421 lines
15 KiB
ReStructuredText
421 lines
15 KiB
ReStructuredText
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.. DO NOT EDIT.
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.. THIS FILE WAS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY SPHINX-GALLERY.
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.. TO MAKE CHANGES, EDIT THE SOURCE PYTHON FILE:
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.. "getting-started/tutorials/05-layer-norm.py"
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.. LINE NUMBERS ARE GIVEN BELOW.
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.. only:: html
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.. note::
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:class: sphx-glr-download-link-note
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Click :ref:`here <sphx_glr_download_getting-started_tutorials_05-layer-norm.py>`
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to download the full example code
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.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-example-title
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.. _sphx_glr_getting-started_tutorials_05-layer-norm.py:
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Layer Normalization
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====================
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.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 5-312
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.. image:: /getting-started/tutorials/images/sphx_glr_05-layer-norm_001.png
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:alt: 05 layer norm
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:class: sphx-glr-single-img
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.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-script-out
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Out:
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.. code-block:: none
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layer-norm:
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N Triton Torch Apex
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0 1024.0 585.142849 277.694907 468.114273
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1 1536.0 630.153868 323.368435 511.999982
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2 2048.0 682.666643 337.814445 520.126988
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3 2560.0 694.237267 362.477870 512.000013
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4 3072.0 712.347810 375.206126 501.551037
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5 3584.0 725.873439 384.859062 458.751978
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6 4096.0 728.177767 381.023256 455.111095
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7 4608.0 670.254540 396.387087 426.173427
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8 5120.0 688.403381 397.669909 424.455959
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9 5632.0 704.000002 396.969169 411.470331
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10 6144.0 702.171410 402.885254 409.600010
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11 6656.0 705.271522 400.360920 398.861429
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12 7168.0 695.078767 383.571898 382.293315
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13 7680.0 682.666656 391.337574 386.415087
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14 8192.0 639.375598 391.259714 376.643677
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15 8704.0 627.315309 392.292962 381.545190
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16 9216.0 609.322328 405.098894 382.010363
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17 9728.0 591.817503 408.524944 383.369452
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18 10240.0 568.888869 408.578556 382.803739
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19 10752.0 551.384634 411.559798 380.601764
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20 11264.0 536.380957 402.285709 371.595879
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21 11776.0 524.835658 408.711507 377.587162
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22 12288.0 517.389457 413.042029 382.505826
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23 12800.0 505.679014 409.599981 377.163903
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24 13312.0 495.330249 404.159395 376.310952
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25 13824.0 482.934503 410.359948 378.739711
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26 14336.0 470.997935 401.007000 372.969090
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27 14848.0 461.297068 404.715511 374.122832
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28 15360.0 454.269882 406.214870 377.511515
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29 15872.0 447.887117 410.261713 377.343238
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.. code-block:: default
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import torch
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import triton
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import triton.language as tl
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try:
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# This is https://github.com/NVIDIA/apex, NOT the apex on PyPi, so it
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# should not be added to extras_require in setup.py.
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import apex
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HAS_APEX = True
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except ModuleNotFoundError:
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HAS_APEX = False
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@triton.jit
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def _layer_norm_fwd_fused(
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Out,
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A,
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Weight,
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Bias,
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Mean, Rstd,
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stride, N, eps,
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BLOCK_SIZE: tl.constexpr,
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):
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# position of elements processed by this program
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row = tl.program_id(0)
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Out += row * stride
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A += row * stride
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# compute mean
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mean = 0
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_mean = tl.zeros([BLOCK_SIZE], dtype=tl.float32)
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for off in range(0, N, BLOCK_SIZE):
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cols = off + tl.arange(0, BLOCK_SIZE)
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a = tl.load(A + cols, mask=cols < N, other=0., eviction_policy="evict_last").to(tl.float32)
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_mean += a
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mean = tl.sum(_mean, axis=0) / N
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# compute variance
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_var = tl.zeros([BLOCK_SIZE], dtype=tl.float32)
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for off in range(0, N, BLOCK_SIZE):
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cols = off + tl.arange(0, BLOCK_SIZE)
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a = tl.load(A + cols, mask=cols < N, other=0., eviction_policy="evict_last").to(tl.float32)
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a = tl.where(cols < N, a - mean, 0.)
