freeCodeCamp/guide/english/cplusplus/tokens-operators/index.md

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Operators

Operators :

• Operators let you perform operations on your data.
• The data that is being operated on is called the operand .
• The different types of operators in C++ are :
• OPERANDS are the data on which the operator performs certain commands.
• Operators are of 3 types : unary(works on 1 operand), binary(works on 2 operands) , ternary(works on 3 operands).

1 The I/O operators -

• These operators allow you to direct input and output.

The Input oerator ">>"

is used to read data from standard input (the "cin" statement) .

##The Output operator "<<"## is used to send output in the cout statement.

2 The Arithmetic operators -

• These operators allow you to perform basic arithmetic operations.

1. The + operator adds the two operands.
2. The - operator subtracts the two operands.
3. The * operator multiplies the two operands.
4. The / operator divides and gives the quotient of the two operands.
5. The % operator divides and gives the remainder of the two operands. (Or, for the more mathematically inclined reader, a % b is essentially the result of "a mod b"

Example of using arithmetic operators :

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
       int a = 5; //1st operand
       int b = 10; //2nd operand
       
       cout << "+ operator " << a+b << "\n"; //Add
       cout << "- operator " << a-b << "\n"; //Subtract
       cout << "* operator " << a*b << "\n"; //Multiply
       cout << "/ operator " << b/a << "\n"; //Find Quotient
       cout << "modulus operator " << b%a << "\n"; //Find remainder
       
       return 0; 
}

OUTPUT :

+ operator 15
- operator -5
* operator 50
/ operator 2
modulus operator 0

Try the code yourself ! :)

The increment operator :

• ++ is known as the increment operator. It increases the value of an integer variable by 1.

The 2 types of increment :

• Pre increment first increments the value and then uses it. Example : int a ; ++a;
• Post increment first uses the variable then increments it. Example : int b; b++;

The decrement operator :

• -- is known as the decrement operator. It decreases the value of an integer variable by 1.

The 2 types of decrement :

• Pre decrement first decrements the value and then uses it. Example : int a ; --a;
• Post decrement first uses the variable then decrements it. Example : int b; b--;

Example of Increment and decrement operators :

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{ 
        int a = 3 ,b = 4;
  
         // INCREMENT
        cout<< "Value of int a PRE INCREMENTED : " << ++a << "\n";
        cout<< "Value of int b POST INCREMENTED : " << b++ << "\n";
        cout<< "Value of b is changed after using once : " << b << "\n";
  
         // DECREMENT
        cout << "\n"; //go to next line 
        a = 10; //Assigning a new value to a
        b = 10; //Assigning a new value to b
        cout << "Value of int a PRE DECREMENTED : " << --a << "\n";
        cout << "Value of int b POST DECREMENTED : " << b-- << "\n";
        cout << "Value of b is changed after using once : " << b << "\n";
        
        return 0;
}

OUTPUT :

Value of int a PRE INCREMENTED : 4
Value of int b POST INCREMENTED : 4
Value of b is changed after using once : 5

Value of int a PRE DECREMENTED : 9
Value of int b POST DECREMENTED : 10
Value of b is changed after using once : 9

Try the code yourself ! :)

3 : Relational Operators :

• These operators tell us the relation among 2 operands and return a boolean value(0 or 1). If the relation is true then it results into 1 . If the realtion is false then it results into 0.

• The 6 relational operators are :

  1. Less than <
  2. Greater than >
  3. Less than or equal to <=
  4. Greater than or equal to >=
  5. Equal to ==
  6. Not equal to !=

4 : Logical Operators :

• These operators combine expressions for logical operations . They are :

1. Logical AND && : Evaluates to true if both values are true .
2. Logical OR || : Evaluates to true if any value is true .
3. Logical NOT ! : If expression is true then !expression is false. This operator reverses the truth value and is a unary operator.

5. Ternary Operators :

The ?: operator is the ternary operator, or the conditional operator, becuase it can be used to substitute an if else statement, or even an if else if statement. The syntax:

condition ? ValueIfTrue : ValueIfFalse . This expands to:

if(condition)
 ValueIfTrue;
else ValueIfFalse;

Calling ValueIfTrue a value is a bit wrong, since it need not be a number. Something like this:

condition ? FirstLevelTrueValue : ConditionIfFalse ? SecondLevelTrueValue : SecondLevelFalseValue also works, and is interpreted as the following if else if statement:

if(condition)
 FirstLevelTrueValue;
else if(ConditionIfFalse)
 SecondLevelTrueValue;
else SecondLevelFalseValue;

Similarly, nested if statements can also be made using ternary operators.

Camper , You now know what tokens are. The next article will be about CONGRATULATIONS

Good Luck to all of you

Happy Coding ! :)

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