triton/python/src/triton.cc

#include "triton/codegen/pass.h"
#include "triton/codegen/target.h"
#include "triton/codegen/extern_lib.h"
#include "triton/driver/error.h"
#include "triton/driver/llvm.h"
#include "triton/ir/builder.h"
#include "triton/ir/enums.h"
#include "triton/ir/function.h"
#include "triton/ir/module.h"
#include "triton/ir/print.h"
#include <optional>
#include <pybind11/buffer_info.h>
#include <pybind11/functional.h>
#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
#include <pybind11/stl_bind.h>
#include <pybind11/stl.h>
#include "Python.h"
#include <regex>
#include <sstream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <string>
#include "llvm/IR/Module.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Verifier.h"

namespace py = pybind11;
namespace ir = triton::ir;
namespace drv = triton::driver;


/*****************************************************************************/
/* Python bindings for triton::driver                                        */
/*****************************************************************************/
// information query
template<CUdevice_attribute attr>
int cuGetInfo(CUdevice device) {
  int res;
  drv::dispatch::cuDeviceGetAttribute(&res, attr, device);
  return res;
}

template<hipDeviceAttribute_t attr>
int hipGetInfo(hipDevice_t device) {
  int res;
  drv::dispatch::hipDeviceGetAttribute(&res, attr, device);
  return res;
}

enum backend_t {
  HOST,
  CUDA,
  ROCM,
};

void cu_enable_peer_access(uint64_t peer_ptr){
  CUcontext context;
  drv::dispatch::cuPointerGetAttribute(&context, CU_POINTER_ATTRIBUTE_CONTEXT, peer_ptr);
  try {
      drv::dispatch::cuCtxEnablePeerAccess(context, 0);
  } catch (drv::exception::cuda::peer_access_already_enabled) {}
}

void host_enqueue(uint64_t stream, uint64_t kernel,
                  uint64_t grid_0, uint64_t grid_1, uint64_t grid_2,
                  uint64_t block_0, uint64_t block_1, uint64_t block_2,
                  void* args_ptr, size_t args_size, int64_t shared_mem){
  throw std::runtime_error("unsupported");
// auto hst = kernel->module()->hst();
// hst_->futures->reserve(hst_->futures->size() + grid[0]*grid[1]*grid[2]);
// char* params = new char[args_size];
// std::memcpy((void*)params, (void*)args, args_size);
// for(size_t i = 0; i < grid[0]; i++)
//   for(size_t j = 0; j < grid[1]; j++)
//     for(size_t k = 0; k < grid[2]; k++)
//       hst_->futures->emplace_back(hst_->pool->enqueue(hst->fn, (char**)params, int32_t(i), int32_t(j), int32_t(k)));
}

void cu_enqueue(uint64_t stream, uint64_t kernel,
                uint64_t grid_0, uint64_t grid_1, uint64_t grid_2,
                uint64_t block_0, uint64_t block_1, uint64_t block_2,
                void* args_ptr, size_t args_size, int64_t shared_mem){
  void *config[] = {
      CU_LAUNCH_PARAM_BUFFER_POINTER, (void*)args_ptr,
      CU_LAUNCH_PARAM_BUFFER_SIZE,    &args_size,
      CU_LAUNCH_PARAM_END
  };
  drv::dispatch::cuLaunchKernel((CUfunction)kernel, grid_0, grid_1, grid_2,
                                block_0, block_1, block_2,
                                shared_mem, (CUstream)stream, nullptr, config);
}

void hip_enqueue(uint64_t stream, uint64_t kernel,
                uint64_t grid_0, uint64_t grid_1, uint64_t grid_2,
                uint64_t block_0, uint64_t block_1, uint64_t block_2,
                void* args_ptr, size_t args_size, int64_t shared_mem) {
  void *config[] = {
      HIP_LAUNCH_PARAM_BUFFER_POINTER, (void*)args_ptr,
      HIP_LAUNCH_PARAM_BUFFER_SIZE,    &args_size,
      HIP_LAUNCH_PARAM_END
  };
  drv::dispatch::hipModuleLaunchKernel((hipFunction_t)kernel, grid_0, grid_1, grid_2,
                                block_0, block_1, block_2,
                                shared_mem, (hipStream_t)stream, nullptr, config);
#ifdef DEBUG_ROCM
  drv::dispatch::hipGetLastError();                                
#endif
}

long pow2_divisor(long N){
    if(N % 16 == 0) return 16;
    if(N % 8 == 0) return 8;
    if(N % 4 == 0) return 4;
    if(N % 2 == 0) return 2;
    return 1;
}

// Returns something like "int16", whether dtype is a torch.dtype or
// triton.language.dtype.
std::string dtype_cache_key_part(const py::object& dtype) {
  if (py::hasattr(dtype, "cache_key_part")) {
    // Presumed to be a triton.language.dtype.
    return std::string(py::str(py::getattr(dtype, "cache_key_part")));
  } else {
    // Remove 'torch.' prefix from repr of torch.dtype.
    py::object repr = py::repr(dtype);
    size_t repr_len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(repr.ptr());
    const char* repr_ptr = (const char*)PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(repr.ptr());
    if (repr_len <= 6 || strncmp(repr_ptr, "torch.", 6)) {
      throw std::logic_error("invalid dtype: " + std::string(repr_ptr, repr_len));
    }
    return std::string(repr_ptr + 6, repr_len - 6);
  }
}

size_t get_pointer_range_size(uint64_t addr){
  if(addr == 0)
    return 0;
  size_t size;
  drv::dispatch::cuPointerGetAttribute(&size, CU_POINTER_ATTRIBUTE_RANGE_SIZE, (CUdeviceptr)addr);
  return size;
}

// Launch
void parse_args(py::list& args, py::list do_not_specialize, const std::string& func_key, py::list& arg_names,
                std::string& cache_key, std::string& params, size_t& params_size, py::dict constants,
                int num_warps, int num_stages, py::dict& extern_libs) {
    size_t len = PyList_Size(args.ptr());
    params.reserve(8*len); // 8 max bytes by argument
    char* params_ptr = &params[0];
    cache_key = func_key;
    cache_key += "-" + std::to_string(num_warps);
    cache_key += "-" + std::to_string(num_stages);
    cache_key += "-";
    for(int i = 0; i < len; i++){
      cache_key += "_";
      py::int_ py_i = py::int_(i);
      bool specialize = !do_not_specialize.contains(py_i);
      py::object arg = args[i];
      auto arg_ptr = arg.ptr();