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_var += a * a
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var = tl.sum(_var, axis=0) / N
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rstd = 1 / tl.sqrt(var + eps)
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# write-back mean/rstd
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tl.store(Mean + row, mean)
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tl.store(Rstd + row, rstd)
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# multiply by weight and add bias
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for off in range(0, N, BLOCK_SIZE):
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cols = off + tl.arange(0, BLOCK_SIZE)
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mask = cols < N
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weight = tl.load(Weight + cols, mask=mask)
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bias = tl.load(Bias + cols, mask=mask)
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a = tl.load(A + cols, mask=mask, other=0., eviction_policy="evict_first").to(tl.float32)
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a_hat = (a - mean) * rstd
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out = a_hat * weight + bias
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# # write-back
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tl.store(Out + cols, out, mask=mask)
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# Backward pass (DA + partial DW + partial DB)
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@triton.jit
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def _layer_norm_bwd_dx_fused(
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_DA,
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_DOut,
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_A,
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Weight,
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Mean, Rstd,
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stride, NumRows, NumCols, eps,
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BLOCK_SIZE_N: tl.constexpr,
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):
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# position of elements processed by this program
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pid = tl.program_id(0)
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row = pid
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A = _A + row * stride
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DOut = _DOut + row * stride
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DA = _DA + row * stride
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mean = tl.load(Mean + row)
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rstd = tl.load(Rstd + row)
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# load data to SRAM
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_mean1 = tl.zeros([BLOCK_SIZE_N], dtype=tl.float32)
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_mean2 = tl.zeros([BLOCK_SIZE_N], dtype=tl.float32)
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for off in range(0, NumCols, BLOCK_SIZE_N):
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cols = off + tl.arange(0, BLOCK_SIZE_N)
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mask = cols < NumCols
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a = tl.load(A + cols, mask=mask, other=0).to(tl.float32)
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dout = tl.load(DOut + cols, mask=mask, other=0).to(tl.float32)
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weight = tl.load(Weight + cols, mask=mask, other=0).to(tl.float32)
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a_hat = (a - mean) * rstd
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wdout = weight * dout
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_mean1 += a_hat * wdout
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_mean2 += wdout
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mean1 = tl.sum(_mean1, axis=0) / NumCols
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mean2 = 0.
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mean2 = tl.sum(_mean2, axis=0) / NumCols
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for off in range(0, NumCols, BLOCK_SIZE_N):
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cols = off + tl.arange(0, BLOCK_SIZE_N)
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mask = cols < NumCols
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a = tl.load(A + cols, mask=mask, other=0).to(tl.float32)
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dout = tl.load(DOut + cols, mask=mask, other=0).to(tl.float32)
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weight = tl.load(Weight + cols, mask=mask, other=0).to(tl.float32)
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a_hat = (a - mean) * rstd
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wdout = weight * dout
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da = (wdout - (a_hat * mean1 + mean2)) * rstd
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# write-back dx
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tl.store(DA + cols, da, mask=mask)
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# Backward pass (total DW + total DB)
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@triton.jit
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def _layer_norm_bwd_dwdb(
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A, DOut,
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Mean, Var,
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DW,
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DB,
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M, N,
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BLOCK_SIZE_M: tl.constexpr,
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BLOCK_SIZE_N: tl.constexpr,
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):
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pid = tl.program_id(0)
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cols = pid * BLOCK_SIZE_N + tl.arange(0, BLOCK_SIZE_N)
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dw = tl.zeros((BLOCK_SIZE_M, BLOCK_SIZE_N), dtype=tl.float32)
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db = tl.zeros((BLOCK_SIZE_M, BLOCK_SIZE_N), dtype=tl.float32)
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for i in range(0, M, BLOCK_SIZE_M):
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rows = i + tl.arange(0, BLOCK_SIZE_M)
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mask = (rows[:, None] < M) & (cols[None, :] < N)
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offs = rows[:, None] * N + cols[None, :]
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a = tl.load(A + offs, mask=mask, other=0.).to(tl.float32)
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dout = tl.load(DOut + offs, mask=mask, other=0.).to(tl.float32)
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mean = tl.load(Mean + rows, mask=rows < M, other=0.)
