add: new interfaces

2019-08-17 15:55:25 +03:00
parent ccfa68200a
commit b95be49711
73 changed files with 3058 additions and 0 deletions
--- a/interfaces/_legacy/01-variadic-funcs/main.go
+++ b/interfaces/_legacy/01-variadic-funcs/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import "fmt"
+
+func main() {
+	nums := []int{2, 3, 7}
+	fmt.Printf("nums            : %d\n", nums)
+
+	n := avgNoVariadic(nums)
+	fmt.Printf("avgNoVariadic   : %d\n", n)
+
+	n = avg(2, 3, 7)
+	fmt.Printf("avg(2, 3, 7)    : %d\n", n)
+
+	n = avg(2, 3, 7, 8)
+	fmt.Printf("avg(2, 3, 7, 8) : %d\n", n)
+
+	// use ... to pass a slice
+	n = avg(nums...)
+	fmt.Printf("avg(nums...)    : %d\n", n)
+
+	// uses the existing slice
+	double(nums...)
+	fmt.Printf("double(nums...) : %d\n", nums)
+
+	// creates a new slice
+	double(4, 6, 14)
+	fmt.Printf("double(4, 6, 14): %d\n", nums)
+
+	// creates a nil slice
+	fmt.Printf("\nmain.nums       : %p\n", nums)
+	investigate("passes main.nums", nums...)
+	investigate("passes main.nums", nums...)
+	investigate("passes args", 4, 6, 14)
+	investigate("passes args", 4, 6, 14)
+	investigate("no args")
+}
+
+func investigate(msg string, nums ...int) {
+	fmt.Printf("investigate.nums: %12p  ->  %s\n", nums, msg)
+
+	if len(nums) > 0 {
+		fmt.Printf("\tfirst element: %d\n", nums[0])
+	}
+}
+
+func double(nums ...int) {
+	for i := range nums {
+		nums[i] *= 2
+	}
+}
+
+func avg(nums ...int) int {
+	return sum(nums) / len(nums)
+}
+
+func avgNoVariadic(nums []int) int {
+	return sum(nums) / len(nums)
+}
+
+func sum(nums []int) (total int) {
+	for _, n := range nums {
+		total += n
+	}
+	return
+}
--- a/interfaces/_legacy/02-func-values/main.go
+++ b/interfaces/_legacy/02-func-values/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import "fmt"
+
+type filterFunc func(int) bool
+
+func main() {
+	signatures()
+	funcValues()
+}
+
+func isEven(n int) bool {
+	return n%2 == 0
+}
+
+func isOdd(m int) bool {
+	return m%2 == 1
+}
+
+func signatures() {
+	fmt.Println("••• FUNC SIGNATURES (TYPES) •••")
+	fmt.Printf("isEven     : %T\n", isEven)
+	fmt.Printf("isOdd      : %T\n", isOdd)
+}
+
+func funcValues() {
+	fmt.Println("\n••• FUNC VALUES (VARS) •••")
+
+	// var value func(int) bool
+	var value filterFunc
+	fmt.Printf("value nil? : %t\n", value == nil)
+
+	value = isEven
+	fmt.Printf("value(2)   : %t\n", value(2))
+	fmt.Printf("isEven(2)  : %t\n", isEven(2))
+
+	value = isOdd
+	fmt.Printf("value(1)   : %t\n", value(1))
+	fmt.Printf("isOdd(1)   : %t\n", isOdd(1))
+
+	fmt.Printf("value nil? : %t\n", value == nil)
+	fmt.Printf("value      : %p\n", value)
+	fmt.Printf("isEven     : %p\n", isEven)
+	fmt.Printf("isOdd      : %p\n", isOdd)
+}
--- a/interfaces/_legacy/03-func-to-func/main.go
+++ b/interfaces/_legacy/03-func-to-func/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"unicode"
+)
+
+type filterFunc func(int) bool
+
+func main() {
+	signatures()
+
+	fmt.Println("\n••• WITHOUT FUNC VALUES •••")
+	nums := []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
+
+	fmt.Printf("evens      : %d\n", filterEvens(nums...))
+	fmt.Printf("odds       : %d\n", filterOdds(nums...))
+
+	fmt.Println("\n••• FUNC VALUES •••")
+	fmt.Printf("evens      : %d\n", filter(isEven, nums...))
+	fmt.Printf("odds       : %d\n", filter(isOdd, nums...))
+
+	fmt.Println("\n••• MAPPING •••")
+	fmt.Println(strings.Map(unpunct, "hello!!! HOW ARE YOU???? :))"))
+	fmt.Println(strings.Map(unpunct, "TIME IS UP!"))
+}
+
+func unpunct(r rune) rune {
+	if unicode.IsPunct(r) {
+		return -1
+	}
+	return unicode.ToLower(r)
+}
+
+func filter(f filterFunc, nums ...int) (filtered []int) {
+	for _, n := range nums {
+		if f(n) {
+			filtered = append(filtered, n)
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func filterOdds(nums ...int) (filtered []int) {
+	for _, n := range nums {
+		if isOdd(n) {
+			filtered = append(filtered, n)
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func filterEvens(nums ...int) (filtered []int) {
+	for _, n := range nums {
+		if isEven(n) {
+			filtered = append(filtered, n)
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func isEven(n int) bool {
+	return n%2 == 0
+}
+
+func isOdd(m int) bool {
+	return m%2 == 1
+}
+
+func signatures() {
+	fmt.Println("••• FUNC SIGNATURES (TYPES) •••")
+	fmt.Printf("isEven     : %T\n", isEven)
+	fmt.Printf("isOdd      : %T\n", isOdd)
+}
--- a/interfaces/_legacy/04-closures/main.go
+++ b/interfaces/_legacy/04-closures/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import "fmt"
+
+type filterFunc func(int) bool
+
+func main() {
+	nums := []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
+
+	fmt.Println("••• FUNC VALUES •••")
+	fmt.Printf("evens      : %d\n", filter(isEven, nums...))
+	fmt.Printf("odds       : %d\n", filter(isOdd, nums...))
+	fmt.Printf("> 3        : %d\n", filter(greaterThan3, nums...))
+	fmt.Printf("> 6        : %d\n", filter(greaterThan6, nums...))
+
+	// ========================================================================
+
+	fmt.Println("\n••• CLOSURES •••")
+
+	var min int
+	greaterThan := func(n int) bool {
+		return n > min
+	}
+
+	min = 3
+	fmt.Printf("> 3        : %d\n", filter(greaterThan, nums...))
+
+	min = 6
+	fmt.Printf("> 6        : %d\n", filter(greaterThan, nums...))
+
+	// min = 1
+	// fmt.Printf("> 1        : %d\n", filter(greaterThan, nums...))
+	// min = 2
+	// fmt.Printf("> 2        : %d\n", filter(greaterThan, nums...))
+	// min = 3
+	// fmt.Printf("> 3        : %d\n", filter(greaterThan, nums...))
+
+	var filterers []filterFunc
+	for i := 1; i <= 3; i++ {
+		current := i
+
+		filterers = append(filterers, func(n int) bool {
+			min = current
+			return greaterThan(n)
+		})
+	}
+
+	printer(filterers, nums...)
+}
+
+func printer(filterers []filterFunc, nums ...int) {
+	for i, filterer := range filterers {
+		fmt.Printf("> %d        : %d\n", i+1, filter(filterer, nums...))
+	}
+}
+
+func greaterThan6(n int) bool { return n > 6 }
+func greaterThan3(n int) bool { return n > 3 }
+func isEven(n int) bool       { return n%2 == 0 }
+func isOdd(m int) bool        { return m%2 == 1 }
+
+func filter(f filterFunc, nums ...int) (filtered []int) {
+	for _, n := range nums {
+		if f(n) {
+			filtered = append(filtered, n)
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}
--- a/interfaces/_legacy/05-higher-order-funcs/main.go
+++ b/interfaces/_legacy/05-higher-order-funcs/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+type filterFunc func(int) bool
+
+func main() {
+	fmt.Println("••• HIGHER-ORDER FUNCS •••")
+
+	nums := []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
+
+	odd := reverse(reverse(isEven))
+	fmt.Printf("reversed   : %t\n", odd(8))
+
+	fmt.Printf("> 3        : %d\n", filter(greater(3), nums...))
+	fmt.Printf("> 6        : %d\n", filter(greater(6), nums...))
+	fmt.Printf("<= 6       : %d\n", filter(lesseq(6), nums...))
+	fmt.Printf("<= 6       : %d\n", filter(reverse(greater(6)), nums...))
+}
+
+func reverse(f filterFunc) filterFunc {
+	return func(n int) bool {
+		return !f(n)
+	}
+}
+
+func greater(min int) filterFunc {
+	return func(n int) bool {
+		return n > min
+	}
+}
+
+func lesseq(max int) filterFunc {
+	return func(n int) bool {
+		return n <= max
+	}
+}
+
+func filter(f filterFunc, nums ...int) (filtered []int) {
+	for _, n := range nums {
+		if f(n) {
+			filtered = append(filtered, n)
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func isEven(n int) bool { return n%2 == 0 }
+func isOdd(m int) bool  { return m%2 == 1 }
--- a/interfaces/_legacy/06-functional-programming/main.go
+++ b/interfaces/_legacy/06-functional-programming/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+type filterFunc func(int) bool
+
+func main() {
+	fmt.Println("••• HIGHER-ORDER FUNCS •••")
+
+	nums := []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
+
+	odd := reverse(reverse(isEven))
+	fmt.Printf("reversed   : %t\n", odd(8))
+
+	fmt.Printf("> 3        : %d\n", filter(greater(3), nums...))