      // argument is `long`
      if(PyLong_Check(arg_ptr)){
        int overflow;
        long long value = PyLong_AsLongLongAndOverflow(arg_ptr, &overflow);
        // values equal to 1 are specialized
        if(specialize && (value == 1)){
          cache_key += "1";
          continue;
        }
        // int32, uint32, int64, and uint64 have different kernels
        if (!overflow && -0x8000'0000LL <= value && value <= 0x7FFF'FFFFLL) {
          cache_key += "int32";
          params_ptr = (char*)(((uintptr_t)params_ptr + 3) & (-4));
          std::memcpy(params_ptr, &value, 4);
          params_ptr += 4;
        } else if (!overflow && 0x8000'0000LL <= value && value <= 0xFFFF'FFFFLL) {
          cache_key += "uint32";
          params_ptr = (char*)(((uintptr_t)params_ptr + 3) & (-4));
          std::memcpy(params_ptr, &value, 4);
          params_ptr += 4;
        } else if (!overflow) {
          cache_key += "int64";
          params_ptr = (char*)(((uintptr_t)params_ptr + 7) & (-8));
          std::memcpy(params_ptr, &value, 8);
          params_ptr += 8;
        } else {
          if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
            throw std::logic_error("An error occurred?");
          }
          unsigned long long unsigned_value = PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(arg_ptr);
          if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
            throw std::runtime_error("integer overflow in argument: " + std::string(py::str(arg)));
          }
          cache_key += "uint64";
          params_ptr = (char*)(((uintptr_t)params_ptr + 7) & (-8));
          std::memcpy(params_ptr, &unsigned_value, 8);
          params_ptr += 8;
        }
        if(!specialize)
          continue;
        // values divisible by small powers of 2 are specialized
        cache_key += "[multipleof(";
        cache_key += std::to_string(pow2_divisor(value));
        cache_key += ")]";
        continue;
      }
      // argument is `float`
      if(PyFloat_Check(arg_ptr)){
        cache_key += "float32";
        float value = PyFloat_AsDouble(arg_ptr);
        params_ptr = (char*)(((uintptr_t)params_ptr + 3) & (-4));
        std::memcpy(params_ptr, &value, 4);
        params_ptr += 4;
        continue;
      }
      // argument is `bool`
      if(PyBool_Check(arg_ptr)){
        cache_key += "bool";
        bool value =  arg_ptr == Py_True ? true : false;
        std::memcpy(params_ptr, &value, 1);
        params_ptr += 1;
        continue;
      }
      // argument is tensor
      if(py::hasattr(arg, "data_ptr")){
        py::object data_ptr = arg.attr("data_ptr")();
        long value = data_ptr.cast<long>();
        params_ptr = (char*)(((uintptr_t)params_ptr + 7) & (-8));
        // copy param
        std::memcpy(params_ptr, &value, 8);
        params_ptr += 8;
        // update cache key
        cache_key += dtype_cache_key_part(arg.attr("dtype"));
        cache_key += "*";
        cache_key += "[multipleof(";
        size_t range_size;
        try {
          range_size = get_pointer_range_size(value);
        } catch (...) {
          throw std::runtime_error("argument tensor #" + std::to_string(i) + " is not on cuda! " + std::string(py::str(arg)));
        }
        cache_key += std::to_string(std::min(pow2_divisor(value), pow2_divisor(range_size)));
        cache_key += ")]";
        continue;
      }
      // argument is `constexpr`
      if (py::hasattr(arg, "value")) {
        py::object value = arg.attr("value");
        // check if value is a callable object using PyCallable_Check
        if (PyCallable_Check(value.ptr())) {
          throw std::runtime_error(
              "constant argument cannot be a callable object: " +
              std::string(py::str(arg)));
        }
        py::object name = arg_names[i];
        constants[name] = value;
        py::object repr = py::repr(value);
        const char* start = (const char*)PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(repr.ptr());
        size_t len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(repr.ptr());
        cache_key += std::string(start, len);
        continue;
      }
      std::string ty_str = arg.attr("__class__").attr("__name__").cast<std::string>();
      if(ty_str == "NoneType"){
        cache_key += "None";
        continue;
      }
      std::string err_msg = "Received type '" + ty_str + "' for argument " + std::to_string(i) + "."
                            + " Only int, float, bool, torch.Tensor, and triton.language.constexpr are supported.";
      throw std::runtime_error(err_msg);
    }
  params_size = (std::ptrdiff_t)(params_ptr - &params[0]);

  for (auto item : extern_libs) {
    cache_key += "-" + item.first.cast<std::string>();
    cache_key += "_" + item.second.cast<std::string>();
  }
}

//

void init_triton_runtime(py::module &&m) {

  // m.def("current_stream", [](uint64_t device){
  //   return (uint64_t)(c10::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(device).stream());
  // });

  // wrap backend_t
  py::enum_<backend_t>(m, "backend")
    .value("HOST", HOST)
    .value("CUDA", CUDA)
    .value("ROCM", ROCM)
    .export_values();

  // enable peer-to-peer
  m.def("enable_peer_access", [](backend_t backend, uint64_t peer_ptr) {
      if (backend != CUDA)
        throw std::runtime_error("P2P only supported on CUDA devices!");
      cu_enable_peer_access(peer_ptr);
    }
  );

  // get range size for the given pointer
  m.def("get_pointer_range_size", &get_pointer_range_size);


  // cache key
  m.def("launch", [](py::list args, py::list do_not_specialize, const std::string& func_key, py::list& arg_names,
                     py::object device, py::int_ stream, py::dict bin_cache, py::int_ num_warps, py::int_ num_stages,
                     py::dict extern_libs, py::function add_to_cache, py::object grid){
    // parse arguments to compute cache key, compile-time constants and packed kernel arguments
    long _num_warps = PyLong_AsLong(num_warps.ptr());
    long _num_stages = PyLong_AsLong(num_stages.ptr());
    std::string cache_key;
    std::string params;
    size_t params_size;
    py::dict constants;
    parse_args(args, do_not_specialize, func_key, arg_names, cache_key, params,
               params_size, constants, _num_warps, _num_stages, extern_libs);

    // get cached binary
    py::str key(cache_key);
    py::bool_ noop = false;
    if(!bin_cache.contains(key)) {
      noop = add_to_cache(key, args, device, num_warps, num_stages, extern_libs);
    }
    if (noop)
      return (py::object)py::none();
    py::object bin = bin_cache[key];

    // get grid
    py::sequence seq;
    if(!PySequence_Check(grid.ptr()))
      seq = grid(constants);
    else
      seq = grid;
    int size = seq.size();
    int grid_0 = py::cast<int>(seq[0]);
    int grid_1 = size < 2 ? 1 : py::cast<int>(seq[1]);
    int grid_2 = size < 3 ? 1 : py::cast<int>(seq[2]);

