diff --git a/src/accounts.rs b/src/accounts.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8175589236
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/accounts.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,362 @@
+use crate::bank::BankError;
+use crate::bank::Result;
+use crate::checkpoint::Checkpoint;
+use crate::counter::Counter;
+use crate::status_deque::{StatusDeque, StatusDequeError};
+use bincode::serialize;
+use hashbrown::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use log::Level;
+use solana_sdk::account::Account;
+use solana_sdk::hash::{hash, Hash};
+use solana_sdk::pubkey::Pubkey;
+use solana_sdk::transaction::Transaction;
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
+use std::sync::{Mutex, RwLock};
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct ErrorCounters {
+    pub account_not_found: usize,
+    pub account_in_use: usize,
+    pub last_id_not_found: usize,
+    pub reserve_last_id: usize,
+    pub insufficient_funds: usize,
+    pub duplicate_signature: usize,
+}
+
+/// This structure handles the load/store of the accounts
+pub struct AccountsDB {
+    /// Mapping of known public keys/IDs to accounts
+    pub accounts: HashMap<Pubkey, Account>,
+
+    /// list of prior states
+    checkpoints: VecDeque<(HashMap<Pubkey, Account>, u64)>,
+
+    /// The number of transactions the bank has processed without error since the
+    /// start of the ledger.
+    transaction_count: u64,
+}
+
+/// This structure handles synchronization for db
+pub struct Accounts {
+    pub accounts_db: RwLock<AccountsDB>,
+
+    /// set of accounts which are currently in the pipeline
+    account_locks: Mutex<HashSet<Pubkey>>,
+}
+
+impl Default for AccountsDB {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            accounts: HashMap::new(),
+            checkpoints: VecDeque::new(),
+            transaction_count: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Accounts {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            account_locks: Mutex::new(HashSet::new()),
+            accounts_db: RwLock::new(AccountsDB::default()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl AccountsDB {
+    pub fn keys(&self) -> Vec<Pubkey> {
+        self.accounts.keys().cloned().collect()
+    }
+
+    pub fn hash_internal_state(&self) -> Hash {
+        let mut ordered_accounts = BTreeMap::new();
+
+        // only hash internal state of the part being voted upon, i.e. since last
+        //  checkpoint
+        for (pubkey, account) in &self.accounts {
+            ordered_accounts.insert(*pubkey, account.clone());
+        }
+
+        hash(&serialize(&ordered_accounts).unwrap())
+    }
+
+    fn load(&self, pubkey: &Pubkey) -> Option<&Account> {
+        if let Some(account) = self.accounts.get(pubkey) {
+            return Some(account);
+        }
+
+        for (accounts, _) in &self.checkpoints {
+            if let Some(account) = accounts.get(pubkey) {
+                return Some(account);
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+    pub fn store(&mut self, pubkey: &Pubkey, account: &Account) {
+        if account.tokens == 0 {
+            if self.checkpoints.is_empty() {
+                // purge if balance is 0 and no checkpoints
+                self.accounts.remove(pubkey);
+            } else {
+                // store default account if balance is 0 and there's a checkpoint
+                self.accounts.insert(pubkey.clone(), Account::default());
+            }
+        } else {
+            self.accounts.insert(pubkey.clone(), account.clone());
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn store_accounts(
+        &mut self,
+        txs: &[Transaction],
+        res: &[Result<()>],
+        loaded: &[Result<Vec<Account>>],
+    ) {
+        for (i, racc) in loaded.iter().enumerate() {
+            if res[i].is_err() || racc.is_err() {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let tx = &txs[i];
+            let acc = racc.as_ref().unwrap();
+            for (key, account) in tx.account_keys.iter().zip(acc.iter()) {
+                self.store(key, account);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    fn load_account(
+        &self,
+        tx: &Transaction,
+        last_ids: &mut StatusDeque<Result<()>>,
+        max_age: usize,
+        error_counters: &mut ErrorCounters,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<Account>> {
+        // Copy all the accounts
+        if tx.signatures.is_empty() && tx.fee != 0 {
+            Err(BankError::MissingSignatureForFee)
+        } else if self.load(&tx.account_keys[0]).is_none() {
+            error_counters.account_not_found += 1;
+            Err(BankError::AccountNotFound)
+        } else if self.load(&tx.account_keys[0]).unwrap().tokens < tx.fee {
+            error_counters.insufficient_funds += 1;
+            Err(BankError::InsufficientFundsForFee)
+        } else {
+            if !last_ids.check_entry_id_age(tx.last_id, max_age) {
+                error_counters.last_id_not_found += 1;
+                return Err(BankError::LastIdNotFound);
+            }
+
+            // There is no way to predict what program will execute without an error
+            // If a fee can pay for execution then the program will be scheduled
+            last_ids
+                .reserve_signature_with_last_id(&tx.last_id, &tx.signatures[0])
+                .map_err(|err| match err {
+                    StatusDequeError::LastIdNotFound => {
+                        error_counters.reserve_last_id += 1;
+                        BankError::LastIdNotFound
+                    }
+                    StatusDequeError::DuplicateSignature => {
+                        error_counters.duplicate_signature += 1;
+                        BankError::DuplicateSignature
+                    }
+                })?;
+
+            let mut called_accounts: Vec<Account> = tx
+                .account_keys
+                .iter()
+                .map(|key| self.load(key).cloned().unwrap_or_default())
+                .collect();
+            called_accounts[0].tokens -= tx.fee;
+            Ok(called_accounts)
+        }
+    }
+    fn load_accounts(
+        &self,
+        txs: &[Transaction],
+        last_ids: &mut StatusDeque<Result<()>>,
+        results: Vec<Result<()>>,
+        max_age: usize,
+        error_counters: &mut ErrorCounters,
