solana/docs/src/history.md

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title: History
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In November of 2017, Anatoly Yakovenko published a whitepaper describing Proof
of History, a technique for keeping time between computers that do not trust
one another. From Anatoly's previous experience designing distributed systems
at Qualcomm, Mesosphere and Dropbox, he knew that a reliable clock makes
network synchronization very simple. When synchronization is simple the
resulting network can be blazing fast, bound only by network bandwidth.

Anatoly watched as blockchain systems without clocks, such as Bitcoin and
Ethereum, struggled to scale beyond 15 transactions per second worldwide when
centralized payment systems such as Visa required peaks of 65,000 tps. Without
a clock, it was clear they'd never graduate to being the global payment system
or global supercomputer most had dreamed them to be. When Anatoly solved the
problem of getting computers that don’t trust each other to agree on time, he
knew he had the key to bring 40 years of distributed systems research to the
world of blockchain. The resulting cluster wouldn't be just 10 times faster, or
a 100 times, or a 1,000 times, but 10,000 times faster, right out of the gate!

Anatoly's implementation began in a private codebase and was implemented in the
C programming language. Greg Fitzgerald, who had previously worked with Anatoly
at semiconductor giant Qualcomm Incorporated, encouraged him to reimplement the
project in the Rust programming language. Greg had worked on the LLVM compiler
infrastructure, which underlies both the Clang C/C++ compiler as well as the
Rust compiler. Greg claimed that the language's safety guarantees would improve
software productivity and that its lack of a garbage collector would allow
programs to perform as well as those written in C. Anatoly gave it a shot and
just two weeks later, had migrated his entire codebase to Rust. Sold. With
plans to weave all the world's transactions together on a single, scalable
blockchain, Anatoly called the project Loom.

On February 13th of 2018, Greg began prototyping the first open source
implementation of Anatoly's whitepaper. The project was published to GitHub
under the name Silk in the loomprotocol organization. On February 28th, Greg
made his first release, demonstrating 10 thousand signed transactions could be
verified and processed in just over half a second. Shortly after, another
former Qualcomm cohort, Stephen Akridge, demonstrated throughput could be
massively improved by offloading signature verification to graphics processors.
Anatoly recruited Greg, Stephen and three others to co-found a company, then
called Loom.

Around the same time, Ethereum-based project Loom Network sprung up and many
people were confused about whether they were the same project. The Loom team
decided it would rebrand. They chose the name Solana, a nod to a small beach
town North of San Diego called Solana Beach, where Anatoly, Greg and Stephen
lived and surfed for three years when they worked for Qualcomm. On March 28th,
the team created the Solana Labs GitHub organization and renamed Greg's
prototype Silk to Solana.

In June of 2018, the team scaled up the technology to run on cloud-based
networks and on July 19th, published a 50-node, permissioned, public testnet
consistently supporting bursts of 250,000 transactions per second. In a later
release in December, called v0.10 Pillbox, the team published a permissioned
testnet running 150 nodes on a gigabit network and demonstrated soak tests
processing an _average_ of 200 thousand transactions per second with bursts
over 500 thousand. The project was also extended to support on-chain programs
written in the C programming language and run concurrently in a safe execution
environment called BPF.