    // enqueue
    uint64_t kernel = py::cast<uint64_t>(bin.attr("kernel"));
    uint64_t shared_mem = py::cast<uint64_t>(bin.attr("shared_mem"));

    // actually launch
    void *config[] = {
        CU_LAUNCH_PARAM_BUFFER_POINTER, params.data(),
        CU_LAUNCH_PARAM_BUFFER_SIZE, &params_size,
        CU_LAUNCH_PARAM_END
    };
    uint64_t _stream = PyLong_AsLong(stream.ptr());
    if(grid_0*grid_1*grid_2 > 0) {
      // release the gil in case the enqueue blocks
      // cuda will block if too many ops are enqueued
      py::gil_scoped_release allow_threads;
      drv::dispatch::cuLaunchKernel((CUfunction)kernel, grid_0, grid_1, grid_2,
                                    _num_warps*32, 1, 1, shared_mem, (CUstream)_stream,
                                     nullptr, config);
   }
    return bin;
  });

  m.def("cc", [](backend_t backend, uint64_t device) -> int {
    if (backend == CUDA) {
      CUdevice dev = (CUdevice)device;
      int major = cuGetInfo<CU_DEVICE_ATTRIBUTE_COMPUTE_CAPABILITY_MAJOR>(dev);
      int minor = cuGetInfo<CU_DEVICE_ATTRIBUTE_COMPUTE_CAPABILITY_MINOR>(dev);
      return major*10 + minor;
    }
    return -1;
  });

  // query maximum shared memory
  m.def("max_shared_memory", [](backend_t backend, uint64_t device) {
      if (backend == HOST)
        return 0;
      if(backend == CUDA)
        return cuGetInfo<CU_DEVICE_ATTRIBUTE_MAX_SHARED_MEMORY_PER_BLOCK_OPTIN>(device);
      if(backend == ROCM)
        return hipGetInfo<hipDeviceAttributeMaxSharedMemoryPerBlock>(device);
      return -1;
  });

  // query DRAM & L2 cache
  m.def("memory_clock_rate", [](backend_t backend, uint64_t device) {
    if (backend == CUDA) return cuGetInfo<CU_DEVICE_ATTRIBUTE_MEMORY_CLOCK_RATE>(device);
    return -1;
  });
  m.def("global_memory_bus_width", [](backend_t backend, uint64_t device) {
    if (backend == CUDA) return cuGetInfo<CU_DEVICE_ATTRIBUTE_GLOBAL_MEMORY_BUS_WIDTH>(device);
    return -1;
  });
  m.def("l2_cache_size", [](backend_t backend, uint64_t device) {
    if (backend == CUDA) return cuGetInfo<CU_DEVICE_ATTRIBUTE_L2_CACHE_SIZE>(device);
    return -1;
  });

  // query clock rate (in kilohertz)
  m.def("clock_rate", [](backend_t backend, uint64_t device) {
    if (backend == CUDA) return cuGetInfo<CU_DEVICE_ATTRIBUTE_CLOCK_RATE>(device);
    return -1;
  });

  m.def("num_sm", [](backend_t backend, uint64_t device) {
    if (backend == CUDA) return cuGetInfo<CU_DEVICE_ATTRIBUTE_MULTIPROCESSOR_COUNT>(device);
    return -1;
  });

  // enqueue
  m.def("enqueue", [](backend_t backend, uint64_t stream, uint64_t kernel,
                      uint64_t grid_0, uint64_t grid_1, uint64_t grid_2,
                      uint64_t block_0, uint64_t block_1, uint64_t block_2,
                      const std::string &args, int64_t shared_mem){
    void* args_ptr = (void*)args.data();
    size_t args_size = args.size();
    // release the gil in case the enqueue blocks
    // cuda will block if too many ops are enqueued
    py::gil_scoped_release allow_threads;
    if(backend == HOST)
      host_enqueue(stream, kernel, grid_0, grid_1, grid_2, block_0, block_1, block_2, args_ptr, args_size, shared_mem);
    if(backend == CUDA)
      cu_enqueue(stream, kernel, grid_0, grid_1, grid_2, block_0, block_1, block_2, args_ptr, args_size, shared_mem);
    if(backend == ROCM)
      hip_enqueue(stream, kernel, grid_0, grid_1, grid_2, block_0, block_1, block_2, args_ptr, args_size, shared_mem);
  });


}

/*****************************************************************************/
/* Python bindings for triton::codegen                                       */
/*****************************************************************************/
typedef std::map<std::string, py::object> asm_map_t;

// ---------------------------------------
// Compile Triton-IR to assembly
// ---------------------------------------

void init_triton_codegen(py::module &&m) {
  m.def("compile_ttir_to_ptx",
      [](backend_t backend, ir::module &ir, uint64_t device, int num_warps, int num_stages, py::dict& extern_libs, size_t cc) {
          std::ostringstream ttir;
          int n_shared_bytes;
          std::string tmp;
          std::string ptx;
          std::string cubin;
          std::string name;
          { // Scope where the GIL is released
            py::gil_scoped_release allow_threads;
            name = ir.get_function_list()[0]->get_name();
            ir.print(ttir);
            llvm::LLVMContext ctx;
            // construct extern lib map
            triton::codegen::ExternLibMap extern_lib_map;
            for (auto item : extern_libs) {
              auto name = item.first.cast<std::string>();
              auto path = item.second.cast<std::string>();
              extern_lib_map.emplace(
                  name, triton::codegen::create_extern_lib(name, path));
            }
            // device properties
            if (cc == 0) {
              CUdevice dev = (CUdevice)device;
              size_t major = cuGetInfo<CU_DEVICE_ATTRIBUTE_COMPUTE_CAPABILITY_MAJOR>(dev);
              size_t minor = cuGetInfo<CU_DEVICE_ATTRIBUTE_COMPUTE_CAPABILITY_MINOR>(dev);
              cc = major*10 + minor;
            }
            int version;
            std::string ptxas_path = drv::path_to_ptxas(version);
            // Triton-IR -> NVPTX LLVM-IR
            triton::codegen::nvidia_cu_target target(cc);
            auto llvm = triton::codegen::add_passes_to_emit_bin(
                ir, ctx, &target, num_warps, num_stages, n_shared_bytes, extern_lib_map);
            llvm::raw_string_ostream llir(tmp);
            llir << *llvm;
            llir.flush();
            // LLVM-IR -> PTX
            ptx = drv::llir_to_ptx(llvm.get(), cc, version);
            // PTX -> Binary
            cubin = drv::ptx_to_cubin(ptx, ptxas_path, cc);
          }
          asm_map_t asm_map;
          asm_map["ttir"] = py::cast(ttir.str());
          asm_map["llir"] = py::cast(tmp);
          asm_map["ptx"] = py::cast(ptx);