+    ) -> Vec<(Result<Vec<Account>>)> {
+        txs.iter()
+            .zip(results.into_iter())
+            .map(|etx| match etx {
+                (tx, Ok(())) => self.load_account(tx, last_ids, max_age, error_counters),
+                (_, Err(e)) => Err(e),
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+    pub fn increment_transaction_count(&mut self, tx_count: usize) {
+        self.transaction_count += tx_count as u64
+    }
+    pub fn transaction_count(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.transaction_count
+    }
+}
+
+impl Accounts {
+    pub fn keys(&self) -> Vec<Pubkey> {
+        self.accounts_db.read().unwrap().keys()
+    }
+
+    /// Slow because lock is held for 1 operation insted of many
+    pub fn load_slow(&self, pubkey: &Pubkey) -> Option<Account> {
+        self.accounts_db.read().unwrap().load(pubkey).cloned()
+    }
+    /// Slow because lock is held for 1 operation insted of many
+    pub fn store_slow(&self, pubkey: &Pubkey, account: &Account) {
+        self.accounts_db.write().unwrap().store(pubkey, account)
+    }
+    fn lock_account(
+        account_locks: &mut HashSet<Pubkey>,
+        keys: &[Pubkey],
+        error_counters: &mut ErrorCounters,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        // Copy all the accounts
+        for k in keys {
+            if account_locks.contains(k) {
+                error_counters.account_in_use += 1;
+                return Err(BankError::AccountInUse);
+            }
+        }
+        for k in keys {
+            account_locks.insert(*k);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn unlock_account(tx: &Transaction, result: &Result<()>, account_locks: &mut HashSet<Pubkey>) {
+        match result {
+            Err(BankError::AccountInUse) => (),
+            _ => {
+                for k in &tx.account_keys {
+                    account_locks.remove(k);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn hash_internal_state(&self) -> Hash {
+        self.accounts_db.read().unwrap().hash_internal_state()
+    }
+
+    /// This function will prevent multiple threads from modifying the same account state at the
+    /// same time
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn lock_accounts(&self, txs: &[Transaction]) -> Vec<Result<()>> {
+        let mut account_locks = self.account_locks.lock().unwrap();
+        let mut error_counters = ErrorCounters::default();
+        let rv = txs
+            .iter()
+            .map(|tx| Self::lock_account(&mut account_locks, &tx.account_keys, &mut error_counters))
+            .collect();
+        if error_counters.account_in_use != 0 {
+            inc_new_counter_info!(
+                "bank-process_transactions-account_in_use",
+                error_counters.account_in_use
+            );
+        }
+        rv
+    }
+
+    /// Once accounts are unlocked, new transactions that modify that state can enter the pipeline
+    pub fn unlock_accounts(&self, txs: &[Transaction], results: &[Result<()>]) {
+        let mut account_locks = self.account_locks.lock().unwrap();
+        debug!("bank unlock accounts");
+        txs.iter()
+            .zip(results.iter())
+            .for_each(|(tx, result)| Self::unlock_account(tx, result, &mut account_locks));
+    }
+
+    pub fn load_accounts(
+        &self,
+        txs: &[Transaction],
+        last_ids: &mut StatusDeque<Result<()>>,
+        results: Vec<Result<()>>,
+        max_age: usize,
+        error_counters: &mut ErrorCounters,
+    ) -> Vec<(Result<Vec<Account>>)> {
+        self.accounts_db.read().unwrap().load_accounts(
+            txs,
+            last_ids,
+            results,
+            max_age,
+            error_counters,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn store_accounts(
+        &self,
+        txs: &[Transaction],
+        res: &[Result<()>],
+        loaded: &[Result<Vec<Account>>],
+    ) {
+        self.accounts_db
+            .write()
+            .unwrap()
+            .store_accounts(txs, res, loaded)
+    }
+
+    pub fn increment_transaction_count(&self, tx_count: usize) {
+        self.accounts_db
+            .write()
+            .unwrap()
+            .increment_transaction_count(tx_count)
+    }
+    pub fn transaction_count(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.accounts_db.read().unwrap().transaction_count()
+    }
+    pub fn checkpoint(&self) {
+        self.accounts_db.write().unwrap().checkpoint()
+    }
+    pub fn rollback(&self) {
+        self.accounts_db.write().unwrap().rollback()
+    }
+    pub fn purge(&self, depth: usize) {
+        self.accounts_db.write().unwrap().purge(depth)
+    }
+    pub fn depth(&self) -> usize {
+        self.accounts_db.read().unwrap().depth()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Checkpoint for AccountsDB {
+    fn checkpoint(&mut self) {
+        let mut accounts = HashMap::new();
+        std::mem::swap(&mut self.accounts, &mut accounts);
+
+        self.checkpoints
+            .push_front((accounts, self.transaction_count()));
+    }
+    fn rollback(&mut self) {
+        let (accounts, transaction_count) = self.checkpoints.pop_front().unwrap();
+        self.accounts = accounts;
+        self.transaction_count = transaction_count;
+    }
+
+    fn purge(&mut self, depth: usize) {
+        fn merge(into: &mut HashMap<Pubkey, Account>, purge: &mut HashMap<Pubkey, Account>) {
+            purge.retain(|pubkey, _| !into.contains_key(pubkey));
+            into.extend(purge.drain());
+            into.retain(|_, account| account.tokens != 0);
+        }
+
+        while self.depth() > depth {
+            let (mut purge, _) = self.checkpoints.pop_back().unwrap();
+
+            if let Some((into, _)) = self.checkpoints.back_mut() {
+                merge(into, &mut purge);
+                continue;
+            }
+            merge(&mut self.accounts, &mut purge);
+        }
+    }
+    fn depth(&self) -> usize {
+        self.checkpoints.len()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    // TODO: all the bank tests are bank specific, issue: 2194
+}
diff --git a/src/bank.rs b/src/bank.rs
index 6a3fb3ce52..5662af6269 100644
--- a/src/bank.rs
+++ b/src/bank.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 //! on behalf of the caller, and a low-level API for when they have
 //! already been signed and verified.
 