+	fmt.Printf("> 6        : %d\n", filter(greater(6), nums...))
+	fmt.Printf("<= 6       : %d\n", filter(lesseq(6), nums...))
+	fmt.Printf("<= 6       : %d\n", filter(reverse(greater(6)), nums...))
+
+	fmt.Println("\n••• CLOSURES •••")
+	fmt.Printf("uniques    : %d\n", filter(uniques(), 1, 1, 2, 3, 3))
+
+	dups := reverse(uniques())
+	fmt.Printf("dups       : %v\n", filter(dups, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3))
+
+	dups = reverse(uniques())
+	fmt.Printf("dups dups  : %v\n", filter(dups, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3))
+
+	dups = reverse(uniques())
+	out := filter(dups, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3)
+	fmt.Printf("dups uniqs : %v\n", filter(uniques(), out...))
+
+	dups = reverse(uniques())
+	chained := chain(reverse(greater(1)), dups, uniques())
+	fmt.Printf("dups chain : %v\n", filter(chained, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 0, 0))
+}
+
+func chain(filters ...filterFunc) filterFunc {
+	return func(n int) bool {
+		for _, next := range filters {
+			if !next(n) {
+				return false
+			}
+		}
+		return true
+	}
+}
+
+func uniques() filterFunc {
+	seen := make(map[int]bool)
+
+	return func(n int) (ok bool) {
+		if !seen[n] {
+			seen[n], ok = true, true
+		}
+		return
+	}
+}
+
+func reverse(f filterFunc) filterFunc {
+	return func(n int) bool {
+		return !f(n)
+	}
+}
+
+func greater(min int) filterFunc {
+	return func(n int) bool {
+		return n > min
+	}
+}
+
+func lesseq(max int) filterFunc {
+	return func(n int) bool {
+		return n <= max
+	}
+}
+
+func filter(f filterFunc, nums ...int) (filtered []int) {
+	for _, n := range nums {
+		if f(n) {
+			filtered = append(filtered, n)
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func isEven(n int) bool { return n%2 == 0 }
+func isOdd(m int) bool  { return m%2 == 1 }
--- a/interfaces/functional/Makefile
+++ b/interfaces/functional/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+SHELL := /bin/bash
+
+r: 
+	go run . < ../logs/log.txt
+
+t: 
+	time go run . < ../logs/log.txt
--- a/interfaces/functional/chartwriter.go
+++ b/interfaces/functional/chartwriter.go
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"io"
+	"sort"
+	"strconv"
+
+	c "github.com/wcharczuk/go-chart"
+)
+
+func chartWriter(w io.Writer) outputFn {
+	return func(res []result) error {
+		return chartWrite(w, res)
+	}
+}
+
+func chartWrite(w io.Writer, res []result) error {
+	sort.Slice(res, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return res[i].domain > res[j].domain
+	})
+
+	donut := c.DonutChart{
+		Title: "Total Visits Per Domain",
+		TitleStyle: c.Style{
+			FontSize:  35,
+			Show:      true,
+			FontColor: c.ColorAlternateGreen,
+		},
+		Width:  1920,
+		Height: 800,
+	}
+
+	for _, r := range res {
+		v := c.Value{
+			Label: r.domain + r.page + ": " + strconv.Itoa(r.visits),
+			Value: float64(r.visits),
+			Style: c.Style{
+				FontSize: 14,
+			},
+		}
+
+		donut.Values = append(donut.Values, v)
+	}
+
+	return donut.Render(c.SVG, w)
+}
--- a/interfaces/functional/field.go
+++ b/interfaces/functional/field.go
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+)
+
+// field helps for field parsing
+type field struct{ err error }
+
+// uatoi parses an unsigned integer string and saves the error.
+// it assumes that the val is unsigned.
+// for ease of usability: it returns an int instead of uint.
+func (f *field) uatoi(name, val string) int {
+	n, err := strconv.Atoi(val)
+	if err != nil || n < 0 {
+		f.err = fmt.Errorf("incorrect field -> %q = %q", name, val)
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+func atoi(input []byte) (int, error) {
+	val := 0
+	for i := 0; i < len(input); i++ {
+		char := input[i]
+		if char < '0' || char > '9' {
+			return 0, errors.New("invalid number")
+		}
+		val = val*10 + int(char) - '0'
+	}
+	return val, nil
+}
--- a/interfaces/functional/filters.go
+++ b/interfaces/functional/filters.go
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package main
+
+import "strings"
+
+func noopFilter(r result) bool {
+	return true
+}
+
+func notUsing(filter filterFn) filterFn {
+	return func(r result) bool {
+		return !filter(r)
+	}
+}
+
+func domainExtFilter(domains ...string) filterFn {
+	return func(r result) bool {
+		for _, domain := range domains {
+			if strings.HasSuffix(r.domain, "."+domain) {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+func domainFilter(domain string) filterFn {
+	return func(r result) bool {
+		return strings.Contains(r.domain, domain)
+	}
+}
+
+func orgDomainsFilter(r result) bool {
+	return strings.HasSuffix(r.domain, ".org")
+}
--- a/interfaces/functional/groupers.go
+++ b/interfaces/functional/groupers.go
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package main
+
+// domainGrouper groups by domain.
+// but it keeps the other fields.
+// for example: it returns pages as well, but you shouldn't use them.
+// exercise: write a function that erases superfluous data.
+func domainGrouper(r result) string {
+	return r.domain
+}
+
+func pageGrouper(r result) string {
+	return r.domain + r.page
+}
+
+// groupBy allocates map unnecessarily
+func noopGrouper(r result) string {
+	// with something like:
+	// return randomStrings()
+	return ""
+}
--- a/interfaces/functional/main.go
+++ b/interfaces/functional/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	p := pipeline{
+		read:   textReader(os.Stdin),
+		write:  textWriter(os.Stdout),
+		filter: notUsing(domainExtFilter("io", "com")),
+		group:  domainGrouper,
+	}
+
+	// var p pipeline
+	// p.
+	// 	filterBy(notUsing(domainExtFilter("io", "com"))).
