Long-term ledger storage with BigTable (bp #11222) (#11392)

* ledger-storage-bigtable boilerplate

(cherry picked from commit 9d2293bb32)

* $ wget https://pki.goog/roots.pem -O pki-goog-roots.pem

(cherry picked from commit 1617a025ce)

* Add access_token module

(cherry picked from commit 59d266a111)

* Add root_ca_certificate

(cherry picked from commit faa016e4b7)

* Add build-proto

(cherry picked from commit c31e1f5bf0)

* UiTransactionEncoding is now copy

(cherry picked from commit 494968be66)

* Increase timeout

(cherry picked from commit 57dfebc5ba)

* Add build-proto/build.sh output

(cherry picked from commit 54dae6ba2c)

* Supress doctest errors

(cherry picked from commit 019c75797d)

* Add compression

(cherry picked from commit 243e05d59f)

* Add bigtable

(cherry picked from commit 6e0353965a)

* Add configuration info

(cherry picked from commit 98cca1e774)

* Add ledger-tool bigtable subcommands

(cherry picked from commit f9049d6ee4)

# Conflicts:
#	ledger-tool/Cargo.toml

* Make room for tokio 0.2

(cherry picked from commit b876fb84ba)

# Conflicts:
#	core/Cargo.toml

* Setup a tokio 0.2 runtime for RPC usage

(cherry picked from commit 0e02740565)

# Conflicts:
#	core/Cargo.toml

* Plumb Bigtable ledger storage into the RPC subsystem

(cherry picked from commit dfae9a9864)

# Conflicts:
#	core/Cargo.toml

* Add RPC transaction history design

(cherry picked from commit e56ea138c7)

* Simplify access token refreshing

(cherry picked from commit 1f7af14386)

* Report block status more frequently

(cherry picked from commit 22c46ebf96)

* after -> before

(cherry picked from commit 227ea934ff)

* Rebase

* Cargo.lock

Co-authored-by: Michael Vines <mvines@gmail.com>

docs/src/implemented-proposals/rpc-transaction-history.md

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+# Long term RPC Transaction History
+There's a need for RPC to serve at least 6 months of transaction history.  The
+current history, on the order of days, is insufficient for downstream users.
+
+6 months of transaction data cannot be stored practically in a validator's
+rocksdb ledger so an external data store is necessary.   The validator's
+rocksdb ledger will continue to serve as the primary data source, and then will
+fall back to the external data store.
+
+The affected RPC endpoints are:
+* [getFirstAvailableBlock](https://docs.solana.com/apps/jsonrpc-api#getfirstavailableblock)
+* [getConfirmedBlock](https://docs.solana.com/apps/jsonrpc-api#getconfirmedblock)
+* [getConfirmedBlocks](https://docs.solana.com/apps/jsonrpc-api#getconfirmedblocks)
+* [getConfirmedSignaturesForAddress](https://docs.solana.com/apps/jsonrpc-api#getconfirmedsignaturesforaddress)
+* [getConfirmedTransaction](https://docs.solana.com/apps/jsonrpc-api#getconfirmedtransaction)
+* [getSignatureStatuses](https://docs.solana.com/apps/jsonrpc-api#getsignaturestatuses)
+
+Note that [getBlockTime](https://docs.solana.com/apps/jsonrpc-api#getblocktime)
+is not supported, as once https://github.com/solana-labs/solana/issues/10089 is
+fixed then `getBlockTime` can be removed.
+
+Some system design constraints:
+* The volume of data to store and search can quickly jump into the terabytes,
+  and is immutable.
+* The system should be as light as possible for SREs.  For example an SQL
+  database cluster that requires an SRE to continually monitor and rebalance
+  nodes is undesirable.
+* Data must be searchable in real time - batched queries that take minutes or
+  hours to run are unacceptable.
+* Easy to replicate the data worldwide to co-locate it with the RPC endpoints
+  that will utilize it.
+* Interfacing with the external data store should be easy and not require
+  depending on risky lightly-used community-supported code libraries
+
+Based on these constraints, Google's BigTable product is selected as the data
+store.
+
+## Table Schema
+A BigTable instance is used to hold all transaction data, broken up into
+different tables for quick searching.
+
+New data may be copied into the instance at anytime without affecting the existing
+data, and all data is immutable.  Generally the expectation is that new data
+will be uploaded once an current epoch completes but there is no limitation on
+the frequency of data dumps.
+
+Cleanup of old data is automatic by configuring the data retention policy of the
+instance tables appropriately, it just disappears.  Therefore the order of when data is
+added becomes important.  For example if data from epoch N-1 is added after data
+from epoch N, the older epoch data will outlive the newer data.  However beyond
+producing _holes_ in query results, this kind of unordered deletion will
+have no ill effect.  Note that this method of cleanup effectively allows for an
+unlimited amount of transaction data to be stored, restricted only by the
+monetary costs of doing so.
+
+The table layout s supports the existing RPC endpoints only.  New RPC endpoints
+in the future may require additions to the schema and potentially iterating over
+all transactions to build up the necessary metadata.
+
+## Accessing BigTable
+BigTable has a gRPC endpoint that can be accessed using the
+[tonic](https://crates.io/crates/crate)] and the raw protobuf API, as currently no
+higher-level Rust crate for BigTable exists.  Practically this makes parsing the
+results of BigTable queries more complicated but is not a significant issue.
+
+## Data Population
+The ongoing population of instance data will occur on an epoch cadence through the
+use of a new `solana-ledger-tool` command that will convert rocksdb data for a
+given slot range into the instance schema.
+
+The same process will be run once, manually, to backfill the existing ledger
+data.
+
+### Block Table: `block`
+
+This table contains the compressed block data for a given slot.
+
+The row key is generated by taking the 16 digit lower case hexadecimal
+representation of the slot, to ensure that the oldest slot with a confirmed
+block will always be first when the rows are listed.  eg, The row key for slot
+42 would be 000000000000002a.
+
+The row data is a compressed `StoredConfirmedBlock` struct.
+
+
+### Account Address Transaction Signature Lookup Table: `tx-by-addr`
+
+This table contains the transactions that affect a given address.
+
+The row key is `<base58
+address>/<slot-id-one's-compliment-hex-slot-0-prefixed-to-16-digits>`.  The row
+data is a compressed `TransactionByAddrInfo` struct.
+
+Taking the one's compliment of the slot allows for listing of slots ensures that
+the newest slot with transactions that affect an address will always
+be listed first.
+
+Sysvar addresses are not indexed.  However frequently used programs such as
+Vote or System are, and will likely have a row for every confirmed slot.
+
+### Transaction Signature Lookup Table: `tx`
+
+This table maps a transaction signature to its confirmed block, and index within that block.
+
+The row key is the base58-encoded transaction signature.
+The row data is a compressed `TransactionInfo` struct.