139 lines
		
	
	
		
			3.7 KiB
		
	
	
	
		
			Markdown
		
	
	
	
	
	
			
		
		
	
	
			139 lines
		
	
	
		
			3.7 KiB
		
	
	
	
		
			Markdown
		
	
	
	
	
	
| ---
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| title: Functions
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| localeTitle: 功能
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| ---
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| ## 功能
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| 
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| 函数允许您定义可在程序中多次执行的可重用代码块。
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| 
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| 功能允许您为复杂问题创建更多模块化和[DRY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_repeat_yourself)解决方案。
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| 
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| 虽然Python已经提供了许多内置函数,例如`print()`和`len()` ,但您也可以定义自己的函数以在项目中使用。
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| 
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| 在代码中使用函数的一大优势是它减少了项目中代码行的总数。
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| 
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| ### 句法
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| 
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| 在Python中,函数定义具有以下功能:
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| 
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| 1.  关键字`def`
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| 2.  一个功能名称
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| 3.  paranthesis'()',并在paranthesis输入参数内,尽管输入参数是可选的。
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| 4.  冒号':'
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| 5.  一些要执行的代码块
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| 6.  返回语句(可选)
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| 
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| ```python
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| # a function with no parameters or returned values 
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|  def sayHello(): 
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|   print("Hello!") 
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|  
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|  sayHello()  # calls the function, 'Hello!' is printed to the console 
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|  
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|  # a function with a parameter 
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|  def helloWithName(name): 
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|   print("Hello " + name + "!") 
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|  
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|  helloWithName("Ada")  # calls the function, 'Hello Ada!' is printed to the console 
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|  
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|  # a function with multiple parameters with a return statement 
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|  def multiply(val1, val2): 
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|   return val1 * val2 
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|  
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|  multiply(3, 5)  # prints 15 to the console 
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| ```
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| 
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| 函数是代码块,只需调用函数即可重用。这样可以实现简单,优雅的代码重用,而无需显式重写代码段。这使代码更易读,使调试更容易,并限制输入错误。
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| 
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| Python中的函数是使用`def`关键字创建的,后跟括号内的函数名和函数参数。
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| 
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| 函数总是返回一个值,函数使用`return`关键字返回一个值,如果你不想返回任何值,则返回默认值`None` 。
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| 
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| 函数名称用于调用函数,在括号内传递所需的参数。
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| 
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| ```python
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| # this is a basic sum function 
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|  def sum(a, b): 
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|   return a + b 
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|  
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|  result = sum(1, 2) 
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|  # result = 3 
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| ```
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| 
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| 您可以为参数定义默认值,这样Python将解释该参数的值是默认值,如果没有给出。
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| 
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| ```python
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| def sum(a, b=3): 
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|   return a + b 
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|  
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|  result = sum(1) 
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|  # result = 4 
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| ```
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| 
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| 您可以使用参数名称按所需顺序传递参数。
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| 
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| ```python
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| result = sum(b=2, a=2) 
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|  # result = 4 
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| ```
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| 
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| 但是,无法在非关键字参数之前传递关键字参数
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| 
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| ```Python
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| result = sum(3, b=2) 
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|  #result = 5 
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|  result2 = sum(b=2, 3) 
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|  #Will raise SyntaxError 
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| ```
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| 
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| 函数也是对象,因此您可以将它们分配给变量,并像函数一样使用该变量。
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| 
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| ```python
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| s = sum 
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|  result = s(1, 2) 
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|  # result = 3 
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| ```
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| 
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| ### 笔记
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| 
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| *   如果函数定义包含参数,则在调用函数时必须提供相同数量的参数。
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|     
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|     ```python
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|     print(multiply(3))  # TypeError: multiply() takes exactly 2 arguments (0 given) 
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|      
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|      print(multiply('a', 5))  # 'aaaaa' printed to the console 
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|      
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|      print(multiply('a', 'b'))  # TypeError: Python can't multiply two strings 
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|     
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|     ```
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|     
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| *   函数将运行的代码块包括函数内缩进的所有语句。
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|     
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|     ```python
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|     def myFunc(): 
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|      print('this will print') 
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|      print('so will this') 
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|      
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|      x = 7 
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|      # the assignment of x is not a part of the function since it is not indented 
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|     
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|     ```
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|     
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| *   函数中定义的变量仅存在于该函数的范围内。
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|     
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|     ```python
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|     def double(num): 
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|      x = num * 2 
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|      return x 
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|      
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|      print(x)  # error - x is not defined 
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|      print(double(4))  # prints 8 
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|     
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|     ```
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|     
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|     \-Python仅在调用函数时解释函数块,而不是在定义函数时解释函数块。即使函数定义块包含某种错误,python解释器也只会在函数被调用时指出。
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|     
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| 
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| ### 更多信息:
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| 
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| *   [Python 3 Docs:定义函数](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html#defining-functions) |