+	// 	groupBy(domainGrouper)
+
+	if err := p.start(); err != nil {
+		fmt.Println("> Err:", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// []outputter{textFile("results.txt"), chartFile("graph.png")}
+
+// func outputs(w io.Writer) outputFn {
+// 	tw := textWriter(w)
+// 	cw := chartWriter(w)
+
+// 	return func(rs []result) error {
+// 		err := tw(rs)
+// 		err = cw(rs)
+// 		return err
+// 	}
+// }
--- a/interfaces/functional/pipeline.go
+++ b/interfaces/functional/pipeline.go
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import "os"
+
+type (
+	processFn func(r result)
+	inputFn   func(processFn) error
+	outputFn  func([]result) error
+	filterFn  func(result) (include bool)
+	groupFn   func(result) (key string)
+)
+
+type pipeline struct {
+	read   inputFn
+	write  outputFn
+	filter filterFn
+	group  groupFn
+}
+
+func (p *pipeline) filterBy(f filterFn) *pipeline { p.filter = f; return p }
+func (p *pipeline) groupBy(f groupFn) *pipeline   { p.group = f; return p }
+func (p *pipeline) from(f inputFn) *pipeline      { p.read = f; return p }
+func (p *pipeline) to(f outputFn) *pipeline       { p.write = f; return p }
+
+func (p *pipeline) defaults() {
+	if p.filter == nil {
+		p.filter = noopFilter
+	}
+
+	if p.group == nil {
+		p.group = domainGrouper
+	}
+
+	if p.read == nil {
+		p.read = textReader(os.Stdin)
+	}
+
+	if p.write == nil {
+		p.write = textWriter(os.Stdout)
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *pipeline) start() error {
+	p.defaults()
+
+	// retrieve and process the lines
+	sum := make(map[string]result)
+
+	process := func(r result) {
+		if !p.filter(r) {
+			return
+		}
+
+		k := p.group(r)
+		sum[k] = r.add(sum[k])
+	}
+
+	// return err from input reader
+	if err := p.read(process); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// prepare the results for outputting
+	var out []result
+	for _, res := range sum {
+		out = append(out, res)
+	}
+
+	// return err from output reader
+	return p.write(out)
+}
--- a/interfaces/functional/result.go
+++ b/interfaces/functional/result.go
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+const fieldsLength = 4
+
+// result stores the parsed result for a domain
+type result struct {
+	domain  string
+	page    string
+	visits  int
+	uniques int
+}
+
+// add adds the metrics of another result
+func (r result) add(other result) result {
+	r.visits += other.visits
+	r.uniques += other.uniques
+	return r
+}
+
+// parseFields parses and returns the parsing result
+func parseFields(line string) (r result, err error) {
+	fields := strings.Fields(line)
+
+	if len(fields) != fieldsLength {
+		return r, fmt.Errorf("wrong number of fields %q", fields)
+	}
+
+	r.domain = fields[0]
+	r.page = fields[1]
+
+	f := new(field)
+	r.visits = f.uatoi("visits", fields[2])
+	r.uniques = f.uatoi("uniques", fields[3])
+
+	return r, f.err
+}
+
+func fastParseFields(data []byte) (res result, err error) {
+	const separator = ' '
+
+	var findex int
+
+	for i, j := 0, 0; i < len(data); i++ {
+		c := data[i]
+		last := len(data) == i+1
+
+		if c != separator && !last {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if last {
+			i = len(data)
+		}
+
+		switch fval := data[j:i]; findex {
+		case 0:
+			res.domain = string(fval)
+		case 1:
+			res.page = string(fval)
+		case 2:
+			res.visits, err = atoi(fval)
+		case 3:
+			res.uniques, err = atoi(fval)
+		}
+
+		if err != nil {
+			return res, err
+		}
+
+		j = i + 1
+		findex++
+	}
+
+	if findex != fieldsLength {
+		err = fmt.Errorf("wrong number of fields %q", data)
+	}
+	return res, err
+}
--- a/interfaces/functional/textreader.go
+++ b/interfaces/functional/textreader.go
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+)
+
+func textReader(r io.Reader) inputFn {
+	return func(process processFn) error {
+		var (
+			l  = 1
+			in = bufio.NewScanner(r)
+		)
+
+		for in.Scan() {
+			r, err := fastParseFields(in.Bytes())
+			// r, err := parseFields(in.Text())
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("line %d: %v", l, err)
+			}
+
+			process(r)
+			l++
+		}
+
+		if c, ok := r.(io.Closer); ok {
+			c.Close()
+		}
+		return in.Err()
+	}
+}
--- a/interfaces/functional/textwriter.go
+++ b/interfaces/functional/textwriter.go
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// TODO: sort by result key interfaces section
+
+const (
+
+	//          DOMAINS PAGES VISITS UNIQUES
+	//             ^      ^     ^    ^
+	//             |      |     |    |
+	header     = "%-25s %-10s %10s %10s\n"
+	line       = "%-25s %-10s %10d %10d\n"
+	footer     = "\n%-36s %10d %10d\n" // -> "" VISITS UNIQUES
+	dash       = "-"
+	dashLength = 58
+)
+
+func textWriter(w io.Writer) outputFn {
+	return func(res []result) error {
+		sort.Slice(res, func(i, j int) bool {
+			return res[i].domain > res[j].domain
+		})
+
+		var total result
+
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, header, "DOMAINS", "PAGES", "VISITS", "UNIQUES")
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, strings.Repeat(dash, dashLength)+"\n")
+
+		for _, r := range res {
+			total = total.add(r)
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, line, r.domain, r.page, r.visits, r.uniques)
+		}
+
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, footer, "", total.visits, total.uniques)
+
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func noWhere() outputFn {
+	return func(res []result) error {
+		return nil
+	}
+}
--- a/interfaces/logparser-testing/log.txt
+++ b/interfaces/logparser-testing/log.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+learngoprogramming.com 10 200
+learngoprogramming.com 10 300
+golang.org 4 50
+golang.org 6 100
+blog.golang.org 20 25
+blog.golang.org 10 1
--- a/interfaces/logparser-testing/log_err_missing.txt
+++ b/interfaces/logparser-testing/log_err_missing.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+learngoprogramming.com 10 200
+learngoprogramming.com 10
+golang.org 4 50
+golang.org 6 100
+blog.golang.org 20 25
+blog.golang.org 10 1
--- a/interfaces/logparser-testing/log_err_negative.txt
+++ b/interfaces/logparser-testing/log_err_negative.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+learngoprogramming.com 10 200
+learngoprogramming.com 10 300
+golang.org -100 50
+golang.org 6 100
+blog.golang.org 20 25
+blog.golang.org 10 1
--- a/interfaces/logparser-testing/log_err_str.txt
+++ b/interfaces/logparser-testing/log_err_str.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+learngoprogramming.com 10 200
+learngoprogramming.com 10 THREE-HUNDRED
+golang.org FOUR 50
+golang.org 6 100
+blog.golang.org 20 25
+blog.golang.org 10 1
--- a/interfaces/logparser-testing/main.go
+++ b/interfaces/logparser-testing/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/inancgumus/learngo/27-interfaces/logparser-testing/report"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	p := report.New()
+
+	in := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
+	for in.Scan() {
+		p.Parse(in.Text())
+	}
+
+	summarize(p.Summarize(), p.Err(), in.Err())
+}
--- a/interfaces/logparser-testing/main_test.go
+++ b/interfaces/logparser-testing/main_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// +build integration
+
+// go test -tags=integration
+
+package main_test
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"os/exec"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+const (
+	okIn = `
+a.com 1 2
+b.com 3 4
+a.com 4 5
+b.com 6 7`
+
+	okOut = `
+DOMAIN                             VISITS           TIME SPENT
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+a.com                                   5                    7
+b.com                                   9                   11
+
+TOTAL                                  14                   18`
+)
+
+func TestSummary(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name, in, out string
+	}{
+		{"valid input", okIn, okOut},
+		{"missing fields", "a.com 1 2\nb.com 3", "> Err: line #2: missing fields: [b.com 3]"},
+		{"incorrect visits", "a.com 1 2\nb.com -1 1", `> Err: line #2: incorrect visits: "-1"`},
+		{"incorrect time spent", "a.com 1 2\nb.com 3 -1", `> Err: line #2: incorrect time spent: "-1"`},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			run(t, strings.TrimSpace(tt.in), strings.TrimSpace(tt.out))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func run(t *testing.T, in, out string) {
+	cmd := exec.Command("go", "run", ".")
+	cmd.Stdin = strings.NewReader(in)
+
+	got, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(got, []byte(out+"\n")) {
+		t.Fatalf("\nwant:\n%s\n\ngot:\n%s", out, got)
+	}
+}
--- a/interfaces/logparser-testing/report/parser.go
+++ b/interfaces/logparser-testing/report/parser.go
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package report
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+// Parser parses the log file and generates a summary report.
+type Parser struct {
+	summary *Summary // summarizes the parsing results
+	lines   int      // number of parsed lines (for the error messages)
+	lerr    error    // the last error occurred
+}
+
+// New returns a new parsing state.
+func New() *Parser {
+	return &Parser{summary: newSummary()}
+}
+
+// Parse parses a log line and adds it to the summary.
+func (p *Parser) Parse(line string) {
+	// if there was an error do not continue
+	if p.lerr != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// chain the parser's error to the result's
+	res, err := parse(line)
+	if p.lines++; err != nil {
+		p.lerr = fmt.Errorf("line #%d: %s", p.lines, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	p.summary.update(res)
+}
+
+// Summarize summarizes the parsing results.
+// Only use it after the parsing is done.
+func (p *Parser) Summarize() *Summary {
+	return p.summary
+}
+
+// Err returns the last error encountered
+func (p *Parser) Err() error {
+	return p.lerr
+}
--- a/interfaces/logparser-testing/report/parser_test.go
+++ b/interfaces/logparser-testing/report/parser_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+package report_test
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/inancgumus/learngo/28-methods/logparser-testing/report"
+)
+
+func newParser(lines string) *report.Parser {
+	p := report.New()
+	p.Parse(lines)
+	return p
+}
+
+func TestParserLineErrs(t *testing.T) {
+	p := newParser("a.com 1 2")
+	p.Parse("b.com -1 -1")
+
+	want := "#2"
+	err := p.Err().Error()
+
+	if !strings.Contains(err, want) {
+		t.Errorf("want: %q; got: %q", want, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParserStopsOnErr(t *testing.T) {
+	p := newParser("a.com 10 20")
+	p.Parse("b.com -1 -1")
+	p.Parse("neverparses.com 30 40")
+
+	s := p.Summarize()
+	if want, got := 10, s.Total().Visits; want != got {
+		t.Errorf("want: %d; got: %d", want, got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParserIncorrectFields(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		in, name string
+	}{
+		{"a.com", "missing fields"},
+		{"a.com -1 2", "incorrect visits"},
+		{"a.com 1 -1", "incorrect time spent"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if p := newParser(tt.in); p.Err() == nil {
+				t.Errorf("in: %q; got: nil err", tt.in)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
--- a/interfaces/logparser-testing/report/result.go
+++ b/interfaces/logparser-testing/report/result.go
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package report
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// always put all the related things together as in here
+
+// Result stores metrics for a domain
+// it uses the value mechanics,
+// because it doesn't have to update anything
+type Result struct {
+	Domain    string `json:"domain"`
+	Visits    int    `json:"visits"`
+	TimeSpent int    `json:"time_spent"`
+	// add more metrics if needed
+}
+
+// add adds the metrics of another Result to itself and returns a new Result
+func (r Result) add(other Result) Result {
+	return Result{
+		Domain:    r.Domain,
+		Visits:    r.Visits + other.Visits,
+		TimeSpent: r.TimeSpent + other.TimeSpent,
+	}
+}
+
+// parse parses a single log line
+func parse(line string) (r Result, err error) {
+	fields := strings.Fields(line)
+	if len(fields) != 3 {
+		return r, fmt.Errorf("missing fields: %v", fields)
+	}
+
+	f := new(field)
+	r.Domain = fields[0]
+	r.Visits = f.atoi("visits", fields[1])
+	r.TimeSpent = f.atoi("time spent", fields[2])
+	return r, f.err
+}
+
+// field helps for field parsing
+type field struct{ err error }
+
+func (f *field) atoi(name, val string) int {
+	n, err := strconv.Atoi(val)
+	if n < 0 || err != nil {
+		f.err = fmt.Errorf("incorrect %s: %q", name, val)
+	}
+	return n
+}
--- a/interfaces/logparser-testing/report/summary.go
+++ b/interfaces/logparser-testing/report/summary.go
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package report
+
+import (
+	"sort"
+)
+
+// Summary aggregates the parsing results
+type Summary struct {
+	sum     map[string]Result // metrics per domain
+	domains []string          // unique domain names
+	total   Result            // total visits for all domains
+}
+
+// newSummary constructs and initializes a new summary
+// You can't use its methods without pointer mechanics
+func newSummary() *Summary {
+	return &Summary{sum: make(map[string]Result)}
+}
+
+// Update updates the report for the given parsing result
+func (s *Summary) update(r Result) {
+	domain := r.Domain
+	if _, ok := s.sum[domain]; !ok {
+		s.domains = append(s.domains, domain)
+	}
+
+	// let the result handle the addition
+	// this allows us to manage the result in once place
+	// and this way it becomes easily extendable
+	s.total = s.total.add(r)
+	s.sum[domain] = r.add(s.sum[domain])
+}
+
+// Iterator returns `next()` to detect when the iteration ends,
+// and a `cur()` to return the current result.