          if(!cubin.empty()){
            py::bytes bytes(cubin);
            asm_map["cubin"] = bytes;
          }
          return std::make_tuple(name, asm_map, n_shared_bytes);
      },
      py::return_value_policy::take_ownership);
  
  m.def("compile_ttir_to_amdgcn",
      [](backend_t backend, ir::module &ir, uint64_t device, int num_warps, int num_stages, py::dict& extern_libs, size_t cc) {
          std::ostringstream ttir;
          int n_shared_bytes;
          std::string tmp;
          std::string amdgcn;
          std::string hsaco_path;
          std::string name;
          { 
            std::cout << "triton.cc: compile_ttir_to_amdgcn:" << std::endl;
            // Scope where the GIL is released
            py::gil_scoped_release allow_threads;
            name = ir.get_function_list()[0]->get_name();
            ir.print(ttir);
            llvm::LLVMContext ctx;
            // construct extern lib map
            triton::codegen::ExternLibMap extern_lib_map;
            for (auto item : extern_libs) {
              auto name = item.first.cast<std::string>();
              auto path = item.second.cast<std::string>();
              extern_lib_map.emplace(
                  name, triton::codegen::create_extern_lib(name, path));
            }
            // device properties
            if (cc == 0) {
              hipDevice_t dev = (hipDevice_t)device;
              size_t major = hipGetInfo<hipDeviceAttributeComputeCapabilityMajor>(dev);
              size_t minor = hipGetInfo<hipDeviceAttributeComputeCapabilityMinor>(dev);
              cc = major*10 + minor;
            }
            int version;
            // std::string ptxas_path = drv::path_to_ptxas(version);
            // Triton-IR -> AMDGCN LLVM-IR
            std::cout << "\t" << ttir.str() << std::endl;
            std::cout << "\t" << tmp << std::endl;
            triton::codegen::amd_cl_target target;
            auto llvm = triton::codegen::add_passes_to_emit_bin(
                ir, ctx, &target, num_warps, num_stages, n_shared_bytes, extern_lib_map);
            llvm::raw_string_ostream llir(tmp);
            llir << *llvm;
            llir.flush();
            // LLVM-IR -> AMDGPU
            std::tuple<std::string, std::string>  amdgpu = drv::llir_to_amdgcn(llvm.get(), "gfx90a");
            amdgcn = std::get<0>(amdgpu);
            hsaco_path = std::get<1>(amdgpu);
          }
          asm_map_t asm_map;
          asm_map["ttir"] = py::cast(ttir.str());
          asm_map["llir"] = py::cast(tmp);
          asm_map["amdgcn"] = py::cast(amdgcn);
          asm_map["hsaco_path"] = py::cast(hsaco_path);
          
          return std::make_tuple(name, asm_map, n_shared_bytes);
      },
      py::return_value_policy::take_ownership);
  

  // --------------------------------------- 
  // Load provided assembly code into driver
  // --------------------------------------- 
  m.def("load_binary_cubin", [](const std::string& name, const std::string& data, size_t n_shared_bytes, uint64_t device){
	      py::gil_scoped_release allow_threads;
        // create driver handles
        CUfunction fun;
        CUmodule mod;
        drv::dispatch::cuModuleLoadData(&mod, data.c_str());
        drv::dispatch::cuModuleGetFunction(&fun, mod, name.c_str());
        // get allocated registers and spilled registers from the function
        int n_regs = 0;
        int n_spills = 0;
        drv::dispatch::cuFuncGetAttribute(&n_regs, CU_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE_NUM_REGS, fun);
        drv::dispatch::cuFuncGetAttribute(&n_spills, CU_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE_LOCAL_SIZE_BYTES, fun);
        n_spills /= 4;
        // set dynamic shared memory if necessary
        int shared_optin;
        drv::dispatch::cuDeviceGetAttribute(&shared_optin, CU_DEVICE_ATTRIBUTE_MAX_SHARED_MEMORY_PER_BLOCK_OPTIN, device);
        if(n_shared_bytes > 49152 && shared_optin > 49152){
          drv::dispatch::cuFuncSetCacheConfig(fun, CU_FUNC_CACHE_PREFER_SHARED);
          int shared_total, shared_static;
          drv::dispatch::cuDeviceGetAttribute(&shared_total, CU_DEVICE_ATTRIBUTE_MAX_SHARED_MEMORY_PER_MULTIPROCESSOR, device);
          drv::dispatch::cuFuncGetAttribute(&shared_static, CU_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE_SHARED_SIZE_BYTES, fun);
          drv::dispatch::cuFuncSetAttribute(fun, CU_FUNC_ATTRIBUTE_MAX_DYNAMIC_SHARED_SIZE_BYTES, shared_optin - shared_static);
        }
        return std::make_tuple((uint64_t)mod, (uint64_t)fun, (uint64_t)n_regs, (uint64_t)n_spills);
      }, 
      py::return_value_policy::take_ownership
  );

  // --------------------------------------- 
  // Load provided assembly code into driver
  // --------------------------------------- 
  m.def("load_binary_hsaco", [](const std::string& name, const std::string& data, size_t n_shared_bytes, uint64_t device){
        std::cout << "triton.cc: load_binary_hsaco:" << std::endl;
        std::cout << "\tname:" << name << std::endl;
        std::cout << "\tdata:" << data << std::endl;
        std::cout << "\tn_shared_bytes:" << n_shared_bytes << std::endl;
        std::cout << "\tdevice:" << device << std::endl;
        py::gil_scoped_release allow_threads;
        // create driver handles
        std::cout << "\t" << "// create driver handles" << std::endl;
        hipFunction_t fun;
        hipModule_t mod = drv::amdgpu_to_hipmodule(data);
        drv::dispatch::hipModuleGetFunction(&fun, mod, name.c_str());
        // get allocated registers and spilled registers from the function
        std::cout << "\t" << "// get allocated registers and spilled registers from the function" << std::endl;
        int n_regs = 0;
        int n_spills = 0;
        hipFuncAttributes attr;
        // drv::dispatch::hipFuncGetAttributes(&attr, fun);
        // drv::dispatch::hipFuncGetAttributes(&attr, fun);
        n_regs = attr.numRegs;
        n_spills = attr.localSizeBytes / 4;
        // set dynamic shared memory if necessary
        std::cout << "\t" << "// set dynamic shared memory if necessary" << std::endl;
        int shared_optin;
        // drv::dispatch::hipDeviceGetAttribute(&shared_optin, hipDeviceAttributeSharedMemPerBlockOptin, device);
        if(n_shared_bytes > 49152 && shared_optin > 49152){
          // drv::dispatch::hipFuncSetCacheConfig(fun, hipFuncCachePreferShared);
          int shared_total, shared_static;
          // drv::dispatch::hipDeviceGetAttribute(&shared_total, hipDeviceAttributeMaxSharedMemoryPerMultiprocessor, device);
          // drv::dispatch::hipFuncGetAttributes(&attr, fun);
          shared_total = attr.sharedSizeBytes;
          // drv::dispatch::hipFuncSetAttribute(fun, hipFuncAttributeMaxDynamicSharedMemorySize, shared_optin - shared_static);
        }
        return std::make_tuple((uint64_t)mod, (uint64_t)fun, (uint64_t)n_regs, (uint64_t)n_spills);
      }, 
      py::return_value_policy::take_ownership
  );
  