+use crate::accounts::{Accounts, ErrorCounters};
 use crate::checkpoint::Checkpoint;
 use crate::counter::Counter;
 use crate::entry::Entry;
@@ -13,11 +14,10 @@ use crate::mint::Mint;
 use crate::poh_recorder::PohRecorder;
 use crate::rpc::RpcSignatureStatus;
 use crate::runtime::{self, RuntimeError};
-use crate::status_deque::{Status, StatusDeque, StatusDequeError, MAX_ENTRY_IDS};
+use crate::status_deque::{Status, StatusDeque, MAX_ENTRY_IDS};
 use crate::storage_stage::StorageState;
 use bincode::deserialize;
-use bincode::serialize;
-use hashbrown::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use hashbrown::HashMap;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use log::Level;
 use rayon::prelude::*;
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ use solana_native_loader;
 use solana_sdk::account::Account;
 use solana_sdk::bpf_loader;
 use solana_sdk::budget_program;
-use solana_sdk::hash::{hash, Hash};
+use solana_sdk::hash::Hash;
 use solana_sdk::native_program::ProgramError;
 use solana_sdk::payment_plan::Payment;
 use solana_sdk::pubkey::Pubkey;
@@ -40,10 +40,9 @@ use solana_sdk::token_program;
 use solana_sdk::transaction::Transaction;
 use solana_sdk::vote_program;
 use std;
-use std::collections::{BTreeMap, VecDeque};
 use std::result;
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
-use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, RwLock};
+use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock};
 use std::time::Instant;
 use tokio::prelude::Future;
 