+// iterator iterates sorted by domains.
+func (s *Summary) Iterator() (next func() bool, cur func() Result) {
+	sort.Strings(s.domains)
+
+	// remember the last iterated result
+	var last int
+
+	next = func() bool {
+		defer func() { last++ }()
+		return len(s.domains) > last
+	}
+
+	cur = func() Result {
+		// returns a copy so the caller cannot change it
+		name := s.domains[last-1]
+		return s.sum[name]
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// Total returns the total metrics
+func (s *Summary) Total() Result {
+	return s.total
+}
+
+// For the interfaces section
+//
+// MarshalJSON marshals a report to JSON
+// Alternative: unexported embedding
+// func (s *Summary) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+// 	type total struct {
+// 		*Result
+// 		IgnoreDomain *string `json:"domain,omitempty"`
+// 	}
+
+// 	return json.Marshal(struct {
+// 		Sum     map[string]Result `json:"summary"`
+// 		Domains []string          `json:"domains"`
+// 		Total   total             `json:"total"`
+// 	}{
+// 		Sum: s.sum, Domains: s.domains, Total: total{Result: &s.total},
+// 	})
+// }
--- a/interfaces/logparser-testing/report/summary_test.go
+++ b/interfaces/logparser-testing/report/summary_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+package report_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/inancgumus/learngo/28-methods/logparser-testing/report"
+)
+
+func TestSummaryTotal(t *testing.T) {
+	p := newParser("a.com 1 2")
+	p.Parse("b.com 3 4")
+
+	s := p.Summarize()
+
+	want := report.Result{Domain: "", Visits: 4, TimeSpent: 6}
+	if got := s.Total(); want != got {
+		t.Errorf("want: %+v; got: %+v", want, got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSummaryIterator(t *testing.T) {
+	p := newParser("a.com 1 2")
+	p.Parse("a.com 3 4")
+	p.Parse("b.com 5 6")
+
+	s := p.Summarize()
+	next, cur := s.Iterator()
+
+	wants := []report.Result{
+		{Domain: "a.com", Visits: 4, TimeSpent: 6},
+		{Domain: "b.com", Visits: 5, TimeSpent: 6},
+	}
+
+	for _, want := range wants {
+		t.Run(want.Domain, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := next(); !got {
+				t.Errorf("next(): want: %t; got: %t", true, got)
+			}
+			if got := cur(); want != got {
+				t.Errorf("cur(): want: %+v; got: %+v", want, got)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
--- a/interfaces/logparser-testing/summarize.go
+++ b/interfaces/logparser-testing/summarize.go
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/inancgumus/learngo/27-interfaces/logparser-testing/report"
+)
+
+// summarize prints the parsing results.
+//
+// it prints the errors and returns if there are any.
+//
+// --json flag encodes to json and prints.
+func summarize(sum *report.Summary, errors ...error) {
+	if errs(errors...) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if args := os.Args[1:]; len(args) == 1 && args[0] == "--json" {
+		encode(sum)
+		return
+	}
+	stdout(sum)
+}
+
+// encodes the summary to json
+func encode(sum *report.Summary) {
+	out, err := json.MarshalIndent(sum, "", "\t")
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	os.Stdout.Write(out)
+}
+
+// prints the summary to standard out
+func stdout(sum *report.Summary) {
+	const (
+		head = "%-30s %10s %20s\n"
+		val  = "%-30s %10d %20d\n"
+	)
+
+	fmt.Printf(head, "DOMAIN", "VISITS", "TIME SPENT")
+	fmt.Println(strings.Repeat("-", 65))
+
+	for next, cur := sum.Iterator(); next(); {
+		r := cur()
+		fmt.Printf(val, r.Domain, r.Visits, r.TimeSpent)
+	}
+
+	t := sum.Total()
+	fmt.Printf("\n"+val, "TOTAL", t.Visits, t.TimeSpent)
+}
+
+// this variadic func simplifies the multiple error handling
+func errs(errs ...error) (wasErr bool) {
+	for _, err := range errs {
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("> Err: %s\n", err)
+			wasErr = true
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}
--- a/interfaces/logs/Makefile
+++ b/interfaces/logs/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+SHELL := /bin/bash
+LINES = $$(wc -l log.txt | cut -f1 -d' ')
+ECHO_LINES = echo -e ">> log.txt has $(LINES) lines"
+
+n ?= 18
+load: restore
+	@echo "enlarging the file with itself, please wait..."	
+
+	@for i in {1..$(n)}; do \
+		awk 1 log.txt log.txt > log_.txt; \
+		mv log_.txt log.txt; \
+		rm -f log_.txt; \
+	done
+	
+	@$(ECHO_LINES)
+
+restore:
+	@echo "restoring the file..."
+	# @git checkout log.txt
+	@$(ECHO_LINES)
+
+multiply: remove
+	@echo "creating 20 log files..."
