#455 Static content hosting cloud pattern (#1654)

* #455 work on readme.md

* #455 work on readme.md

* #455 S3 web site complete

* #455 add cloudfront and diagram

* Apply suggestions from code review

added syntax highlighting

Co-authored-by: Subhrodip Mohanta <hello@subho.xyz>

cloud-static-content-hosting/README.md

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+---
+layout: pattern
+title: Static Content Hosting
+folder: cloud-static-content-hosting
+permalink: /patterns/cloud-static-content-hosting/
+categories: Cloud
+tags:
+- Cloud distributed
+---
+
+## Intent
+
+Deploy static content to a cloud-based storage service that can deliver them directly to the client. 
+This can reduce the need for potentially expensive compute instances.
+
+## Explanation
+
+Real world example
+
+> A global marketing web site with static content needs to be quickly deployed to start attracting
+> potential customers. To keep the hosting expenses and maintenance minimum, a cloud hosted storage 
+> service along with content delivery network is used.
+
+In plain words
+
+> Static Content Hosting pattern utilizes cloud native storage service to store the content and
+> global content delivery network to cache it in multiple data centers around the world.
+> 
+> On a static website, individual webpages include static content. They might also contain 
+> client-side scripts such as Javascript. By contrast, a dynamic website relies on server-side 
+> processing, including server-side scripts such as PHP, JSP, or ASP.NET.
+
+Wikipedia says
+
+> A static web page (sometimes called a flat page or a stationary page) is a web page that is 
+> delivered to the user's web browser exactly as stored, in contrast to dynamic web pages which are 
+> generated by a web application.
+> 
+> Static web pages are suitable for content that never or rarely needs to be updated, though modern 
+> web template systems are changing this. Maintaining large numbers of static pages as files can be 
+> impractical without automated tools, such as static site generators.
+
+**Example**
+
+![alt text](./etc/static-content-hosting.png "Static Content Hosting")
+
+In this example we create a static web site using AWS S3 and utilize AWS Cloudfront to distribute
+the content globally.
+
+1. First you will need an AWS account. You can create a free one here: [AWS Free Tier](https://aws.amazon.com/free/free-tier/)
+
+2. Login to the [AWS Console](https://console.aws.amazon.com/console/home?nc2=h_ct&src=header-signin)
+
+3. Go to Identity and Access Management (IAM) service.
+
+4. Create IAM user that has only the necessary rights for this application.
+
+* Click `Users`
+* Click `Add user`. Choose `User name` as you wish and `Access type` should be `Programmatic access`. Click `Next: Permissions`.
+* Choose `Attach existing policies directly`. Select `AmazonS3FullAccess` and `CloudFrontFullAccess`. Click `Next: Tags`.
+* No tags are necessarily needed, so just click `Next: Review`.
+* Review the presented information and if all seems good click `Create user`.
+* You are presented with `Access key ID` and `Secret access key` which you will need to complete this example, so store them safely.
+* Click `Close`.
+
+5. [Install AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI)](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/userguide/install-cliv1.html) to gain programmic access to AWS cloud.
+
+6. Configure AWS CLI with command `aws configure` as desribed in the [instructions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/userguide/cli-configure-quickstart.html#cli-configure-quickstart-config)
+
+7. Create AWS S3 bucket for the web site content. Note that the S3 bucket names must be globally unique.
+
+* The syntax is `aws s3 mb <bucket name>` as described in the [instructions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/userguide/cli-services-s3-commands.html#using-s3-commands-managing-buckets-creating)
+* For example `aws s3 mb s3://my-static-website-jh34jsjmg`
+* Verify that the bucket was successfully created with command `aws s3 ls` which list the existing buckets
+
+8. Configure the bucket as a web site with command `aws s3 website` as described in the [instructions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/s3/website.html).
+
+* E.g. `aws s3 website s3://my-static-website-jh34jsjmg --index-document index.html --error-document error.html`
+
+9. Upload content to the bucket.
+
+* First create the content, at least `index.html` and `error.html` documents.
+  
+index.html
+```html
+<!doctype html>
+<head>
+    <title>My Static Web Site</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+    <h1>I'm the index.html</h1>
+</body>
+```
+
+error.html
+```html
+<!doctype html>
+<head>
+    <title>My Static Web Site</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+    <h1>I'm the index.html</h1>
+</body>
+```
+
+* Upload the content to your bucket as described [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/userguide/cli-services-s3-commands.html#using-s3-commands-managing-objects-copy)
+* E.g. `aws s3 cp index.html s3://my-static-website-jh34jsjmg` and `aws s3 cp error.html s3://my-static-website-jh34jsjmg`
+
+10. Next we need to set the bucket policy to allow read access.
+
+* Create `policy.json` with the following contents (note that you need to replace the bucket name with your own).
+
+```json
+{
+    "Version": "2012-10-17",
+    "Statement": [
+        {
+            "Sid": "PublicReadGetObject",
+            "Effect": "Allow",
+            "Principal": "*",
+            "Action": "s3:GetObject",
+            "Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::my-static-website-jh34jsjmg/*"
+        }
+    ]
+}
+```
+
+* Set the bucket policy according to these [instructions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/s3api/put-bucket-policy.html)
+* E.g. `aws s3api put-bucket-policy --bucket my-static-website-jh34jsjmg --policy file://policy.json`
+
+11. Test the web site in your browser.
+
+* The web site URL format is `http://<bucket-name>.s3-website-<region-name>.amazonaws.com`
+* E.g. this web site was created in `eu-west-1` region with name `my-static-website-jh34jsjmg` so it can be accessed via url `http://my-static-website-jh34jsjmg.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com`
+
+12. Create CloudFormation distribution for the web site.
+
+* The syntax is described in [this reference](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/cloudfront/create-distribution.html)
+* E.g. the easiest way is to call `aws cloudfront create-distribution --origin-domain-name my-static-website-jh34jsjmg.s3.amazonaws.com --default-root-object index.html`
+* There's also JSON syntax e.g. `--distribution-config file://dist-config.json` to pass distribution configuration arguments in file
+* The output of the call will show you the exact distribution settings including the generated CloudFront domain name you can use for testing e.g. `d2k3xwnaqa8nqx.cloudfront.net` 
+* CloudFormation distribution deployment takes some time, but once it's completed your web site is served from data centers all around the globe!
+
+13. That's it! You have implemented a static web site with content distribution network serving it lightning fast all around the world.
+
+* To update the web site you need to update the objects in S3 bucket and invalidate the objects in the CloudFront distribution
+* To do it from AWS CLI see [this reference](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/cloudfront/create-invalidation.html)
+* Some further development you might want to do is serve the content over https and add a domain name for your site
+
+## Applicability
+
+Use the Static Content Hosting pattern when you want to:
+
+* Minimize the hosting cost for websites and applications that contain some static resources.
+* Build a globally available web site with static content
+* Monitor the web site traffic, bandwidth usage, costs etc.
+
+## Typical Use Case
+
+* Web sites with global reach
+* Content produced by static web site generators
+* Web sites with no dynamic content requirements
+
+## Real world examples
+
+* [Java Design Patterns web site](https://java-design-patterns.com)
+
+## Credits
+
+* [Static Content Hosting pattern](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/architecture/patterns/static-content-hosting)

cloud-static-content-hosting/etc/static-content-hosting.drawio

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