@@ -88,117 +87,13 @@ pub type Result<T> = result::Result<T, BankError>;
 
 pub const VERIFY_BLOCK_SIZE: usize = 16;
 
-#[derive(Default)]
-struct ErrorCounters {
-    account_not_found: usize,
-    account_in_use: usize,
-    last_id_not_found: usize,
-    reserve_last_id: usize,
-    insufficient_funds: usize,
-    duplicate_signature: usize,
-}
-
-#[derive(Default)]
-pub struct Accounts {
-    /// Mapping of known public keys/IDs to accounts
-    accounts: HashMap<Pubkey, Account>,
-
-    /// The number of transactions the bank has processed without error since the
-    /// start of the ledger.
-    transaction_count: u64,
-
-    /// list of prior states
-    checkpoints: VecDeque<(HashMap<Pubkey, Account>, u64)>,
-}
-
-impl Accounts {
-    /// Returns a read-only iterator over all known accounts
-    pub fn account_values(&self) -> hashbrown::hash_map::Values<Pubkey, Account> {
-        self.accounts.values()
-    }
-
-    fn load(&self, pubkey: &Pubkey) -> Option<&Account> {
-        if let Some(account) = self.accounts.get(pubkey) {
-            return Some(account);
-        }
-
-        for (accounts, _) in &self.checkpoints {
-            if let Some(account) = accounts.get(pubkey) {
-                return Some(account);
-            }
-        }
-        None
-    }
-
-    fn store(&mut self, pubkey: &Pubkey, account: &Account) {
-        if account.tokens == 0 {
-            if self.checkpoints.is_empty() {
-                // purge if balance is 0 and no checkpoints
-                self.accounts.remove(pubkey);
-            } else {
-                // store default account if balance is 0 and there's a checkpoint
-                self.accounts.insert(pubkey.clone(), Account::default());
-            }
-        } else {
-            self.accounts.insert(pubkey.clone(), account.clone());
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn increment_transaction_count(&mut self, tx_count: usize) {
-        self.transaction_count += tx_count as u64;
-    }
-    fn transaction_count(&self) -> u64 {
-        self.transaction_count
-    }
-}
-
-impl Checkpoint for Accounts {
-    fn checkpoint(&mut self) {
-        let mut accounts = HashMap::new();
-        std::mem::swap(&mut self.accounts, &mut accounts);
-
-        self.checkpoints
-            .push_front((accounts, self.transaction_count));
-    }
-    fn rollback(&mut self) {
-        let (accounts, transaction_count) = self.checkpoints.pop_front().unwrap();
-        self.accounts = accounts;
-        self.transaction_count = transaction_count;
-    }
-
-    fn purge(&mut self, depth: usize) {
-        fn merge(into: &mut HashMap<Pubkey, Account>, purge: &mut HashMap<Pubkey, Account>) {
-            purge.retain(|pubkey, _| !into.contains_key(pubkey));
-            into.extend(purge.drain());
-            into.retain(|_, account| account.tokens != 0);
-        }
-
-        while self.depth() > depth {
-            let (mut purge, _) = self.checkpoints.pop_back().unwrap();
-
-            if let Some((into, _)) = self.checkpoints.back_mut() {
-                merge(into, &mut purge);
-                continue;
-            }
-            merge(&mut self.accounts, &mut purge);
-        }
-    }
-    fn depth(&self) -> usize {
-        self.checkpoints.len()
-    }
-}
-
 /// Manager for the state of all accounts and programs after processing its entries.
 pub struct Bank {
-    /// A map of account public keys to the balance in that account.
-    pub accounts: RwLock<Accounts>,
+    pub accounts: Accounts,
 
     /// FIFO queue of `last_id` items
     last_ids: RwLock<StatusDeque<Result<()>>>,
 
-    /// set of accounts which are currently in the pipeline
-    account_locks: Mutex<HashSet<Pubkey>>,
-
     // The latest finality time for the network
     finality_time: AtomicUsize,
 
@@ -218,9 +113,8 @@ pub struct Bank {
 impl Default for Bank {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Bank {
-            accounts: RwLock::new(Accounts::default()),
+            accounts: Accounts::default(),
             last_ids: RwLock::new(StatusDeque::default()),
-            account_locks: Mutex::new(HashSet::new()),
             finality_time: AtomicUsize::new(std::usize::MAX),
             account_subscriptions: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
             signature_subscriptions: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
@@ -242,48 +136,38 @@ impl Bank {
     pub fn new_from_deposits(deposits: &[Payment]) -> Self {
         let bank = Self::default();
         for deposit in deposits {
-            let mut accounts = bank.accounts.write().unwrap();
-
             let mut account = Account::default();
             account.tokens += deposit.tokens;
 