+	@for i in {1..20}; do \
+		echo log$${i}.txt; \
+		cp log.txt log$${i}.txt; \
+	done
+
+remove:
+	rm -f log{1..20}.txt
+
+lines:
+	@$(ECHO_LINES)
--- a/interfaces/logs/log.json
+++ b/interfaces/logs/log.json
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+[
+    {"domain": "learngoprogramming.com", "page": "/", "visits": 10, "uniques": 5},
+    {"domain": "learngoprogramming.com", "page": "/courses", "visits": 15, "uniques": 10},
+    {"domain": "learngoprogramming.com", "page": "/courses", "visits": 10, "uniques": 5},
+    {"domain": "learngoprogramming.com", "page": "/articles", "visits": 20, "uniques": 15},
+    {"domain": "learngoprogramming.com", "page": "/articles", "visits": 5, "uniques": 2},
+    {"domain": "golang.org", "page": "/", "visits": 40, "uniques": 20},
+    {"domain": "golang.org", "page": "/", "visits": 20, "uniques": 10},
+    {"domain": "golang.org", "page": "/blog", "visits": 45, "uniques": 25},
+    {"domain": "golang.org", "page": "/blog", "visits": 15, "uniques": 5},
+    {"domain": "blog.golang.org", "page": "/courses", "visits": 60, "uniques": 30},
+    {"domain": "blog.golang.org", "page": "/courses", "visits": 30, "uniques": 20},
+    {"domain": "blog.golang.org", "page": "/updates", "visits": 20, "uniques": 10},
+    {"domain": "blog.golang.org", "page": "/reference", "visits": 65, "uniques": 35},
+    {"domain": "blog.golang.org", "page": "/reference", "visits": 15, "uniques": 5},
+    {"domain": "inanc.io", "page": "/about", "visits": 30, "uniques": 15},
+    {"domain": "inanc.io", "page": "/about","visits": 70, "uniques": 35}
+]
--- a/interfaces/logs/log.txt
+++ b/interfaces/logs/log.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+learngoprogramming.com / 10 5
+learngoprogramming.com /courses 15 10
+learngoprogramming.com /courses 10 5
+learngoprogramming.com /articles 20 15
+learngoprogramming.com /articles 5 2
+golang.org / 40 20
+golang.org / 20 10
+golang.org /blog 45 25
+golang.org /blog 15 5
+blog.golang.org /courses 60 30
+blog.golang.org /courses 30 20
+blog.golang.org /updates 20 10
+blog.golang.org /reference 65 35
+blog.golang.org /reference 15 5
+inanc.io /about 30 15
+inanc.io /about 70 35
--- a/interfaces/logs/log_err_missing.txt
+++ b/interfaces/logs/log_err_missing.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+learngoprogramming.com / 10 5
+learngoprogramming.com /courses 15 10
+learngoprogramming.com /courses 10 5
+learngoprogramming.com /articles 20 15
+learngoprogramming.com /articles 5 2
+golang.org / 40 20
+golang.org / 20 10
+golang.org /blog 45 25
+golang.org /blog 15 5
+blog.golang.org /updates
+blog.golang.org /updates 30 20
+blog.golang.org /updates 20 10
+blog.golang.org /reference 65 35
+blog.golang.org /reference 15 5
+inanc.io /about 30 15
+inanc.io /about 70 35
--- a/interfaces/logs/log_err_negative.txt
+++ b/interfaces/logs/log_err_negative.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+learngoprogramming.com / 10 5
+learngoprogramming.com /courses 15 10
+learngoprogramming.com /courses 10 5
+learngoprogramming.com /articles 20 15
+learngoprogramming.com /articles 5 2
+golang.org / 40 20
+golang.org / 20 10
+golang.org /blog 45 -250
+golang.org /blog 15 5
+blog.golang.org /updates 60 30
+blog.golang.org /updates 30 20
+blog.golang.org /updates 20 10
+blog.golang.org /reference 65 35
+blog.golang.org /reference 15 5
+inanc.io /about 30 15
+inanc.io /about 70 35
--- a/interfaces/logs/log_err_str.txt
+++ b/interfaces/logs/log_err_str.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+learngoprogramming.com / 10 5
+learngoprogramming.com /courses 15 10
+learngoprogramming.com /courses 10 5
+learngoprogramming.com /articles 20 15
+learngoprogramming.com /articles 5 2
+golang.org / 40 TWENTY
+golang.org / 20 10
+golang.org /blog 45 25
+golang.org /blog 15 5
+blog.golang.org /updates 60 30
+blog.golang.org /updates 30 20
+blog.golang.org /updates 20 10
+blog.golang.org /reference 65 35
+blog.golang.org /reference 15 5
+inanc.io /about 30 15
+inanc.io /about 70 35
--- a/interfaces/notes.md
+++ b/interfaces/notes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# Func Values
+
+ Please feel free to put any function that match this signature here and it will be called each time my function is called.
+
+ They are extremely useful when wanting to declare a block of code that you want to pass around.
+
+ They allow functions to be passed as parameters.
+
+ They can be chained together
+
+# Interfaces vs Func Values
+
+ Use interfaces when a method needs to belong to an object (that needs to operate on the value of a type: io.Reader, sort.Interface, etc).
+
+ Use func values when a function doesn't need to belong to an object. For simple, not-data oriented jobs: Filtering, splitting, mapping etc.
+
+ An implementation of the interface means that the behaviour is intrinsic to the implementing object. The behaviour does not change based on the caller or the circumstances of the call.
+
+  + The func value is saying that the operation is not intrinsic to the object but based on context or the caller to define.
+
+ An interface is a language feature representing some contract: "I hereby guarantee I make the following methods available".
+
+ The benefit of using interfaces is that you give the type a name (you would get that with records too) and you are more clearly expressing your intention (other components can implement the interface).
+
+ Use interface values when:
+  + Well known interfaces already exist, e.g. io.Reader
+  + More than one behavior required
+  + Typically stateful
+  + Implementations non-trivial
+
+  + Use function values when:
+    + Only one behavior
+    + Typically stateless
+    + In-line implementations typical
+
+  + http://go-talks.appspot.com/github.com/ChrisHines/talks/non-orthogonal-choices-in-go/non-orthogonal-choices-in-go.slide#1
--- a/interfaces/oop/final/Makefile
+++ b/interfaces/oop/final/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+r: 
+	go run . < ../../logs/log.txt
+
+t: 
+	time go run . < ../../logs/log.txt
--- a/interfaces/oop/final/analysis.go
+++ b/interfaces/oop/final/analysis.go
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import "sort"
+
+type (
+	groupFunc  func(result) string
+	filterFunc func(result) bool
+)
+
+type analysis struct {
+	sum      map[string]result // metrics per domain
+	keys     []string          // unique keys
+	groupKey groupFunc
+	filter   filterFunc
+}
+
+func newAnalysis() *analysis {
+	return &analysis{
+		sum:      make(map[string]result),
+		groupKey: domainGrouper,
+		filter:   noopFilter,
+	}
+}
+
+func (a *analysis) groupBy(g groupFunc)   { a.groupKey = g }
+func (a *analysis) filterBy(f filterFunc) { a.filter = f }
+
+func (a *analysis) analyse(r result) {
+	if !a.filter(r) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	key := a.groupKey(r)
+	if _, ok := a.sum[key]; !ok {
+		a.keys = append(a.keys, key)
+	}
+
+	a.sum[key] = r.add(a.sum[key])
+}
+
+// each analysed result will be sent by the given func
+func (a *analysis) each(f func(r result)) {
+	sort.Strings(a.keys)
+
+	for _, domain := range a.keys {
+		f(a.sum[domain])
+	}
+}
--- a/interfaces/oop/final/chartsummary.go
+++ b/interfaces/oop/final/chartsummary.go
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"strconv"
+
+	c "github.com/wcharczuk/go-chart"
+)
+
+type chartSummary struct {
+	title         string
+	width, height int
+}
+
+func (s *chartSummary) summarize(results iterator) error {
+	w := os.Stdout
+
+	donut := c.DonutChart{
+		Title: s.title,
+		TitleStyle: c.Style{
+			FontSize:  35,
+			Show:      true,
+			FontColor: c.ColorAlternateGreen,
+		},
+		Width:  s.width,
+		Height: s.height,
+	}
+
+	results.each(func(r result) {
+		v := c.Value{
+			Label: r.domain + r.page + ": " + strconv.Itoa(r.visits),
+			Value: float64(r.visits),
+			Style: c.Style{
+				FontSize: 14,
+			},
+		}
+
+		donut.Values = append(donut.Values, v)
+	})
+
+	return donut.Render(c.SVG, w)
+}
--- a/interfaces/oop/final/filters.go
+++ b/interfaces/oop/final/filters.go
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package main
+
+import "strings"
+
+func noopFilter(r result) bool {
+	return true
+}
+
+func notUsing(filter filterFunc) filterFunc {
+	return func(r result) bool {
+		return !filter(r)
+	}
+}
+
+func domainExtFilter(domains ...string) filterFunc {
+	return func(r result) bool {
+		for _, domain := range domains {
+			if strings.HasSuffix(r.domain, "."+domain) {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+func domainFilter(domain string) filterFunc {
+	return func(r result) bool {
+		return strings.Contains(r.domain, domain)
+	}
+}
+
+func orgDomainsFilter(r result) bool {
+	return strings.HasSuffix(r.domain, ".org")
+}
--- a/interfaces/oop/final/groupers.go
+++ b/interfaces/oop/final/groupers.go
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+package main
+
+// domainGrouper groups by domain.
+// but it keeps the other fields.
+// for example: it returns pages as well, but you shouldn't use them.
+// exercise: write a function that erases the unnecessary data.
