecuteApplicationWithoutException() {
App.main(new String[]{});
LOGGER.info("Executed successfully without exception.");
}
}

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/*
* The MIT License
* Copyright © 2014-2019 Ilkka Seppälä
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
* of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
* all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
* THE SOFTWARE.
*/
package com.iluwatar.parameter.object;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
class ParameterObjectTest {
private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ParameterObjectTest.class);
@Test
public void testForDefaultSortBy() {
//Creating parameter object with default value for SortBy set
ParameterObject params = ParameterObject.newBuilder()
.withType("sneakers")
.sortOrder(SortOrder.DESC)
.build();
assertEquals(ParameterObject.DEFAULT_SORT_BY, params.getSortBy(),
"Default SortBy is not set.");
LOGGER.info("{} Default parameter value is set during object creation as no value is passed."
, "SortBy");
}
@Test
public void testForDefaultSortOrder() {
//Creating parameter object with default value for SortOrder set
ParameterObject params = ParameterObject.newBuilder()
.withType("sneakers")
.sortBy("brand")
.build();
assertEquals(ParameterObject.DEFAULT_SORT_ORDER, params.getSortOrder(),
"Default SortOrder is not set.");
LOGGER.info("{} Default parameter value is set during object creation as no value is passed."
, "SortOrder");
}
}

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/*
* The MIT License
* Copyright © 2014-2019 Ilkka Seppälä
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
* of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
* all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
* THE SOFTWARE.
*/
package com.iluwatar.parameter.object;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
class SearchServiceTest {
private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SearchServiceTest.class);
private ParameterObject parameterObject;
private SearchService searchService;
@BeforeEach
public void setUp() {
//Creating parameter object with default values set
parameterObject = ParameterObject.newBuilder()
.withType("sneakers")
.build();
searchService = new SearchService();
}
/**
* Testing parameter object against the overloaded method to verify if the behaviour is same.
*/
@Test
public void testDefaultParametersMatch() {
assertEquals(searchService.search(parameterObject), searchService.search("sneakers",
SortOrder.ASC), "Default Parameter values do not not match.");
LOGGER.info("SortBy Default parameter value matches.");
assertEquals(searchService.search(parameterObject), searchService.search("sneakers",
"price"), "Default Parameter values do not not match.");
LOGGER.info("SortOrder Default parameter value matches.");
LOGGER.info("testDefaultParametersMatch executed successfully without errors.");
}
}

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pom.xml
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<module>factory</module> <module>factory</module>
<module>separated-interface</module> <module>separated-interface</module>
<module>special-case</module> <module>special-case</module>
<module>parameter-object</module>
</modules> </modules>
<repositories> <repositories>