  struct InstanceDescriptor
  {
    std::unordered_set<int> divisibleBy16;
    std::unordered_set<int> equalTo1;
  };

  py::class_<InstanceDescriptor>(m, "instance_descriptor")
      .def(py::init<>())
      .def(py::init<std::unordered_set<int>, std::unordered_set<int>>())
      .def_readonly("divisible_by_16", &InstanceDescriptor::divisibleBy16)
      .def_readonly("equal_to_1", &InstanceDescriptor::equalTo1);
}


/*****************************************************************************/
/* Python bindings for triton::ir                                            */
/*****************************************************************************/

void init_triton_ir(py::module &&m) {
  using ret = py::return_value_policy;
  using namespace pybind11::literals;

  py::enum_<ir::load_inst::CACHE_MODIFIER>(m, "CACHE_MODIFIER")
      .value("NONE", ir::load_inst::NONE)
      .value("CA", ir::load_inst::CA)
      .value("CG", ir::load_inst::CG)
      .export_values();

  py::enum_<ir::load_inst::EVICTION_POLICY>(m, "EVICTION_POLICY")
      .value("NORMAL", ir::load_inst::NORMAL)
      .value("EVICT_FIRST", ir::load_inst::EVICT_FIRST)
      .value("EVICT_LAST", ir::load_inst::EVICT_LAST)
      .export_values();

  py::enum_<ir::reduce_inst::op_t>(m, "REDUCE_OP")
      .value("ADD", ir::reduce_inst::ADD)
      .value("FADD", ir::reduce_inst::FADD)
      .value("MIN", ir::reduce_inst::MIN)
      .value("MAX", ir::reduce_inst::MAX)
      .value("UMIN", ir::reduce_inst::UMIN)
      .value("UMAX", ir::reduce_inst::UMAX)
      .value("ARGMIN", ir::reduce_inst::ARGMIN)
      .value("ARGMAX", ir::reduce_inst::ARGMAX)
      .value("ARGUMIN", ir::reduce_inst::ARGUMIN)
      .value("ARGUMAX", ir::reduce_inst::ARGUMAX)
      .value("FMIN", ir::reduce_inst::FMIN)
      .value("FMAX", ir::reduce_inst::FMAX)
      .value("ARGFMIN", ir::reduce_inst::ARGFMIN)
      .value("ARGFMAX", ir::reduce_inst::ARGFMAX)
      .value("XOR", ir::reduce_inst::XOR);

  py::enum_<ir::atomic_rmw_op_t>(m, "ATOMIC_OP")
      .value("ADD", ir::atomic_rmw_op_t::Add)
      .value("FADD", ir::atomic_rmw_op_t::FAdd)
      .value("AND", ir::atomic_rmw_op_t::And)
      .value("OR", ir::atomic_rmw_op_t::Or)
      .value("XOR", ir::atomic_rmw_op_t::Xor)
      .value("XCHG", ir::atomic_rmw_op_t::Xchg)
      .value("MAX", ir::atomic_rmw_op_t::Max)
      .value("MIN", ir::atomic_rmw_op_t::Min)
      .value("UMIN", ir::atomic_rmw_op_t::UMin)
      .value("UMAX", ir::atomic_rmw_op_t::UMax);

  py::class_<ir::context>(m, "context")
      .def(py::init<>());

  py::class_<ir::value>(m, "value")
      .def("multiple_of", [](ir::value *self, std::vector<unsigned> val) {
        if (auto *instr = dynamic_cast<ir::instruction*>(self)) {
          instr->set_metadata(ir::metadata::multiple_of, val);
        } else
          throw std::runtime_error("multiple_of");
      })
      .def("max_contiguous", [](ir::value *self, std::vector<unsigned> val) {
        if (auto *instr = dynamic_cast<ir::instruction*>(self)) {
          instr->set_metadata(ir::metadata::max_contiguous, val);
        } else
          throw std::runtime_error("max_contiguous");
      })
      .def("set_fdiv_ieee_rounding", [](ir::value *self, bool val) {
        if (auto *instr = dynamic_cast<ir::binary_operator*>(self))
          instr->set_fdiv_ieee_rounding(val);
        else
          throw std::runtime_error("set_fdiv_ieee_rounding");
      })
      .def("is_phi", [](ir::value *self) {
        if (auto *pn = dynamic_cast<ir::phi_node*>(self))
          return true;
        return false;
      })
      .def("ops", [](ir::value *self) {
        if (auto *instr = dynamic_cast<ir::instruction*>(self)) {
          return instr->ops();
        }
        throw std::runtime_error("cannot use ops()");
      })
      .def("replace_all_uses_with", &ir::value::replace_all_uses_with)
      .def("erase_from_parent", [](ir::value *self) {
        if (auto *instr = dynamic_cast<ir::instruction*>(self))
          return instr->erase_from_parent();
        throw std::runtime_error("cannot use erase_from_parent");
      })
      .def_property("name", &ir::value::get_name, &ir::value::set_name)
      .def_property_readonly("type", &ir::value::get_type);

  py::class_<ir::user, ir::value>(m, "user");

  py::class_<ir::constant, ir::user>(m, "constant")
      .def("get_null_value", &ir::constant::get_null_value, ret::reference)
      .def("get_all_ones_value", &ir::constant::get_all_ones_value, ret::reference);

  py::class_<ir::undef_value, ir::constant>(m, "undef")
      .def("get", &ir::undef_value::get, ret::reference);

  py::class_<ir::constant_int, ir::constant>(m, "constant_int")
      .def_property_readonly("value", &ir::constant_int::get_value)
      .def("__int__", [](ir::constant_int *self) { return self->get_value(); })
      .def("__bool__", [](ir::constant_int *self) { return self->get_value(); });

