diff --git a/src/bank.rs b/src/bank.rs
index 05e8739606..be44b23e71 100644
--- a/src/bank.rs
+++ b/src/bank.rs
@@ -803,37 +803,17 @@ impl Bank {
         // Call the contract method
         // It's up to the contract to implement its own rules on moving funds
         if system_program::check_id(&program_id) {
-            if let Err(err) =
-                system_program::process_instruction(&tx, instruction_index, program_accounts)
-            {
-                let err = match err {
-                    system_program::Error::ResultWithNegativeTokens => {
-                        ProgramError::ResultWithNegativeTokens
-                    }
-                    _ => ProgramError::RuntimeError,
-                };
-                return Err(BankError::ProgramError(instruction_index as u8, err));
-            }
+            system_program::process(&tx, instruction_index, program_accounts)
+                .map_err(|err| BankError::ProgramError(instruction_index as u8, err))?;
         } else if budget_program::check_id(&program_id) {
-            if budget_program::process_instruction(&tx, instruction_index, program_accounts)
-                .is_err()
-            {
-                let err = ProgramError::RuntimeError;
-                return Err(BankError::ProgramError(instruction_index as u8, err));
-            }
+            budget_program::process(&tx, instruction_index, program_accounts)
+                .map_err(|err| BankError::ProgramError(instruction_index as u8, err))?;
         } else if storage_program::check_id(&program_id) {
-            if storage_program::process_instruction(&tx, instruction_index, program_accounts)
-                .is_err()
-            {
-                let err = ProgramError::RuntimeError;
-                return Err(BankError::ProgramError(instruction_index as u8, err));
-            }
+            storage_program::process(&tx, instruction_index, program_accounts)
+                .map_err(|err| BankError::ProgramError(instruction_index as u8, err))?;
         } else if vote_program::check_id(&program_id) {
-            if vote_program::process_instruction(&tx, instruction_index, program_accounts).is_err()
-            {
-                let err = ProgramError::RuntimeError;
-                return Err(BankError::ProgramError(instruction_index as u8, err));
-            }
+            vote_program::process(&tx, instruction_index, program_accounts)
+                .map_err(|err| BankError::ProgramError(instruction_index as u8, err))?;
         } else {
             let mut accounts = self.load_executable_accounts(tx.program_ids[instruction_index])?;
             let mut keyed_accounts = create_keyed_accounts(&mut accounts);
diff --git a/src/budget_program.rs b/src/budget_program.rs
index 3e1c94a943..d7a0a55eef 100644
--- a/src/budget_program.rs
+++ b/src/budget_program.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use budget_expr::BudgetExpr;
 use budget_instruction::Instruction;
 use chrono::prelude::{DateTime, Utc};
 use payment_plan::Witness;
+use program::ProgramError;
 use solana_sdk::account::Account;
 use solana_sdk::pubkey::Pubkey;
 use std::io;
@@ -133,6 +134,14 @@ pub fn process_instruction(
     }
 }
 
+pub fn process(
+    tx: &Transaction,
+    instruction_index: usize,
+    accounts: &mut [&mut Account],
+) -> std::result::Result<(), ProgramError> {
+    process_instruction(&tx, instruction_index, accounts).map_err(|_| ProgramError::RuntimeError)
+}
+
 //TODO the contract needs to provide a "get_balance" introspection call of the userdata
 pub fn get_balance(account: &Account) -> u64 {
     if let Ok(program) = deserialize(&account.userdata) {
diff --git a/src/storage_program.rs b/src/storage_program.rs
index 991bd04747..9af5c7c48d 100644
--- a/src/storage_program.rs
+++ b/src/storage_program.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 //!  and give reward for good proofs.
 
 use bincode::deserialize;
+use program::ProgramError;
 use solana_sdk::account::Account;
 use solana_sdk::hash::Hash;
 use solana_sdk::pubkey::Pubkey;
@@ -51,6 +52,14 @@ pub fn process_instruction(
     }
 }
 
+pub fn process(
+    tx: &Transaction,
+    instruction_index: usize,
+    accounts: &mut [&mut Account],
+) -> std::result::Result<(), ProgramError> {
+    process_instruction(&tx, instruction_index, accounts).map_err(|_| ProgramError::RuntimeError)
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::*;
diff --git a/src/system_program.rs b/src/system_program.rs
index 5d70e33f9b..bcdd93651b 100644
--- a/src/system_program.rs
+++ b/src/system_program.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 //! system program
 
 use bincode::deserialize;
+use program::ProgramError;
 use solana_sdk::account::Account;
 use solana_sdk::pubkey::Pubkey;
 use solana_sdk::system_instruction::SystemInstruction;
@@ -99,6 +100,17 @@ pub fn process_instruction(
     }
 }
 
+pub fn process(
+    tx: &Transaction,
+    instruction_index: usize,
+    accounts: &mut [&mut Account],
+) -> std::result::Result<(), ProgramError> {
+    process_instruction(&tx, instruction_index, accounts).map_err(|err| match err {
+        Error::ResultWithNegativeTokens => ProgramError::ResultWithNegativeTokens,
+        _ => ProgramError::RuntimeError,
+    })
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::*;
diff --git a/src/vote_program.rs b/src/vote_program.rs
index d5a2b25214..d02c0839a6 100644
--- a/src/vote_program.rs
+++ b/src/vote_program.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 use bincode::{deserialize, serialize};
 use byteorder::{ByteOrder, LittleEndian};
+use program::ProgramError;
 use solana_sdk::account::Account;
 use solana_sdk::pubkey::Pubkey;
 use std;
@@ -116,6 +117,14 @@ pub fn process_instruction(
     }
 }
 
+pub fn process(
+    tx: &Transaction,
+    instruction_index: usize,
+    accounts: &mut [&mut Account],
+) -> std::result::Result<(), ProgramError> {
+    process_instruction(&tx, instruction_index, accounts).map_err(|_| ProgramError::RuntimeError)
+}
+
 pub fn get_max_size() -> usize {
     // Upper limit on the size of the Vote State. Equal to
     // sizeof(VoteProgram) + MAX_VOTE_HISTORY * sizeof(Vote) +