-            accounts.store(&deposit.to, &account);
+            bank.accounts.store_slow(&deposit.to, &account);
         }
         bank.add_builtin_programs();
         bank
     }
 
     pub fn checkpoint(&self) {
-        self.accounts.write().unwrap().checkpoint();
+        self.accounts.checkpoint();
         self.last_ids.write().unwrap().checkpoint();
     }
     pub fn purge(&self, depth: usize) {
-        self.accounts.write().unwrap().purge(depth);
+        self.accounts.purge(depth);
         self.last_ids.write().unwrap().purge(depth);
     }
 
     pub fn rollback(&self) {
-        let rolled_back_pubkeys: Vec<Pubkey> = self
-            .accounts
-            .read()
-            .unwrap()
-            .accounts
-            .keys()
-            .cloned()
-            .collect();
-
-        self.accounts.write().unwrap().rollback();
+        let rolled_back_pubkeys: Vec<Pubkey> = self.accounts.keys();
+        self.accounts.rollback();
 
         rolled_back_pubkeys.iter().for_each(|pubkey| {
-            if let Some(account) = self.accounts.read().unwrap().load(&pubkey) {
-                self.check_account_subscriptions(&pubkey, account)
+            if let Some(account) = self.accounts.load_slow(&pubkey) {
+                self.check_account_subscriptions(&pubkey, &account)
             }
         });
 
         self.last_ids.write().unwrap().rollback();
     }
     pub fn checkpoint_depth(&self) -> usize {
-        self.accounts.read().unwrap().depth()
+        self.accounts.depth()
     }
 
     /// Create an Bank with only a Mint. Typically used by unit tests.
@@ -314,8 +198,6 @@ impl Bank {
     }
 
     fn add_system_program(&self) {
-        let mut accounts = self.accounts.write().unwrap();
-
         let system_program_account = Account {
             tokens: 1,
             owner: system_program::id(),
@@ -323,12 +205,12 @@ impl Bank {
             executable: true,
             loader: solana_native_loader::id(),
         };
-        accounts.store(&system_program::id(), &system_program_account);
+        self.accounts
+            .store_slow(&system_program::id(), &system_program_account);
     }
 
     fn add_builtin_programs(&self) {
         self.add_system_program();
-        let mut accounts = self.accounts.write().unwrap();
 
         // Vote program
         let vote_program_account = Account {
@@ -338,7 +220,8 @@ impl Bank {
             executable: true,
             loader: solana_native_loader::id(),
         };
-        accounts.store(&vote_program::id(), &vote_program_account);
+        self.accounts
+            .store_slow(&vote_program::id(), &vote_program_account);
 
         // Storage program
         let storage_program_account = Account {
@@ -348,7 +231,8 @@ impl Bank {
             executable: true,
             loader: solana_native_loader::id(),
         };
-        accounts.store(&storage_program::id(), &storage_program_account);
+        self.accounts
+            .store_slow(&storage_program::id(), &storage_program_account);
 
         // Bpf Loader
         let bpf_loader_account = Account {
@@ -359,7 +243,8 @@ impl Bank {
             loader: solana_native_loader::id(),
         };
 
-        accounts.store(&bpf_loader::id(), &bpf_loader_account);
+        self.accounts
+            .store_slow(&bpf_loader::id(), &bpf_loader_account);
 
         // Budget program
         let budget_program_account = Account {
@@ -369,7 +254,8 @@ impl Bank {
             executable: true,
             loader: solana_native_loader::id(),
         };
-        accounts.store(&budget_program::id(), &budget_program_account);
+        self.accounts
+            .store_slow(&budget_program::id(), &budget_program_account);
 
         // Erc20 token program
         let erc20_account = Account {
@@ -380,7 +266,8 @@ impl Bank {
             loader: solana_native_loader::id(),
         };
 
-        accounts.store(&token_program::id(), &erc20_account);
+        self.accounts
+            .store_slow(&token_program::id(), &erc20_account);
     }
 
     /// Return the last entry ID registered.
@@ -461,131 +348,6 @@ impl Bank {
         }
     }
 