  py::class_<ir::constant_fp, ir::constant>(m, "constant_float")
      .def_property_readonly("value", &ir::constant_fp::get_value)
      .def("get", [](ir::type* ty, double val) { return ir::constant_fp::get(ty, val); }, ret::reference);

  py::class_<ir::instruction, ir::user>(m, "instruction")
      .def("get_parent", [](ir::instruction *self) {
        return self->get_parent();
      }, ret::reference);
  py::class_<ir::phi_node, ir::instruction>(m, "phi_node")
      .def("add_incoming", &ir::phi_node::add_incoming);

  py::class_<ir::type>(m, "type")
      .def("make_ptr", &ir::pointer_type::get, ret::reference)
      .def("make_function", &ir::function_type::get, ret::reference)
      .def("make_block", &ir::block_type::get, ret::reference)
      .def("get_void", &ir::type::get_void_ty, ret::reference)
      .def("get_fp8", &ir::type::get_fp8_ty, ret::reference)
      .def("get_fp16", &ir::type::get_fp16_ty, ret::reference)
      .def("get_bf16", &ir::type::get_bf16_ty, ret::reference)
      .def("get_fp32", &ir::type::get_fp32_ty, ret::reference)
      .def("get_fp64", &ir::type::get_fp64_ty, ret::reference)
      .def("get_int1", &ir::type::get_int1_ty, ret::reference)
      .def("get_int8", &ir::type::get_int8_ty, ret::reference)
      .def("get_int16", &ir::type::get_int16_ty, ret::reference)
      .def("get_int32", &ir::type::get_int32_ty, ret::reference)
      .def("get_int64", &ir::type::get_int64_ty, ret::reference)
      .def("get_fp_mantissa_width", &ir::type::get_fp_mantissa_width, ret::reference)

      .def("get_block_shapes", &ir::type::get_block_shapes)

      .def("is_ptr", &ir::type::is_pointer_ty)
      .def("is_int", static_cast<bool (ir::type::*)() const>(&ir::type::is_integer_ty))
      .def("is_floating", &ir::type::is_floating_point_ty)
      .def("is_block", &ir::type::is_block_ty)
      .def("is_struct", &ir::type::is_struct_ty)
      .def("is_void", &ir::type::is_void_ty)
      .def("is_bool", &ir::type::is_bool_ty)
      .def("is_fp8", &ir::type::is_fp8_ty)
      .def("is_fp16", &ir::type::is_fp16_ty)
      .def("is_bf16", &ir::type::is_bf16_ty)
      .def("is_fp32", &ir::type::is_fp32_ty)
      .def("is_fp64", &ir::type::is_fp64_ty)
      .def("is_int1", [](ir::type *self) { return self->is_integer_ty(1); })
      .def("is_int8", [](ir::type *self) { return self->is_integer_ty(8); })
      .def("is_int16", [](ir::type *self) { return self->is_integer_ty(16); })
      .def("is_int32", [](ir::type *self) { return self->is_integer_ty(32); })
      .def("is_int64", [](ir::type *self) { return self->is_integer_ty(64); })
      .def("is_int_or_tileint", &ir::type::is_int_or_tileint_ty)

      .def("repr", &ir::type::repr)
      .def_property_readonly("fp_mantissa_width", &ir::type::get_fp_mantissa_width)
      .def_property_readonly("scalar", &ir::type::get_scalar_ty)
      .def_property_readonly("context", &ir::type::get_context, ret::reference)
      .def_property_readonly("int_bitwidth", &ir::type::get_integer_bitwidth)
      .def_property_readonly("primitive_bitwidth", &ir::type::get_primitive_size_in_bits);

  py::class_<ir::pointer_type, ir::type>(m, "pointer_type")
      .def_property_readonly("element", &ir::pointer_type::get_element_ty, ret::reference)
      .def_property_readonly("address_space", &ir::pointer_type::get_pointer_address_space, ret::reference);

  py::class_<ir::function_type, ir::type>(m, "function_type")
      .def_property_readonly("ret_ty", &ir::function_type::get_return_ty)
      .def_property_readonly("arg_tys", [](ir::function_type* self){
        return std::vector<ir::type*>(self->params_begin(), self->params_end());
      });

  py::class_<ir::integer_type, ir::type>(m, "integer_type");

  py::class_<ir::block_type, ir::type>(m, "block_type")
      .def_property_readonly("shape", &ir::block_type::get_shapes)
      .def_property_readonly("numel", &ir::type::get_tile_num_elements);

  py::class_<ir::struct_type, ir::type>(m, "struct_type")
      .def("get", &ir::struct_type::get, ret::reference)
      .def_property_readonly("num_types", &ir::struct_type::get_num_types);

  py::class_<ir::module>(m, "module", py::dynamic_attr())
      .def(py::init<std::string, ir::builder &>())
      .def("has_function", &ir::module::has_function)
      .def("get_function", &ir::module::get_function, ret::reference)
      .def("get_functions", &ir::module::get_function_list, ret::reference)
      .def("get_or_insert_function", &ir::module::get_or_insert_function, ret::reference)
      .def("print", [](ir::module *self) {
          self->print(std::cout);
      })
      .def("reset_ret_ty", &ir::module::reset_ret_ty)
      .def("set_instr_metadata", [](ir::module *self, const std::string &name, ir::value *value) {
          const auto metadatas = self->get_metadatas();
          auto it = metadatas.find(name);
          if (it != metadatas.end())
            if (auto *instr = dynamic_cast<ir::instruction*>(value)) {
              instr->set_metadata(it->second.first, it->second.second);
            }
    })
      .def_property_readonly("builder", &ir::module::get_builder, ret::reference);

  using eattr = ir::attribute_kind_t;
  py::enum_<eattr>(m, "attribute_kind")
      .value("readonly", eattr::readonly)
      .value("writeonly", eattr::writeonly)
      .value("noalias", eattr::noalias)
      .value("aligned", eattr::aligned)
      .value("multiple_of", eattr::multiple_of)
      .value("retune", eattr::retune)
      .value("not_implemented", eattr::not_implemented);

  py::class_<ir::attribute>(m, "attribute")
      .def(py::init<eattr, int>())
      .def_property_readonly("value", &ir::attribute::get_value);

  py::class_<ir::function>(m, "function")
      .def_property_readonly("args", &ir::function::args)
      .def_property_readonly("attrs", &ir::function::attrs)
      .def("set_is_kernel", &ir::function::set_is_kernel)
      .def("add_attr", &ir::function::add_attr)
      .def("has_attr", &ir::function::has_attr)
      .def("get_attrs", &ir::function::get_attributes);