+func domainGrouper(r result) string {
+	return r.domain
+}
+
+func pageGrouper(r result) string {
+	return r.domain + r.page
+}
--- a/interfaces/oop/final/jsonparser.go
+++ b/interfaces/oop/final/jsonparser.go
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://bp.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"io/ioutil"
+)
+
+type jsonParser struct {
+	r      io.Reader
+	update func(r result)
+}
+
+func newJSONParser(r io.Reader) *jsonParser {
+	return &jsonParser{
+		r:      r,
+		update: func(result) {},
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *jsonParser) parse() error {
+	defer readClose(p.r)
+
+	bytes, err := ioutil.ReadAll(p.r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return p.parseJSON(bytes)
+}
+
+func (p *jsonParser) parseJSON(bytes []byte) error {
+	var rs []struct {
+		Domain  string
+		Page    string
+		Visits  int
+		Uniques int
+	}
+
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(bytes, &rs); err != nil {
+		if serr, ok := err.(*json.SyntaxError); ok {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%v %q", serr, bytes[:serr.Offset])
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+
+	for _, r := range rs {
+		p.update(result{
+			domain:  r.Domain,
+			page:    r.Page,
+			visits:  r.Visits,
+			uniques: r.Uniques,
+		})
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (p *jsonParser) notify(f func(r result)) {
+	p.update = f
+}
--- a/interfaces/oop/final/main.go
+++ b/interfaces/oop/final/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"log"
+	"os"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	an := newAnalysis()
+	an.filterBy(notUsing(domainExtFilter("io", "com")))
+	an.groupBy(domainGrouper)
+
+	// pars, err := parseTextFile("log.txt")
+	// if err != nil {
+	// 	log.Fatalln(err)
+	// }
+
+	err := report(an, newTextParser(os.Stdin), summarizeFunc(textSummary))
+	// err := report(an, newJSONParser(os.Stdin), newTextSummary())
+
+	// chart := &chartSummary{
+	// 	title:  "visits per domain",
+	// 	width:  1920,
+	// 	height: 800,
+	// }
+
+	// err := report(an, newTextParser(os.Stdin), chart)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalln(err)
+	}
+}
--- a/interfaces/oop/final/readclose.go
+++ b/interfaces/oop/final/readclose.go
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"io"
+)
+
+func readClose(r io.Reader) {
+	if rc, ok := r.(io.Closer); ok {
+		rc.Close()
+	}
+}
--- a/interfaces/oop/final/report.go
+++ b/interfaces/oop/final/report.go
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+type notifier interface {
+	notify(func(r result))
+}
+
+type parser interface {
+	parse() error
+	notifier
+}
+
+type iterator interface {
+	each(func(result))
+}
+
+type analyser interface {
+	analyse(result)
+	iterator
+}
+
+type summarizer interface {
+	summarize(iterator) error
+}
+
+func report(a analyser, p parser, s summarizer) error {
+	p.notify(a.analyse)
+
+	if err := p.parse(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return s.summarize(a)
+}
--- a/interfaces/oop/final/result.go
+++ b/interfaces/oop/final/result.go
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+package main
+
+type result struct {
+	domain  string
+	page    string
+	visits  int
+	uniques int
+}
+
+func (r result) add(other result) result {
+	r.visits += other.visits
+	r.uniques += other.uniques
+	return r
+}
--- a/interfaces/oop/final/textparser.go
+++ b/interfaces/oop/final/textparser.go
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://bp.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+const fieldsLength = 4
+
+type textParser struct {
+	r      io.Reader
+	update func(r result)
+}
+
+func newTextParser(r io.Reader) *textParser {
+	return &textParser{
+		r:      r,
+		update: func(result) {},
+	}
+}
+
+func parseTextFile(path string) (*textParser, error) {
+	f, err := os.Open(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return newTextParser(f), nil
+}
+
+func (p *textParser) notify(f func(r result)) {
+	p.update = f
+}
+
+func (p *textParser) parse() error {
+	defer readClose(p.r)
+
+	var (
+		l  = 1
+		in = bufio.NewScanner(p.r)
+	)
+
+	for in.Scan() {
+		r, err := p.parseFields(in.Text())
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("line %d: %v", l, err)
+		}
+
+		p.update(r)
+		l++
+	}
+
+	return in.Err()
+}
+
+func (p *textParser) parseFields(s string) (r result, err error) {
+	fields := strings.Fields(s)
+	if len(fields) != fieldsLength {
+		return r, fmt.Errorf("wrong number of fields %q", fields)
+	}
+
+	r.domain, r.page = fields[0], fields[1]
+
+	r.visits, err = strconv.Atoi(fields[2])
+	if err != nil || r.visits < 0 {
+		return r, fmt.Errorf("wrong input %q", fields[2])
+	}
+
+	r.uniques, err = strconv.Atoi(fields[3])
+	if err != nil || r.uniques < 0 {
+		return r, fmt.Errorf("wrong input %q", fields[3])
+	}
+
+	return r, nil
+}
--- a/interfaces/oop/final/textsummary.go
+++ b/interfaces/oop/final/textsummary.go
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"text/tabwriter"
+)
+
+// TODO: make this configurable? or exercise?
+const (
+	minWidth = 0
+	tabWidth = 4
+	padding  = 4
+	flags    = 0
+)
+
+type summarizeFunc func(iterator) error
+
+func (f summarizeFunc) summarize(results iterator) error {
+	return f(results)
+}
+
+// type textSummary struct{}
+
+// func newTextSummary() *textSummary {
+// 	return new(textSummary)
+// }
+
+// func (s *textSummary) summarize(results iterator) error {
+func textSummary(results iterator) error {
+	w := tabwriter.NewWriter(os.Stdout, minWidth, tabWidth, padding, ' ', flags)
+
+	write := fmt.Fprintf
+
+	write(w, "DOMAINS\tPAGES\tVISITS\tUNIQUES\n")
+	write(w, "-------\t-----\t------\t-------\n")
+
+	var total result
+	results.each(func(r result) {
+		total = total.add(r)
+
+		write(w, "%s\t%s\t%d\t%d\n", r.domain, r.page, r.visits, r.uniques)
+	})
+
+	write(w, "\t\t\t\n")
+	write(w, "%s\t%s\t%d\t%d\n", "TOTAL", "", total.visits, total.uniques)
+
+	return w.Flush()
+}
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-00/changes.md
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-00/changes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+## CHANGES
+
+### PROBLEM
+ adding new fields makes the code complex
+ needs to update: `result`, `parser`, `summarizer`
+ needs to add new fields to `parser`: `totalVisits` + `totalUniques`
+ in `parse()`: repeating line errors
+  + if we parsing out of it we'd need to have *parser — superfluous
+
+### SOLUTION
+ move all the result related logic to result.go
+
+ move `parser.go/result` -> `result.go`
+  + move `parser.go/parsing` logic -> `result.go`
+
+ add `addResult` -> `result.go`
+  + remove `parser struct`'s: `totalVisits`, `totalUniques`
+  + change `update()`'s last line: `p.sum[r.domain] = addResult`
+
+ remove `(line #d)` errors from `result.go`
+  + add: `return r, err` — named params are error prone
+  + always check for the error first
+    + `if r.visits < 0 || err != nil` -> `if err != nil || r.visits < 0`
+
+ `parser.go`: check the `parseFields()`:
+    ```golang
+    r, err := parseFields(line)
+    if err != nil {
+        p.lerr = fmt.Errorf("line %d: %v", p.lines, err)
+    }```
+
+ - `parser.go` and `summarize.go`
+  - remove `total int`
+  - let `summarize()` calculate the totals
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-00/main.go
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-00/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	p := newParser()
+
+	in := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
+	for in.Scan() {
+		parsed := parse(p, in.Text())
+		update(p, parsed)
+	}
+
+	summarize(p)
+	dumpErrs([]error{in.Err(), err(p)})
+}
+
+// dumpErrs simplifies handling multiple errors
+func dumpErrs(errs []error) {
+	for _, err := range errs {
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Println("> Err:", err)
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-00/parser.go
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-00/parser.go
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+// parser keeps track of the parsing
+type parser struct {
+	sum     map[string]result // metrics per domain
+	domains []string          // unique domain names
+	lines   int               // number of parsed lines (for the error messages)
+	lerr    error             // the last error occurred
+
+	// totalVisits  int               // total visits for all domains
+	// totalUniques int               // total uniques for all domains
+}
+
+// newParser constructs, initializes and returns a new parser
+func newParser() *parser {
+	return &parser{sum: make(map[string]result)}
+}
+
+// parse a log line and return the result
+func parse(p *parser, line string) (r result) {
+	if p.lerr != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	p.lines++
+
+	r, err := parseResult(line)
+	if err != nil {
+		p.lerr = fmt.Errorf("line %d: %v", p.lines, err)
+	}
+
+	return r
+}
+
+// update the parsing results
+func update(p *parser, r result) {
+	if p.lerr != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Collect the unique domains
+	cur, ok := p.sum[r.domain]
+	if !ok {
+		p.domains = append(p.domains, r.domain)
+	}
+
+	// Keep track of total and per domain visits
+	// p.totalVisits += r.visits
+	// p.totalUniques += r.uniques
+
+	// create and assign a new copy of `visit`
+	// p.sum[r.domain] = result{
+	// 	domain:  r.domain,
+	// 	visits:  r.visits + cur.visits,
+	// 	uniques: r.uniques + cur.uniques,
+	// }
+	p.sum[r.domain] = addResult(r, cur)
+}
+
+// err returns the last error encountered
+func err(p *parser) error {
+	return p.lerr
+}
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-00/result.go
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-00/result.go
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+const fieldsLength = 4
+
+// result stores the parsed result for a domain
+type result struct {
+	domain, page    string
+	visits, uniques int
+	// add more metrics if needed
+}
+
+// parseResult from a log line
+func parseResult(line string) (r result, err error) {
+	fields := strings.Fields(line)
+	if len(fields) != fieldsLength {
+		return r, fmt.Errorf("wrong input: %v", fields)
+	}
+
+	r.domain = fields[0]
+	r.page = fields[1]
+
+	r.visits, err = strconv.Atoi(fields[2])
+	if err != nil || r.visits < 0 {
+		return r, fmt.Errorf("wrong input: %q", fields[2])
+	}
+
+	r.uniques, err = strconv.Atoi(fields[3])
+	if err != nil || r.uniques < 0 {
+		return r, fmt.Errorf("wrong input: %q", fields[3])
+	}
+
+	return r, nil
+}
+
+// addResult to another one
+func addResult(r, other result) result {
+	r.visits += other.visits
+	r.uniques += other.uniques
+	return r
+}
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-00/summarize.go
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-00/summarize.go
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+const (
+	//          DOMAINS PAGES VISITS UNIQUES
+	//             ^      ^     ^    ^
+	//             |      |     |    |
+	header     = "%-25s %-10s %10s %10s\n"
+	line       = "%-25s %-10s %10d %10d\n"
+	footer     = "\n%-36s %10d %10d\n" // -> "" VISITS UNIQUES
+	dash       = "-"
+	dashLength = 58
+)
+
+// summarize summarizes and prints the parsing result
+func summarize(p *parser) {
+	sort.Strings(p.domains)
+
+	fmt.Printf(header, "DOMAIN", "PAGES", "VISITS", "UNIQUES")
+	fmt.Println(strings.Repeat("-", dashLength))
+
+	var total result
+
+	for _, domain := range p.domains {
+		r := p.sum[domain]
+		total = addResult(total, r)
+
+		fmt.Printf(line, r.domain, r.page, r.visits, r.uniques)
+	}
+	fmt.Printf(footer, "TOTAL", total.visits, total.uniques)
+}
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-01/changes.md
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-01/changes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+### PROBLEM
+ `main.go` (api client) does a lot of things:
+  + read the log input
+  + parse line by line
+  + updates the results
+  + display the results
+
+ inflexible:
+  + filter by extension (can change)
+  + group by domain (can change) — group by page?