-    fn lock_account(
-        account_locks: &mut HashSet<Pubkey>,
-        keys: &[Pubkey],
-        error_counters: &mut ErrorCounters,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        // Copy all the accounts
-        for k in keys {
-            if account_locks.contains(k) {
-                error_counters.account_in_use += 1;
-                return Err(BankError::AccountInUse);
-            }
-        }
-        for k in keys {
-            account_locks.insert(*k);
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn unlock_account(tx: &Transaction, result: &Result<()>, account_locks: &mut HashSet<Pubkey>) {
-        match result {
-            Err(BankError::AccountInUse) => (),
-            _ => {
-                for k in &tx.account_keys {
-                    account_locks.remove(k);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn load_account(
-        &self,
-        tx: &Transaction,
-        accounts: &Accounts,
-        last_ids: &mut StatusDeque<Result<()>>,
-        max_age: usize,
-        error_counters: &mut ErrorCounters,
-    ) -> Result<Vec<Account>> {
-        // Copy all the accounts
-        if tx.signatures.is_empty() && tx.fee != 0 {
-            Err(BankError::MissingSignatureForFee)
-        } else if accounts.load(&tx.account_keys[0]).is_none() {
-            error_counters.account_not_found += 1;
-            Err(BankError::AccountNotFound)
-        } else if accounts.load(&tx.account_keys[0]).unwrap().tokens < tx.fee {
-            error_counters.insufficient_funds += 1;
-            Err(BankError::InsufficientFundsForFee)
-        } else {
-            if !last_ids.check_entry_id_age(tx.last_id, max_age) {
-                error_counters.last_id_not_found += 1;
-                return Err(BankError::LastIdNotFound);
-            }
-
-            // There is no way to predict what program will execute without an error
-            // If a fee can pay for execution then the program will be scheduled
-            last_ids
-                .reserve_signature_with_last_id(&tx.last_id, &tx.signatures[0])
-                .map_err(|err| match err {
-                    StatusDequeError::LastIdNotFound => {
-                        error_counters.reserve_last_id += 1;
-                        BankError::LastIdNotFound
-                    }
-                    StatusDequeError::DuplicateSignature => {
-                        error_counters.duplicate_signature += 1;
-                        BankError::DuplicateSignature
-                    }
-                })?;
-
-            let mut called_accounts: Vec<Account> = tx
-                .account_keys
-                .iter()
-                .map(|key| accounts.load(key).cloned().unwrap_or_default())
-                .collect();
-            called_accounts[0].tokens -= tx.fee;
-            Ok(called_accounts)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// This function will prevent multiple threads from modifying the same account state at the
-    /// same time
-    #[must_use]
-    fn lock_accounts(&self, txs: &[Transaction]) -> Vec<Result<()>> {
-        let mut account_locks = self.account_locks.lock().unwrap();
-        let mut error_counters = ErrorCounters::default();
-        let rv = txs
-            .iter()
-            .map(|tx| Self::lock_account(&mut account_locks, &tx.account_keys, &mut error_counters))
-            .collect();
-        if error_counters.account_in_use != 0 {
-            inc_new_counter_info!(
-                "bank-process_transactions-account_in_use",
-                error_counters.account_in_use
-            );
-        }
-        rv
-    }
-
-    /// Once accounts are unlocked, new transactions that modify that state can enter the pipeline
-    fn unlock_accounts(&self, txs: &[Transaction], results: &[Result<()>]) {
-        debug!("bank unlock accounts");
-        let mut account_locks = self.account_locks.lock().unwrap();
-        txs.iter()
-            .zip(results.iter())
-            .for_each(|(tx, result)| Self::unlock_account(tx, result, &mut account_locks));
-    }
-
-    fn load_accounts(
-        &self,
-        txs: &[Transaction],
-        results: Vec<Result<()>>,
-        max_age: usize,
-        error_counters: &mut ErrorCounters,
-    ) -> Vec<(Result<Vec<Account>>)> {
-        let accounts = self.accounts.read().unwrap();
-        let mut last_ids = self.last_ids.write().unwrap();
-        txs.iter()
-            .zip(results.into_iter())
-            .map(|etx| match etx {
-                (tx, Ok(())) => {
-                    self.load_account(tx, &accounts, &mut last_ids, max_age, error_counters)
-                }
-                (_, Err(e)) => Err(e),
-            })
-            .collect()
-    }
-
     fn load_executable_accounts(&self, mut program_id: Pubkey) -> Result<Vec<(Pubkey, Account)>> {
         let mut accounts = Vec::new();
         let mut depth = 0;
@@ -627,24 +389,11 @@ impl Bank {
             .collect()
     }
 
-    pub fn store_accounts(
-        &self,
-        txs: &[Transaction],
-        res: &[Result<()>],
-        loaded: &[Result<Vec<Account>>],
-    ) {
-        let mut accounts = self.accounts.write().unwrap();
-        for (i, racc) in loaded.iter().enumerate() {
-            if res[i].is_err() || racc.is_err() {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            let tx = &txs[i];
-            let acc = racc.as_ref().unwrap();
-            for (key, account) in tx.account_keys.iter().zip(acc.iter()) {
-                accounts.store(key, account);
-            }
-        }
+    fn lock_accounts(&self, txs: &[Transaction]) -> Vec<Result<()>> {
+        self.accounts.lock_accounts(txs)
+    }
+    fn unlock_accounts(&self, txs: &[Transaction], results: &[Result<()>]) {
+        self.accounts.unlock_accounts(txs, results)
     }
 
     pub fn process_and_record_transactions(
@@ -712,6 +461,17 @@ impl Bank {
         }
         Ok(())
     }
+    fn load_accounts(
+        &self,
+        txs: &[Transaction],
+        results: Vec<Result<()>>,
+        max_age: usize,
+        error_counters: &mut ErrorCounters,
+    ) -> Vec<(Result<Vec<Account>>)> {
+        let mut last_ids = self.last_ids.write().unwrap();
+        self.accounts
+            .load_accounts(txs, &mut last_ids, results, max_age, error_counters)
+    }
 