  py::class_<ir::argument, ir::value>(m, "argument")
      .def_property_readonly("parent", &ir::argument::get_parent, ret::reference)
      .def_property_readonly("arg_no", &ir::argument::get_arg_no);

  py::class_<ir::basic_block, ir::value>(m, "basic_block")
      .def("create", &ir::basic_block::create, ret::reference, py::arg(), py::arg(), py::arg() = nullptr)
      .def("get_predecessors", &ir::basic_block::get_predecessors, ret::reference)
      .def("get_first_non_phi", [](ir::basic_block *self) -> ir::instruction* {
        ir::basic_block::iterator it = self->get_first_non_phi();
        if (it == self->end())
          return nullptr;
        return *it;
      }, ret::reference)
      .def_property_readonly("parent", &ir::basic_block::get_parent, ret::reference);

  py::class_<ir::builder::iterator>(m, "bb_iterator");

  py::class_<ir::builder>(m, "builder", py::dynamic_attr())
      .def(py::init<ir::context &>())
      // getters
      .def_property_readonly("context", &ir::builder::get_context, ret::reference)
      // control flow
      .def("call", &ir::builder::create_call, ret::reference)
      .def("launch", &ir::builder::create_launch, ret::reference)
      .def("br", &ir::builder::create_br, ret::reference)
      .def("cond_br", &ir::builder::create_cond_br, ret::reference)
      .def("ret_void", &ir::builder::create_ret_void, ret::reference)
      .def("ret", &ir::builder::create_ret, ret::reference)
      // insertion block/point, insert points are represented as (*bb, *instr)
      .def("get_insert_block", &ir::builder::get_insert_block, ret::reference)
      .def("set_insert_block", (void (ir::builder::*)(ir::basic_block *)) & ir::builder::set_insert_point)
      .def("get_insert_point", [](ir::builder *self) {
        ir::basic_block *bb = self->get_insert_block();
        ir::basic_block::iterator it = self->get_insert_point();
        ir::instruction *instr = it == bb->end() ? nullptr : *it;
        return std::make_pair(bb, instr);
      }, ret::reference)
      .def("set_insert_point", [](ir::builder *self, std::pair<ir::basic_block*, ir::instruction*> pt) {
        ir::basic_block *bb = pt.first;
        ir::instruction *instr = pt.second;
        if (instr) {
          if (bb != instr->get_parent())
            throw std::runtime_error("invalid insertion point, instr not in bb");
          self->set_insert_point(instr);
        } else {
          assert(bb);
          self->set_insert_point(bb);
        }
      })
      // Constants
      .def("get_int1", &ir::builder::get_int1, ret::reference)
      .def("get_int32", [](ir::builder *self, int32_t v) { return self->get_int32((uint32_t)v); }, ret::reference)
      .def("get_uint32", &ir::builder::get_int32, ret::reference)
      .def("get_int64", [](ir::builder *self, int64_t v) { return self->get_int64((uint64_t)v); }, ret::reference)
      .def("get_uint64", &ir::builder::get_int64, ret::reference)
      .def("get_float16", &ir::builder::get_float16, ret::reference)
      .def("get_float32", &ir::builder::get_float32, ret::reference)
      .def("get_range", &ir::builder::get_range, ret::reference)
      // Types
      .def("get_void_ty", &ir::builder::get_void_ty, ret::reference)
      .def("get_int1_ty", &ir::builder::get_int1_ty, ret::reference)
      .def("get_int8_ty", &ir::builder::get_int8_ty, ret::reference)
      .def("get_int16_ty", &ir::builder::get_int16_ty, ret::reference)
      .def("get_int32_ty", &ir::builder::get_int32_ty, ret::reference)
      .def("get_int64_ty", &ir::builder::get_int64_ty, ret::reference)
      .def("get_fp8_ty", &ir::builder::get_fp8_ty, ret::reference)
      .def("get_half_ty", &ir::builder::get_half_ty, ret::reference)
      .def("get_bf16_ty", &ir::builder::get_bf16_ty, ret::reference)
      .def("get_float_ty", &ir::builder::get_float_ty, ret::reference)
      .def("get_double_ty", &ir::builder::get_double_ty, ret::reference)
      // terminator instructions
      .def("create_br", &ir::builder::create_br, ret::reference)
      .def("create_cond_br", &ir::builder::create_cond_br, ret::reference)
      .def("create_ret_void", &ir::builder::create_ret_void, ret::reference)
      // Dequantize instructions
      .def("create_dequantize", &ir::builder::create_dequantize, ret::reference)
      // Cast instructions
      .def("create_bitcast", &ir::builder::create_bitcast, ret::reference)
      .def("create_cast", &ir::builder::create_cast, ret::reference)
      .def("create_ptr_to_int", &ir::builder::create_ptr_to_int, ret::reference)
      .def("create_si_to_fp", &ir::builder::create_si_to_fp, ret::reference)
      .def("create_ui_to_fp", &ir::builder::create_ui_to_fp, ret::reference)
      .def("create_fp_to_si", &ir::builder::create_fp_to_si, ret::reference)
      .def("create_fp_to_ui", &ir::builder::create_fp_to_ui, ret::reference)
      .def("create_fp_ext", &ir::builder::create_fp_ext, ret::reference)
      .def("create_fp_trunc", &ir::builder::create_fp_trunc, ret::reference)
      .def("create_int_cast", &ir::builder::create_int_cast, ret::reference)
      .def("create_downcast", &ir::builder::create_downcast, ret::reference)
      .def("create_int_to_ptr", &ir::builder::create_int_to_ptr, ret::reference)
      .def("create_ptr_to_int", &ir::builder::create_ptr_to_int, ret::reference)
      // phi
      .def("create_phi", &ir::builder::create_phi, ret::reference)
      // Binary instructions
      .def("create_insert_nuwnswb_binop", &ir::builder::create_insert_nuwnswb_binop, ret::reference)
      .def("create_fmul", &ir::builder::create_fmul, ret::reference)
      .def("create_fdiv", &ir::builder::create_fdiv, ret::reference)
      .def("create_frem", &ir::builder::create_frem, ret::reference)
      .def("create_fadd", &ir::builder::create_fadd, ret::reference)
      .def("create_fsub", &ir::builder::create_fsub, ret::reference)
      .def("create_mul", &ir::builder::create_mul, ret::reference,
                          py::arg("lhs"), py::arg("rhs"),
                          py::arg("has_nuw")=false, py::arg("has_nsw")=false)
      .def("create_sdiv", &ir::builder::create_sdiv, ret::reference)
      .def("create_udiv", &ir::builder::create_udiv, ret::reference)
      .def("create_srem", &ir::builder::create_srem, ret::reference)