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rstd = tl.load(Var + rows, mask=rows < M, other=0.)
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a_hat = (a - mean[:, None]) * rstd[:, None]
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dw += dout * a_hat
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db += dout
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sum_dw = tl.sum(dw, axis=0)
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sum_db = tl.sum(db, axis=0)
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tl.store(DW + cols, sum_dw, mask=cols < N)
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tl.store(DB + cols, sum_db, mask=cols < N)
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class LayerNorm(torch.autograd.Function):
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@staticmethod
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def forward(ctx, a, normalized_shape, weight, bias, eps):
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# allocate output
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out = torch.empty_like(a)
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# reshape input data into 2D tensor
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a_arg = a.reshape(-1, a.shape[-1])
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M, N = a_arg.shape
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mean = torch.empty((M,), dtype=torch.float32, device="cuda")
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rstd = torch.empty((M,), dtype=torch.float32, device="cuda")
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# Less than 64KB per feature: enqueue fused kernel
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MAX_FUSED_SIZE = 65536 // a.element_size()
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BLOCK_SIZE = min(MAX_FUSED_SIZE, triton.next_power_of_2(N))
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BLOCK_SIZE = max(BLOCK_SIZE, 128)
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BLOCK_SIZE = min(BLOCK_SIZE, 4096)
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# heuristics for number of warps
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num_warps = min(max(BLOCK_SIZE // 256, 1), 8)
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_layer_norm_fwd_fused[(M,)](
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out,
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a_arg,
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weight,
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bias,
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mean, rstd,
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a_arg.stride(0), N, eps,
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BLOCK_SIZE=BLOCK_SIZE,
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num_warps=num_warps,
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)
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ctx.save_for_backward(
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a, weight, bias, mean, rstd,
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)
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ctx.BLOCK_SIZE = BLOCK_SIZE
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ctx.num_warps = num_warps
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ctx.eps = eps
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if hasattr(bias, "config"):
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assert bias.config.grad_scale_name == weight.config.grad_scale_name
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grad_scale_name = bias.config.grad_scale_name
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else:
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grad_scale_name = None
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ctx.grad_scale_gain_bias_name = grad_scale_name
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return out
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@staticmethod
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def backward(ctx, dout):
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assert dout.is_contiguous()
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a, weight, bias, mean, var = ctx.saved_tensors
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# heuristics for amount of parallel reduction stream for DG/DB
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N = weight.shape[0]
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# allocate output
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da = torch.empty_like(dout)
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# enqueue kernel using forward pass heuristics
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# also compute partial sums for DW and DB
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x_arg = a.reshape(-1, a.shape[-1])
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M, N = x_arg.shape
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dweight = torch.empty((weight.shape[0],), dtype=weight.dtype, device=weight.device)
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dbias = torch.empty((weight.shape[0],), dtype=weight.dtype, device=weight.device)
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_layer_norm_bwd_dx_fused[(M,)](
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da,
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dout,
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a,
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weight,
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mean, var,
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x_arg.stride(0), M, N,
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ctx.eps,
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BLOCK_SIZE_N=ctx.BLOCK_SIZE,
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num_warps=ctx.num_warps,
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)
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# accumulate partial sums in separate kernel
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grid = lambda meta: [triton.cdiv(N, meta["BLOCK_SIZE_N"])]
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_layer_norm_bwd_dwdb[grid](
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a, dout,
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mean, var,
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dweight,
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dbias,
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M,
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N,
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BLOCK_SIZE_M=32,
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BLOCK_SIZE_N=128,
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)
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return (da, None, dweight, dbias, None, None,
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None, None, None, None,
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None,
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None, None, None,
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None,
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None, None, None,
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None, None, None,
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None, None, None)
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def layer_norm(a, normalized_shape, weight, bias, eps):
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return LayerNorm.apply(a, normalized_shape, weight, bias, eps)
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def test_layer_norm(M, N, dtype, eps=1e-5, device='cuda'):