+
+## SOLUTION
+ hide the parsing api from the client
+
+ move `main.go/scanner` -> `parser.go/parse()`
+  + add `main.go`: err handling from `parse()`
+
+ `parser.go/parse()` -> return err directly
+  + remove: `if p.lerr != nil { return }` from parse() and update()
+  + remove: `dumpErrs`
+  + remove: `parser.go/err()`
+  + remove `parser.go/lerr`
+    + return `in.Err()` from `parse()`
+
+  + remove: `p.lines++`
+    + `return r, fmt.Errorf("line %d: %v", p.lines, err)`
+    + remove: `lines int`
+    + `parse()` and `parse()` becomes:
+    ```golang
+    func parse(p *parser, line string) (result, error) {
+        return parseFields(line)
+    }
+
+    func parse(p *parser) {
+        // ...
+        r, err := parse(p, in.Text())
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("line %d: %v", p.lines, err)
+        }
+        // ...
+    }
+    ```
+
+    + remove `parse()`
+    + call `parseFields` directly in `parse()`:
+    ```go
+	var (
+		l  = 1
+		in = bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
+	)
+
+	for in.Scan() {
+		r, err := parseFields(in.Text())
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("line %d: %v", l, err)
+		}
+
+		update(p, r)
+		l++
+    }
+    ```
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-01/main.go
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-01/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	p := newParser()
+
+	if err := parse(p); err != nil {
+		fmt.Println("> Err:", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	summarize(p)
+}
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-01/parser.go
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-01/parser.go
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+)
+
+// parser keeps track of the parsing
+type parser struct {
+	sum     map[string]result // metrics per domain
+	domains []string          // unique domain names
+}
+
+// newParser constructs, initializes and returns a new parser
+func newParser() *parser {
+	return &parser{sum: make(map[string]result)}
+}
+
+// parse the log lines and return results
+func parse(p *parser) error {
+	var (
+		l  = 1
+		in = bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
+	)
+
+	for in.Scan() {
+		r, err := parseResult(in.Text())
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("line %d: %v", l, err)
+		}
+
+		l++
+
+		update(p, r)
+	}
+
+	return in.Err()
+}
+
+// update the parsing results
+func update(p *parser, r result) {
+	// Collect the unique domains
+	if _, ok := p.sum[r.domain]; !ok {
+		p.domains = append(p.domains, r.domain)
+	}
+
+	// create and assign a new copy of `visit`
+	p.sum[r.domain] = addResult(r, p.sum[r.domain])
+}
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-01/result.go
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-01/result.go
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+const fieldsLength = 4
+
+// result stores the parsed result for a domain
+type result struct {
+	domain, page    string
+	visits, uniques int
+	// add more metrics if needed
+}
+
+// parseResult from a log line
+func parseResult(line string) (r result, err error) {
+	fields := strings.Fields(line)
+	if len(fields) != fieldsLength {
+		return r, fmt.Errorf("wrong input: %v", fields)
+	}
+
+	r.domain = fields[0]
+	r.page = fields[1]
+
+	r.visits, err = strconv.Atoi(fields[2])
+	if err != nil || r.visits < 0 {
+		return r, fmt.Errorf("wrong input: %q", fields[2])
+	}
+
+	r.uniques, err = strconv.Atoi(fields[3])
+	if err != nil || r.uniques < 0 {
+		return r, fmt.Errorf("wrong input: %q", fields[3])
+	}
+
+	return r, nil
+}
+
+// addResult to another one
+func addResult(r, other result) result {
+	r.visits += other.visits
+	r.uniques += other.uniques
+	return r
+}
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-01/summarize.go
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-01/summarize.go
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// summarize summarizes and prints the parsing result
+// + violation: accesses the parsing internals: p.domains + p.sum + p.total
+// + give it the []result only.
+// + let it calculate the total.
+const (
+
+	//          DOMAINS PAGES VISITS UNIQUES
+	//             ^      ^     ^    ^
+	//             |      |     |    |
+	header     = "%-25s %-10s %10s %10s\n"
+	line       = "%-25s %-10s %10d %10d\n"
+	footer     = "\n%-36s %10d %10d\n" // -> "" VISITS UNIQUES
+	dash       = "-"
+	dashLength = 58
+)
+
+// summarize summarizes and prints the parsing result
+func summarize(p *parser) {
+	sort.Strings(p.domains)
+
+	fmt.Printf(header, "DOMAIN", "PAGES", "VISITS", "UNIQUES")
+	fmt.Println(strings.Repeat("-", dashLength))
+
+	var total result
+
+	for _, domain := range p.domains {
+		r := p.sum[domain]
+		total = addResult(total, r)
+
+		fmt.Printf(line, r.domain, r.page, r.visits, r.uniques)
+	}
+	fmt.Printf(footer, "TOTAL", total.visits, total.uniques)
+}
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-02/changes.md
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-02/changes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+### PROBLEM
+ `summarize()` knows a lot about the internals of the `parser`.
+  + coupled to the `parser`.
+
+## SOLUTION
+ remove: `parser.go` `sum` and `domains` fields
+  + remove: `parser.go/newParser()`
+  + change: `parser.go/parse(p *parser) error` -> `parse() ([]result, error)`
+  + initialize: `sum` inside `parse()`
+  + remove: `update()`
+  + call: `sum` update in the `parse()`
+  + collect the grouped results and return them from `parser()`
+
+ `summarize(p *parser)` -> `summarize([]result)`
+ in `summarize()`
+  + `sort.Slice`
+  + range over `[]result`
+
+ `main.go`
+  + just: `res, err := parse()`
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-02/main.go
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-02/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	res, err := parse()
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Println("> Err:", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	summarize(res)
+}
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-02/parser.go
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-02/parser.go
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+)
+
+// parser keeps track of the parsing
+type parser struct {
+}
+
+// parse the log lines and return results
+func parse() ([]result, error) {
+	var (
+		l   = 1
+		in  = bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
+		sum = make(map[string]result)
+	)
+
+	// parse the log lines
+	for in.Scan() {
+		r, err := parseResult(in.Text())
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("line %d: %v", l, err)
+		}
+
+		l++
+
+		// group the log lines by domain
+		sum[r.domain] = addResult(r, sum[r.domain])
+	}
+
+	// collect the grouped results
+	res := make([]result, 0, len(sum))
+	for _, r := range sum {
+		res = append(res, r)
+	}
+
+	return res, in.Err()
+}
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-02/result.go
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-02/result.go
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+const fieldsLength = 4
+
+// result stores the parsed result for a domain
+type result struct {
+	domain, page    string
+	visits, uniques int
+	// add more metrics if needed
+}
+
+// parseResult from a log line
+func parseResult(line string) (r result, err error) {
+	fields := strings.Fields(line)
+	if len(fields) != fieldsLength {
+		return r, fmt.Errorf("wrong input: %v", fields)
+	}
+
+	r.domain = fields[0]
+	r.page = fields[1]
+
+	r.visits, err = strconv.Atoi(fields[2])
+	if err != nil || r.visits < 0 {
+		return r, fmt.Errorf("wrong input: %q", fields[2])
+	}
+
+	r.uniques, err = strconv.Atoi(fields[3])
+	if err != nil || r.uniques < 0 {
+		return r, fmt.Errorf("wrong input: %q", fields[3])
+	}
+
+	return r, nil
+}
+
+// addResult to another one
+func addResult(r, other result) result {
+	r.visits += other.visits
+	r.uniques += other.uniques
+	return r
+}
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-02/summarize.go
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-02/summarize.go
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// summarize summarizes and prints the parsing result
+// + violation: accesses the parsing internals: p.domains + p.sum + p.total
+// + give it the []result only.
+// + let it calculate the total.