     /// Process a batch of transactions.
     #[must_use]
@@ -725,7 +485,7 @@ impl Bank {
         let mut error_counters = ErrorCounters::default();
         let now = Instant::now();
         let mut loaded_accounts =
-            self.load_accounts(txs, locked_accounts.clone(), max_age, &mut error_counters);
+            self.load_accounts(txs, locked_accounts, max_age, &mut error_counters);
         let tick_height = self.tick_height();
 
         let load_elapsed = now.elapsed();
@@ -747,10 +507,11 @@ impl Bank {
             .collect();
         let execution_elapsed = now.elapsed();
         let now = Instant::now();
-        self.store_accounts(txs, &executed, &loaded_accounts);
+        self.accounts
+            .store_accounts(txs, &executed, &loaded_accounts);
 
         // Check account subscriptions and send notifications
-        self.send_account_notifications(txs, locked_accounts);
+        self.send_account_notifications(txs, &executed, &loaded_accounts);
 
         // once committed there is no way to unroll
         let write_elapsed = now.elapsed();
@@ -783,10 +544,7 @@ impl Bank {
             inc_new_counter_info!("bank-process_transactions-error_count", err_count);
         }
 
-        self.accounts
-            .write()
-            .unwrap()
-            .increment_transaction_count(tx_count);
+        self.accounts.increment_transaction_count(tx_count);
 
         inc_new_counter_info!("bank-process_transactions-txs", tx_count);
         if 0 != error_counters.last_id_not_found {
@@ -997,14 +755,12 @@ impl Bank {
 
             {
                 // 1) Deposit into the mint
-                let mut accounts = self.accounts.write().unwrap();
-
-                let mut account = accounts
-                    .load(&tx.account_keys[0])
-                    .cloned()
+                let mut account = self
+                    .accounts
+                    .load_slow(&tx.account_keys[0])
                     .unwrap_or_default();
                 account.tokens += mint_deposit - leader_payment;
-                accounts.store(&tx.account_keys[0], &account);
+                self.accounts.store_slow(&tx.account_keys[0], &account);
                 trace!(
                     "applied genesis payment {:?} => {:?}",
                     mint_deposit - leader_payment,
@@ -1017,12 +773,12 @@ impl Bank {
                 // mint itself), so we look at the third account key to find the first
                 // leader id.
                 let bootstrap_leader_id = tx.account_keys[2];
-                let mut account = accounts
-                    .load(&bootstrap_leader_id)
-                    .cloned()
+                let mut account = self
+                    .accounts
+                    .load_slow(&bootstrap_leader_id)
                     .unwrap_or_default();
                 account.tokens += leader_payment;
-                accounts.store(&bootstrap_leader_id, &account);
+                self.accounts.store_slow(&bootstrap_leader_id, &account);
 
                 self.leader_scheduler.write().unwrap().bootstrap_leader = bootstrap_leader_id;
 
@@ -1075,15 +831,11 @@ impl Bank {
     }
 
     pub fn get_account(&self, pubkey: &Pubkey) -> Option<Account> {
-        let accounts = self
-            .accounts
-            .read()
-            .expect("'accounts' read lock in get_balance");
-        accounts.load(pubkey).cloned()
+        self.accounts.load_slow(pubkey)
     }
 
     pub fn transaction_count(&self) -> u64 {
-        self.accounts.read().unwrap().transaction_count()
+        self.accounts.transaction_count()
     }
 
     pub fn get_signature_status(&self, signature: &Signature) -> Option<Status<Result<()>>> {
@@ -1111,15 +863,7 @@ impl Bank {
     /// Hash the `accounts` HashMap. This represents a validator's interpretation
     ///  of the delta of the ledger since the last vote and up to now
     pub fn hash_internal_state(&self) -> Hash {
-        let mut ordered_accounts = BTreeMap::new();
-
-        // only hash internal state of the part being voted upon, i.e. since last
-        //  checkpoint
-        for (pubkey, account) in &self.accounts.read().unwrap().accounts {
-            ordered_accounts.insert(*pubkey, account.clone());
-        }
-
-        hash(&serialize(&ordered_accounts).unwrap())
+        self.accounts.hash_internal_state()
     }
 
     pub fn finality(&self) -> usize {
@@ -1130,16 +874,23 @@ impl Bank {
         self.finality_time.store(finality, Ordering::Relaxed);
     }
 
