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			Markdown
		
	
	
	
	
	
			
		
		
	
	
			104 lines
		
	
	
		
			4.3 KiB
		
	
	
	
		
			Markdown
		
	
	
	
	
	
| ---
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| title: Clojure Hashmaps
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| localeTitle: Clojure Hashmaps
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| ---
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| 散列映射是将键映射到值的集合。他们有其他语言的各种名字; Python将它们称为字典,而Javascript的对象基本上像hashmaps一样工作。
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| 
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| 与许多集合一样,hashmap可以以两种方式构造。有构造函数:
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| ```
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| ;; Note that each argument is *prepended* to the hashmap, not appended. 
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|  (def a-hashmap (hash-map :a 1 :b 2 :c 3)) 
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|  a-hashmap 
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|  ; => {:c 3, :b 2, :a 1} 
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| ```
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| 
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| 您还可以使用hashmap文字定义它们。这通常更简洁明了。建议使用逗号分隔散列图中的键/值对,因为它可以使边界更清晰。
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| ```
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| ;; This hashmap is actually in the right order, unlike the one above. 
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|  (def another-hashmap {:a 1, :b 2, :c 3}) 
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|  another-hashmap 
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|  ; => {:a 1, :b 2, :c 3} 
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| ```
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| 
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| ## 关键字和从哈希映射中检索值
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| 
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| 耽误。这是什么? `:a` ? `:b` ? `:c` ?那看起来很奇怪。你看,那些是关键词。它们被称为_关键词,_因为它们经常被用作哈希映射中的键。
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| 
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| 为什么他们经常被用作钥匙?好吧,与字符串不同,关键字可以用作从散列映射中提取值的函数;无需`get`或`nth` !
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| ```
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| (def string-hashmap {"a" 1, "b" 2, "c" 3}) 
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|  ("a" string-hashmap) 
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|  ; => ClassCastException java.lang.String cannot be cast to clojure.lang.IFn 
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|  
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|  (def keyword-hashmap {:a 1, :b 2, :c 3}) 
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|  (:a keyword-hashmap) 
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|  ; => 1 
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|  
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|  ;; You can also pass a keyword a default value in case it's not found, just like get. 
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|  (:not-in-the-hashmap keyword-hashmap "not found!") 
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|  ; => "not found!" 
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| ```
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| 
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| ## 将其他集合转换为哈希映射
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| 
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| 转换为hashmap非常棘手。为了演示,让我们尝试使用它像`vec`或`seq` 。
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| ```
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| (hash-map [:a 1 :b 2 :c 3]) 
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|  ; => IllegalArgumentException No value supplied for key: [:a 1 :b 2 :c 3] 
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| ```
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| 
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| `hash-map`函数认为我们正在尝试使用`[:a 1 :b 2 :c 3]`创建一个hashmap作为其中一个键。观察如果我们给它正确数量的参数会发生什么:
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| ```
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| (hash-map [:a 1 :b 2 :c 3] "foo") 
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|  ; => {[:a 1 :b 2 :c 3] "foo"} 
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| ```
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| 
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| 要将序列转换为hashmap,您需要使用并理解`apply` 。幸运的是,这是非常简单的: `apply`基本应用功能之前destructures的集合。
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| ```
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| ;; These two expressions are exactly the same. 
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|  (+ 1 2 3) 
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|  ; => 6 
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|  (apply + [1 2 3]) 
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|  ; => 6 
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| ```
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| 
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| 这是您将矢量转换为hashmap的方法:
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| ```
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| (apply hash-map [:a 1 :b 2 :c 3]) 
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|  ; => {:c 3, :b 2, :a 1} 
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|  
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|  ;; This is the same as: 
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|  (hash-map :a 1 :b 2 :c 3) 
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|  ; => {:c 3, :b 2, :a 1} 
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| ```
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| 
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|  [IDEOne吧!](https://ideone.com/k9cOjo)
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| 
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| ## 更新哈希映射
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| 
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| 您可以使用`assoc`更新hashmap内的值。这允许您添加新的键/值对或更改旧的键/值对。
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| ```
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| (def outdated-hashmap {:a 1, :b 2, :c 3}) 
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|  
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|  (def newer-hashmap (assoc outdated-hashmap :d 4)) 
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|  newer-hashmap 
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|  ; => {:a 1, :b 2, :c 3, :d 4} 
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|  
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|  (def newest-hashmap (assoc newer-hashmap :a 22)) 
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|  newest-hashmap 
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|  ; => {:a 22, :b 2, :c 3, :d 4} 
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|  
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|  ;; Note that outdated-hashmap has not been mutated by any of this. 
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|  ;; Assoc is pure and functional. 
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|  outdated-hashmap 
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|  ; => {:a 1, :b 2, :c 3} 
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| ```
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| 
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| ## 何时使用hashmap?
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| 
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| 想要为变量命名时,散列图非常有用。如果你曾经想过自己, _“如果我使用了一个对象......”,_在你突然发现它并意识到你正在使用Clojure之前,请尝试使用一个hashmap。
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| 
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| 如果要将两个不同的值相互关联,它们也很有用。例如,使用一个ROT13密码:你可以将`\A`与`\N` , `\B`与`\M`等关联起来。(在大多数语言中写这将是漫长而无聊的,但Clojure有一些可以为你生成它的函数让它变得_有趣!_ )
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| 
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| | [矢量](//forum.freecodecamp.com/t/clojure-vectors/18421) | [目录](//forum.freecodecamp.com/t/clojure-resources/18422) |待补充| |