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torch.manual_seed(0)
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# create data
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x_shape = (M, N)
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w_shape = (x_shape[-1], )
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weight = torch.rand(w_shape, dtype=dtype, device='cuda', requires_grad=True)
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bias = torch.rand(w_shape, dtype=dtype, device='cuda', requires_grad=True)
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x = -2.3 + 0.5 * torch.randn(x_shape, dtype=dtype, device='cuda')
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dy = .1 * torch.randn_like(x)
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x.requires_grad_(True)
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# forward pass
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y_tri = layer_norm(x, w_shape, weight, bias, eps)
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y_ref = torch.nn.functional.layer_norm(x, w_shape, weight, bias, eps).to(dtype)
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# backward pass (triton)
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y_tri.backward(dy, retain_graph=True)
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dx_tri, dw_tri, db_tri = [_.grad.clone() for _ in [x, weight, bias]]
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x.grad, weight.grad, bias.grad = None, None, None
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# backward pass (torch)
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y_ref.backward(dy, retain_graph=True)
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dx_ref, dw_ref, db_ref = [_.grad.clone() for _ in [x, weight, bias]]
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# compare
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triton.testing.assert_almost_equal(y_tri, y_ref)
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triton.testing.assert_almost_equal(dx_tri, dx_ref)
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triton.testing.assert_almost_equal(db_tri, db_ref, decimal=1)
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triton.testing.assert_almost_equal(dw_tri, dw_ref, decimal=1)
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@triton.testing.perf_report(
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triton.testing.Benchmark(
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x_names=['N'],
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x_vals=[512 * i for i in range(2, 32)],
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line_arg='provider',
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line_vals=['triton', 'torch'] + (['apex'] if HAS_APEX else []),
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line_names=['Triton', 'Torch'] + (['Apex'] if HAS_APEX else []),
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styles=[('blue', '-'), ('green', '-'), ('orange', '-')],
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ylabel='GB/s',
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plot_name='layer-norm',
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args={'M': 4096, 'dtype': torch.float16, 'mode': 'forward'}
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)
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)
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def bench_layer_norm(M, N, dtype, provider, mode, eps=1e-5, device='cuda'):
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# create data
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x_shape = (M, N)
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w_shape = (x_shape[-1], )
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weight = torch.rand(w_shape, dtype=dtype, device='cuda', requires_grad=True)
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bias = torch.rand(w_shape, dtype=dtype, device='cuda', requires_grad=True)
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x = -2.3 + 0.5 * torch.randn(x_shape, dtype=dtype, device='cuda')
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dy = .1 * torch.randn_like(x)
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x.requires_grad_(True)
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# utility functions
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if provider == 'triton':
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y_fwd = lambda: layer_norm(x, w_shape, weight, bias, eps)
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if provider == 'torch':
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y_fwd = lambda: torch.nn.functional.layer_norm(x, w_shape, weight, bias, eps)
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if provider == 'apex':
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apex_layer_norm = apex.normalization.FusedLayerNorm(w_shape).to(x.device).to(x.dtype)
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y_fwd = lambda: apex_layer_norm(x)
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# forward pass
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if mode == 'forward':
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gbps = lambda ms: 2 * x.numel() * x.element_size() / ms * 1e-6
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ms, min_ms, max_ms = triton.testing.do_bench(y_fwd, rep=500)
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# backward pass
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if mode == 'backward':
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gbps = lambda ms: 3 * x.numel() * x.element_size() / ms * 1e-6
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y = y_fwd()
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ms, min_ms, max_ms = triton.testing.do_bench(lambda: y.backward(dy, retain_graph=True),
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grad_to_none=[x], rep=500)
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return gbps(ms), gbps(max_ms), gbps(min_ms)
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# test_layer_norm(1151, 8192, torch.float16)
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bench_layer_norm.run(save_path='.', print_data=True)
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.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-timing
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**Total running time of the script:** ( 5 minutes 24.150 seconds)
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.. _sphx_glr_download_getting-started_tutorials_05-layer-norm.py:
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.. only :: html
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.. container:: sphx-glr-footer
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:class: sphx-glr-footer-example
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.. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-python
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:download:`Download Python source code: 05-layer-norm.py <05-layer-norm.py>`
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.. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-jupyter
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:download:`Download Jupyter notebook: 05-layer-norm.ipynb <05-layer-norm.ipynb>`
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.. only:: html
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.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-signature
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`Gallery generated by Sphinx-Gallery <https://sphinx-gallery.github.io>`_
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