-    fn send_account_notifications(&self, txs: &[Transaction], locked_accounts: Vec<Result<()>>) {
-        let accounts = self.accounts.read().unwrap();
-        txs.iter()
-            .zip(locked_accounts.into_iter())
-            .filter(|(_, result)| result.is_ok())
-            .flat_map(|(tx, _)| &tx.account_keys)
-            .for_each(|pubkey| {
-                let account = accounts.load(pubkey).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
-                self.check_account_subscriptions(&pubkey, &account);
-            });
+    fn send_account_notifications(
+        &self,
+        txs: &[Transaction],
+        res: &[Result<()>],
+        loaded: &[Result<Vec<Account>>],
+    ) {
+        for (i, racc) in loaded.iter().enumerate() {
+            if res[i].is_err() || racc.is_err() {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let tx = &txs[i];
+            let acc = racc.as_ref().unwrap();
+            for (key, account) in tx.account_keys.iter().zip(acc.iter()) {
+                self.check_account_subscriptions(&key, account);
+            }
+        }
     }
     pub fn add_account_subscription(
         &self,
@@ -1245,7 +996,9 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::ledger;
     use crate::signature::GenKeys;
     use crate::status_deque;
+    use crate::status_deque::StatusDequeError;
     use bincode::serialize;
+    use hashbrown::HashSet;
     use solana_sdk::hash::hash;
     use solana_sdk::native_program::ProgramError;
     use solana_sdk::signature::Keypair;
@@ -1976,7 +1729,7 @@ mod tests {
         bank.transfer(500, &bob, alice.keypair().pubkey(), alice.last_id())
             .unwrap();
         // this has to be stored as zero in the top accounts hashmap ;)
-        assert!(bank.accounts.read().unwrap().load(&bob.pubkey()).is_some());
+        assert!(bank.accounts.load_slow(&bob.pubkey()).is_some());
         assert_eq!(bank.get_balance(&bob.pubkey()), 0);
         // double-checks
         assert_eq!(bank.get_balance(&alice.pubkey()), 9_500);
@@ -1995,7 +1748,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         // bob should still have 0, alice should have 10_000
         assert_eq!(bank.get_balance(&bob.pubkey()), 0);
-        assert!(bank.accounts.read().unwrap().load(&bob.pubkey()).is_none());
+        assert!(bank.accounts.load_slow(&bob.pubkey()).is_none());
         // double-checks
         assert_eq!(bank.get_balance(&alice.pubkey()), 9_500);
         assert_eq!(bank.get_balance(&charlie.pubkey()), 500);
diff --git a/src/compute_leader_finality_service.rs b/src/compute_leader_finality_service.rs
index 0d46e7d174..92a05a9c70 100644
--- a/src/compute_leader_finality_service.rs
+++ b/src/compute_leader_finality_service.rs
@@ -37,13 +37,14 @@ impl ComputeLeaderFinalityService {
         let mut total_stake = 0;
 
         let mut ticks_and_stakes: Vec<(u64, u64)> = {
-            let bank_accounts = bank.accounts.read().unwrap();
+            let bank_accounts = bank.accounts.accounts_db.read().unwrap();
             // TODO: Doesn't account for duplicates since a single validator could potentially register
             // multiple vote accounts. Once that is no longer possible (see the TODO in vote_program.rs,
             // process_transaction(), case VoteInstruction::RegisterAccount), this will be more accurate.
             // See github issue 1654.
             bank_accounts
-                .account_values()
+                .accounts
+                .values()
                 .filter_map(|account| {
                     // Filter out any accounts that don't belong to the VoteProgram
                     // by returning None
diff --git a/src/leader_scheduler.rs b/src/leader_scheduler.rs
index 8f7edd06a6..11c0d006b8 100644
--- a/src/leader_scheduler.rs
+++ b/src/leader_scheduler.rs
@@ -318,11 +318,12 @@ impl LeaderScheduler {
         let lower_bound = height.saturating_sub(self.active_window_length);
 
         {
-            let accounts = bank.accounts.read().unwrap();
+            let accounts = bank.accounts.accounts_db.read().unwrap();
 
             // TODO: iterate through checkpoints, too
             accounts
-                .account_values()
+                .accounts
+                .values()
                 .filter_map(|account| {
                     if vote_program::check_id(&account.owner) {
                         if let Ok(vote_state) = VoteProgram::deserialize(&account.userdata) {
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 9b1dab7831..cda67761fd 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "unstable", feature(test))]
 #[macro_use]
 pub mod counter;
+pub mod accounts;
 pub mod bank;
 pub mod banking_stage;
 pub mod blob_fetch_stage;