      .def("create_urem", &ir::builder::create_urem, ret::reference)
      .def("create_add", &ir::builder::create_add, ret::reference,
                          py::arg("lhs"), py::arg("rhs"),
                          py::arg("has_nuw")=false, py::arg("has_nsw")=false)
      .def("create_sub", &ir::builder::create_sub, ret::reference,
                          py::arg("lhs"), py::arg("rhs"),
                          py::arg("has_nuw")=false, py::arg("has_nsw")=false)
      .def("create_shl", &ir::builder::create_shl, ret::reference,
                          py::arg("lhs"), py::arg("rhs"),
                          py::arg("has_nuw")=false, py::arg("has_nsw")=false)
      .def("create_lshr", &ir::builder::create_lshr, ret::reference,
                          py::arg("lhs"), py::arg("rhs"),
                          py::arg("has_nuw")=false, py::arg("has_nsw")=false)
      .def("create_ashr", &ir::builder::create_ashr, ret::reference,
                          py::arg("lhs"), py::arg("rhs"),
                          py::arg("has_nuw")=false, py::arg("has_nsw")=false)
      // GEP
      .def("create_gep", &ir::builder::create_gep, ret::reference)
      // Comparison (int)
      .def("create_icmp", &ir::builder::create_icmp, ret::reference)
      .def("create_icmpSLE", &ir::builder::create_icmpSLE, ret::reference)
      .def("create_icmpSLT", &ir::builder::create_icmpSLT, ret::reference)
      .def("create_icmpSGE", &ir::builder::create_icmpSGE, ret::reference)
      .def("create_icmpSGT", &ir::builder::create_icmpSGT, ret::reference)
      .def("create_icmpULE", &ir::builder::create_icmpULE, ret::reference)
      .def("create_icmpULT", &ir::builder::create_icmpULT, ret::reference)
      .def("create_icmpUGE", &ir::builder::create_icmpUGE, ret::reference)
      .def("create_icmpUGT", &ir::builder::create_icmpUGT, ret::reference)
      .def("create_icmpEQ", &ir::builder::create_icmpEQ, ret::reference)
      .def("create_icmpNE", &ir::builder::create_icmpNE, ret::reference)
      // Comparison (float)
      .def("create_fcmp", &ir::builder::create_fcmp, ret::reference)
      .def("create_fcmpOLT", &ir::builder::create_fcmpOLT, ret::reference)
      .def("create_fcmpOGT", &ir::builder::create_fcmpOGT, ret::reference)
      .def("create_fcmpOLE", &ir::builder::create_fcmpOLE, ret::reference)
      .def("create_fcmpOGE", &ir::builder::create_fcmpOGE, ret::reference)
      .def("create_fcmpOEQ", &ir::builder::create_fcmpOEQ, ret::reference)
      .def("create_fcmpONE", &ir::builder::create_fcmpONE, ret::reference)
      .def("create_fcmpULT", &ir::builder::create_fcmpULT, ret::reference)
      .def("create_fcmpUGT", &ir::builder::create_fcmpUGT, ret::reference)
      .def("create_fcmpULE", &ir::builder::create_fcmpULE, ret::reference)
      .def("create_fcmpUGE", &ir::builder::create_fcmpUGE, ret::reference)
      .def("create_fcmpUEQ", &ir::builder::create_fcmpUEQ, ret::reference)
      .def("create_fcmpUNE", &ir::builder::create_fcmpUNE, ret::reference)
      // Logical
      .def("create_and", &ir::builder::create_and, ret::reference)
      .def("create_xor", &ir::builder::create_xor, ret::reference)
      .def("create_or", &ir::builder::create_or, ret::reference)
      // Input/Output
      .def("create_load", &ir::builder::create_load, ret::reference)
      .def("create_store", &ir::builder::create_store, ret::reference)
      .def("create_masked_load", &ir::builder::create_masked_load, ret::reference)
      .def("create_masked_store", &ir::builder::create_masked_store, ret::reference)
      // Block instruction
      .def("create_splat", &ir::builder::create_splat, ret::reference)
      .def("create_reshape", &ir::builder::create_reshape, ret::reference)
      .def("create_cat", &ir::builder::create_cat, ret::reference)
      .def("create_broadcast", &ir::builder::create_broadcast, ret::reference)
      // atomic
      .def("create_atomic_cas", &ir::builder::create_atomic_cas, ret::reference)
      .def("create_atomic_rmw", &ir::builder::create_atomic_rmw, ret::reference)
      // Utilities
      .def("create_clock", &ir::builder::create_clock, ret::reference)
      .def("create_globaltimer", &ir::builder::create_globaltimer, ret::reference)
      // Extern instruction
      .def("create_extern_elementwise", &ir::builder::create_extern_elementwise, ret::reference)
      // Built-in instruction
      .def("create_get_program_id", &ir::builder::create_get_program_id, ret::reference)
      .def("create_get_num_programs", &ir::builder::create_get_num_programs, ret::reference)
      .def("create_exp", &ir::builder::create_exp, ret::reference)
      .def("create_cos", &ir::builder::create_cos, ret::reference)
      .def("create_sin", &ir::builder::create_sin, ret::reference)
      .def("create_log", &ir::builder::create_log, ret::reference)
      .def("create_dot", &ir::builder::create_dot, ret::reference)
      .def("create_trans", &ir::builder::create_trans, ret::reference)
      .def("create_sqrt", &ir::builder::create_sqrt, ret::reference)
      .def("create_reduce", &ir::builder::create_reduce, ret::reference)
      .def("create_select", &ir::builder::create_select, ret::reference)
      // struct
      .def("insert_value", &ir::builder::create_insert_value, ret::reference)
      .def("extract_value", &ir::builder::create_extract_value, ret::reference)
      // Intrinsics
      // These have no place in the IR, and hopefully they can be removed at some point
      .def("create_umulhi", &ir::builder::create_umulhi, ret::reference)
      .def("create_copy_to_shared", &ir::builder::create_copy_to_shared, ret::reference)
      .def("create_masked_load_async", &ir::builder::create_masked_load_async, ret::reference)
      .def("create_copy_from_shared", &ir::builder::create_copy_from_shared, ret::reference)
      .def("create_barrier", &ir::builder::create_barrier, ret::reference)
      .def("create_async_wait", &ir::builder::create_async_wait, ret::reference)
      .def("create_prefetch_s", &ir::builder::create_prefetch_s, ret::reference);
}

void init_triton(py::module &m) {
  py::module subm = m.def_submodule("triton");
  init_triton_codegen(std::move(subm.def_submodule("code_gen")));
  init_triton_runtime(std::move(subm.def_submodule("runtime")));
  init_triton_ir(std::move(subm.def_submodule("ir")));
}