79 lines
		
	
	
		
			3.5 KiB
		
	
	
	
		
			Markdown
		
	
	
	
	
	
			
		
		
	
	
			79 lines
		
	
	
		
			3.5 KiB
		
	
	
	
		
			Markdown
		
	
	
	
	
	
| ---
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| title: Clojure More on Functions
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| localeTitle: Clojure更多关于功能
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| ---
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| 功能!它们非常重要。没有功能就很难做任何事情。它们是任何语言的组成部分,尤其是Clojure,因为它是一种拒绝面向对象设计的函数式编程语言。让我们更多地了解它们!
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| 
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| ## 元数
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| 
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| **Arity**指的是函数期望的参数数量。
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| ```
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| ;; add expects 2 arguments. Its arity is 2. 
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|  (defn add [xy] (+ xy)) 
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|  (add 2 2) 
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|  ; => 4 
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|  
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|  ;; + itself is a function, and it can have any number of arguments. 
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|  (+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16) ;; and so on... 
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|  ; => 136 
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| ```
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| 
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| Clojure有一些特殊的语法,允许你让你的函数根据它收到的参数数量做不同的事情。这称为变量arity。
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| ```
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| (defn foo 
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|   ([]                               ; if this function gets no arguments... 
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|     (println "Lisa needs braces!")) ; do this. 
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|   ([arg1]                           ; if this function gets 1 argument... 
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|     (println "Dental plan!")))      ; do this instead! 
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|  (foo) 
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|  ; => Lisa needs braces! 
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|  ;    nil 
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|  (foo "this is a placeholder argument.") 
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|  ; => Dental plan! 
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|  ;    nil 
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| ```
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| 
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|  [IDEOne吧!](https://ideone.com/sXGplb)
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| 
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| ## 匿名函数
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| 
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| 让我们看一个非常简单的函数:一个向数字加1的函数。
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| ```
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| ;; I've called this function "my-inc" so you don't confuse it with inc. 
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|  ;; inc is a built-in function that already does this for us. 
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|  (defn my-inc [n] (+ 1 n)) 
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|  (inc' 5) 
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|  ; => 6 
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| ```
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| 
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| 这看起来很简单。它需要一个参数 - `n` - 并返回`n + 1` 。让我们分开吧。
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| ```
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| (def my-inc-2 (fn [n] (+ 1 n))) 
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|  (inc' 5) 
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|  ; => 6 
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| ```
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| 
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| 你可以从中看到,使用`defn`只是使用简写`(def ... (fn ...))` 。但这揭示了一些有趣的东西我们实际上做的不是“定义一个函数”,它只是将一个匿名函数绑定到一个特殊名称 - `inc'` 。如果我们不给它起个名字怎么办?
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| ```
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| ((fn [n] (+ 1 n)) 5) 
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|  ; => 6 
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| ```
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| 
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| 巴姆!繁荣! KAPOW!匿名函数。现在这看起来似乎没用了,但是稍后使用`map` , `reduce`和`filter`将函数应用于列表会非常方便。给你写一个名字的每个功能都会变得枯燥乏味,快速。
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| 
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| 编写匿名函数的方法较短,适用于非常简短的函数。它不允许解构或变量arity。但是,它非常简洁。
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| ```
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| (#(+ 1 %) 5) 
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|  ; => 6 
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| ```
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| 
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| `#(...)`是定义匿名函数的简便方法。 `%`指的是函数的第一个参数。如果您的函数需要多个参数,则可以使用`%1, %2, ... %n` 。
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| ```
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| (#(str %1 %2 %3) "foo" "bar" "baz") 
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|  ; => "foobarbaz" 
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| ```
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| 
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|  [IDEOne吧!](https://ideone.com/roYRgS)
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| 
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| | [循环和重复](//forum.freecodecamp.com/t/clojure-loop-recur/18418) | [目录](//forum.freecodecamp.com/t/clojure-resources/18422) | [收藏](/http://forum.freecodecamp.com/t/clojure-collections/18411) | |