+const (
+
+	//          DOMAINS PAGES VISITS UNIQUES
+	//             ^      ^     ^    ^
+	//             |      |     |    |
+	header     = "%-25s %-10s %10s %10s\n"
+	line       = "%-25s %-10s %10d %10d\n"
+	footer     = "\n%-36s %10d %10d\n" // -> "" VISITS UNIQUES
+	dash       = "-"
+	dashLength = 58
+)
+
+// summarize summarizes and prints the parsing result
+func summarize(res []result) {
+	// sort.Strings(p.domains)
+	sort.Slice(res, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return res[i].domain <= res[j].domain
+	})
+
+	fmt.Printf(header, "DOMAIN", "PAGES", "VISITS", "UNIQUES")
+	fmt.Println(strings.Repeat("-", dashLength))
+
+	var total result
+
+	for _, r := range res {
+		total = addResult(total, r)
+		fmt.Printf(line, r.domain, r.page, r.visits, r.uniques)
+	}
+	fmt.Printf(footer, "TOTAL", total.visits, total.uniques)
+}
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-03-deprecated/changes.md
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-03-deprecated/changes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+### PROBLEM
+ `parser.go/parse()` also does updating. back to square one.
+  + we need to extract the reusable behavior: scanning.
+
+ inflexible:
+  + adding a filter is hard. needs to change the `scan()` code.
+  + adding a grouper is also hard. domain grouping is hardcoded.
+
+## SOLUTION
+ 
+
+## IDEAS:
+
+ make domain filter accept variadic args
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-03-deprecated/main.go
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-03-deprecated/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+/*
+p := pipeline{
+	read:     textReader(os.Stdin),
+	write:    textWriter(os.Stdout),
+	filterBy: notUsing(domainExtFilter("io")),
+	groupBy:  domainGrouper,
+}
+
+if err := start(p); err != nil {
+	fmt.Println("> Err:", err)
+}
+*/
+
+func main() {
+	p := newParser()
+
+	if err := parse(p); err != nil {
+		fmt.Println("> Err:", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	summarize(p)
+}
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-03-deprecated/parser.go
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-03-deprecated/parser.go
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+// parser keeps track of the parsing
+type parser struct {
+	sum     map[string]result // metrics per domain
+	domains []string          // unique domain names
+}
+
+// newParser constructs, initializes and returns a new parser
+func newParser() *parser {
+	return &parser{sum: make(map[string]result)}
+}
+
+// parse all the log lines and update the results
+func parse(p *parser) error {
+	process := func(r result) {
+		update(p, r)
+	}
+
+	err := scan(process)
+
+	return err
+}
+
+func update(p *parser, r result) {
+	// Collect the unique domains
+	if _, ok := p.sum[r.domain]; !ok {
+		p.domains = append(p.domains, r.domain)
+	}
+
+	// create and assign a new copy of `visit`
+	p.sum[r.domain] = addResult(r, p.sum[r.domain])
+}
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-03-deprecated/result.go
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-03-deprecated/result.go
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+const fieldsLength = 4
+
+// result stores the parsed result for a domain
+type result struct {
+	domain, page    string
+	visits, uniques int
+	// add more metrics if needed
+}
+
+// parseResult from a log line
+func parseResult(line string) (r result, err error) {
+	fields := strings.Fields(line)
+	if len(fields) != fieldsLength {
+		return r, fmt.Errorf("wrong input: %v", fields)
+	}
+
+	r.domain = fields[0]
+	r.page = fields[1]
+
+	r.visits, err = strconv.Atoi(fields[2])
+	if err != nil || r.visits < 0 {
+		return r, fmt.Errorf("wrong input: %q", fields[2])
+	}
+
+	r.uniques, err = strconv.Atoi(fields[3])
+	if err != nil || r.uniques < 0 {
+		return r, fmt.Errorf("wrong input: %q", fields[3])
+	}
+
+	return r, nil
+}
+
+// addResult to another one
+func addResult(r, other result) result {
+	r.visits += other.visits
+	r.uniques += other.uniques
+	return r
+}
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-03-deprecated/scanner.go
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-03-deprecated/scanner.go
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+)
+
+type processFn func(r result)
+
+func scan(process processFn) error {
+	var (
+		l  = 1
+		in = bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
+	)
+
+	for in.Scan() {
+		r, err := parseResult(in.Text())
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("line %d: %v", l, err)
+		}
+
+		l++
+
+		process(r)
+	}
+	return in.Err()
+}
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-03-deprecated/summarize.go
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-03-deprecated/summarize.go
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// summarize summarizes and prints the parsing result
+// + violation: accesses the parsing internals: p.domains + p.sum + p.total
+// + give it the []result only.
+// + let it calculate the total.
+const (
+
+	//          DOMAINS PAGES VISITS UNIQUES
+	//             ^      ^     ^    ^
+	//             |      |     |    |
+	header     = "%-25s %-10s %10s %10s\n"
+	line       = "%-25s %-10s %10d %10d\n"
+	footer     = "\n%-36s %10d %10d\n" // -> "" VISITS UNIQUES
+	dash       = "-"
+	dashLength = 58
+)
+
+// summarize summarizes and prints the parsing result
+func summarize(p *parser) {
+	sort.Strings(p.domains)
+
+	fmt.Printf(header, "DOMAIN", "PAGES", "VISITS", "UNIQUES")
+	fmt.Println(strings.Repeat("-", dashLength))
+
+	var total result
+
+	for _, domain := range p.domains {
+		r := p.sum[domain]
+		total = addResult(total, r)
+
+		fmt.Printf(line, r.domain, r.page, r.visits, r.uniques)
+	}
+	fmt.Printf(footer, "TOTAL", total.visits, total.uniques)
+}
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-03/changes.md
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-03/changes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+### PROBLEM
+ ...
+
+## SOLUTION
+ `parser struct` -> `pipeline struct`
+ `parse()` -> `pipe(pipeline)`
+
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-03/main.go
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-03/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	pipes := pipeline{
+		// read:     textParser(),
+		// write:    textSummary(),
+		// filterBy: notUsing(domainExtFilter("io", "com")),
+		// groupBy:  domainGrouper,
+	}
+
+	res, err := pipe(pipes)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Println("> Err:", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	summarize(res)
+}
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-03/parser.go
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-03/parser.go
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+)
+
+// pipeline determines the behavior of log processing
+type pipeline struct {
+}
+
+// pipe the log lines through funcs and produce a result
+func pipe(opts pipeline) ([]result, error) {
+	var (
+		l   = 1
+		in  = bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
+		sum = make(map[string]result)
+	)
+
+	// parse the log lines
+	for in.Scan() {
+		r, err := parseResult(in.Text())
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("line %d: %v", l, err)
+		}
+
+		l++
+
+		// group the log lines by domain
+		sum[r.domain] = addResult(r, sum[r.domain])
+	}
+
+	// collect the grouped results
+	res := make([]result, 0, len(sum))
+	for _, r := range sum {
+		res = append(res, r)
+	}
+
+	return res, in.Err()
+}
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-03/result.go
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-03/result.go
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+const fieldsLength = 4
+
+// result stores the parsed result for a domain
+type result struct {
+	domain, page    string
+	visits, uniques int
+	// add more metrics if needed
+}
+
+// parseResult from a log line
+func parseResult(line string) (r result, err error) {
+	fields := strings.Fields(line)
+	if len(fields) != fieldsLength {
+		return r, fmt.Errorf("wrong input: %v", fields)
+	}
+
+	r.domain = fields[0]
+	r.page = fields[1]
+
+	r.visits, err = strconv.Atoi(fields[2])
+	if err != nil || r.visits < 0 {
+		return r, fmt.Errorf("wrong input: %q", fields[2])
+	}
+
+	r.uniques, err = strconv.Atoi(fields[3])
+	if err != nil || r.uniques < 0 {
+		return r, fmt.Errorf("wrong input: %q", fields[3])
+	}
+
+	return r, nil
+}
+
+// addResult to another one
+func addResult(r, other result) result {
+	r.visits += other.visits
+	r.uniques += other.uniques
+	return r
+}
--- a/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-03/summarize.go
+++ b/interfaces/refactor-notes/refactor-03/summarize.go
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// For more tutorials: https://blog.learngoprogramming.com
+//
+// Copyright © 2018 Inanc Gumus
+// Learn Go Programming Course
+// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
+//
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// summarize summarizes and prints the parsing result
+// + violation: accesses the parsing internals: p.domains + p.sum + p.total
+// + give it the []result only.
+// + let it calculate the total.
+const (
+
+	//          DOMAINS PAGES VISITS UNIQUES
+	//             ^      ^     ^    ^
+	//             |      |     |    |
+	header     = "%-25s %-10s %10s %10s\n"
+	line       = "%-25s %-10s %10d %10d\n"
+	footer     = "\n%-36s %10d %10d\n" // -> "" VISITS UNIQUES
+	dash       = "-"
+	dashLength = 58
+)
+
+// summarize summarizes and prints the parsing result
+func summarize(res []result) {
+	sort.Slice(res, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return res[i].domain <= res[j].domain
+	})
+
+	fmt.Printf(header, "DOMAIN", "PAGES", "VISITS", "UNIQUES")
+	fmt.Println(strings.Repeat("-", dashLength))
+
+	var total result
+
+	for _, r := range res {
+		total = addResult(total, r)
+		fmt.Printf(line, r.domain, r.page, r.visits, r.uniques)
+	}
+	fmt.Printf(footer, "TOTAL", total.visits, total.uniques)
+}