reproduce the bug

* use proof serialization

* remove cruft

* save current state

* fix most issues up to this point

* fix remaining build issues

* update the go.mod to use the right branch

* remove custom-defined set type

* update go-verkle to get merged PRs

* extract key, value data from proof

* only activate precomp calculations if this is a verkle chain

Co-authored-by: Jared Wasinger <j-wasinger@hotmail.com>

.circleci/config.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# Use the latest 2.1 version of CircleCI pipeline process engine.
+# See: https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/configuration-reference
+version: 2.1
+
+# Define a job to be invoked later in a workflow.
+# See: https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/configuration-reference/#jobs
+jobs:
+  build:
+    working_directory: ~/repo
+    # Specify the execution environment. You can specify an image from Dockerhub or use one of our Convenience Images from CircleCI's Developer Hub.
+    # See: https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/configuration-reference/#docker-machine-macos-windows-executor
+    docker:
+      - image: circleci/golang:1.16.10
+    # Add steps to the job
+    # See: https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/configuration-reference/#steps
+    steps:
+      - checkout
+      - restore_cache:
+          keys:
+            - go-mod-v4-{{ checksum "go.sum" }}
+      - run:
+          name: Install Dependencies
+          command: go mod download
+      - save_cache:
+          key: go-mod-v4-{{ checksum "go.sum" }}
+          paths:
+            - "/go/pkg/mod"
+      #- run:
+      #    name: Run linter
+      #    command: |
+      #      go run build/ci.go lint
+      - run:
+          name: Run tests
+          command: |
+            go run build/ci.go test -coverage
+      - store_test_results:
+          path: /tmp/test-reports
+
+# Invoke jobs via workflows
+# See: https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/configuration-reference/#workflows
+workflows:
+  sample: # This is the name of the workflow, feel free to change it to better match your workflow.
+    # Inside the workflow, you define the jobs you want to run.
+    jobs:
+      - build

cmd/geth/snapshot.go

@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ func verifyState(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		log.Error("Failed to load head block")
 		return errors.New("no head block")
 	}
-	snaptree, err := snapshot.New(chaindb, trie.NewDatabase(chaindb), 256, headBlock.Root(), false, false, false)
+	snaptree, err := snapshot.New(chaindb, trie.NewDatabase(chaindb), 256, headBlock.Root(), false, false, false, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Error("Failed to open snapshot tree", "err", err)
 		return err
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ func dumpState(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	snaptree, err := snapshot.New(db, trie.NewDatabase(db), 256, root, false, false, false)
+	snaptree, err := snapshot.New(db, trie.NewDatabase(db), 256, root, false, false, false, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

consensus/ethash/consensus.go

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
 )
 
@@ -660,10 +661,19 @@ func accumulateRewards(config *params.ChainConfig, state *state.StateDB, header
 		r.Sub(r, header.Number)
 		r.Mul(r, blockReward)
 		r.Div(r, big8)
+
+		if state.Witness() != nil {
+			uncleCoinbase := utils.GetTreeKeyBalance(uncle.Coinbase.Bytes())
+			state.Witness().TouchAddress(uncleCoinbase, state.GetBalance(uncle.Coinbase).Bytes())
+		}
 		state.AddBalance(uncle.Coinbase, r)
 
 		r.Div(blockReward, big32)
 		reward.Add(reward, r)
 	}
+	if config.IsCancun(header.Number) {
+		coinbase := utils.GetTreeKeyBalance(header.Coinbase.Bytes())
+		state.Witness().TouchAddress(coinbase, state.GetBalance(header.Coinbase).Bytes())
+	}
 	state.AddBalance(header.Coinbase, reward)
 }

core/blockchain.go

@@ -230,11 +230,6 @@ func NewBlockChain(db ethdb.Database, cacheConfig *CacheConfig, chainConfig *par
 		cacheConfig:   cacheConfig,
 		db:            db,
 		triegc:        prque.New(nil),
-		stateCache: state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, &trie.Config{
-			Cache:     cacheConfig.TrieCleanLimit,
-			Journal:   cacheConfig.TrieCleanJournal,
-			Preimages: cacheConfig.Preimages,
-		}),
 		quit:          make(chan struct{}),
 		chainmu:       syncx.NewClosableMutex(),
 		bodyCache:     bodyCache,
@@ -283,6 +278,13 @@ func NewBlockChain(db ethdb.Database, cacheConfig *CacheConfig, chainConfig *par
 
 	// Make sure the state associated with the block is available
 	head := bc.CurrentBlock()
+	bc.stateCache = state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, &trie.Config{
+		Cache:     cacheConfig.TrieCleanLimit,
+		Journal:   cacheConfig.TrieCleanJournal,
+		Preimages: cacheConfig.Preimages,
+		UseVerkle: chainConfig.IsCancun(head.Header().Number),
+	})
+
 	if _, err := state.New(head.Root(), bc.stateCache, bc.snaps); err != nil {
 		// Head state is missing, before the state recovery, find out the
 		// disk layer point of snapshot(if it's enabled). Make sure the
@@ -375,7 +377,7 @@ func NewBlockChain(db ethdb.Database, cacheConfig *CacheConfig, chainConfig *par
 			log.Warn("Enabling snapshot recovery", "chainhead", head.NumberU64(), "diskbase", *layer)
 			recover = true
 		}
-		bc.snaps, _ = snapshot.New(bc.db, bc.stateCache.TrieDB(), bc.cacheConfig.SnapshotLimit, head.Root(), !bc.cacheConfig.SnapshotWait, true, recover)
+		bc.snaps, _ = snapshot.New(bc.db, bc.stateCache.TrieDB(), bc.cacheConfig.SnapshotLimit, head.Root(), !bc.cacheConfig.SnapshotWait, true, recover, chainConfig.IsCancun(head.Header().Number))
 	}
 
 	// Start future block processor.
@@ -1592,7 +1594,12 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) insertChain(chain types.Blocks, verifySeals, setHead bool)
 
 		// Process block using the parent state as reference point
 		substart := time.Now()
-		receipts, logs, usedGas, err := bc.processor.Process(block, statedb, bc.vmConfig)
+		var (
+			usedGas  uint64
+			receipts types.Receipts
+			logs     []*types.Log
+		)
+		receipts, logs, usedGas, err = bc.processor.Process(block, statedb, bc.vmConfig)
 		if err != nil {
 			bc.reportBlock(block, receipts, err)
 			atomic.StoreUint32(&followupInterrupt, 1)

core/chain_makers.go

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 )
 
 // BlockGen creates blocks for testing.
@@ -284,6 +285,91 @@ func GenerateChain(config *params.ChainConfig, parent *types.Block, engine conse
 	return blocks, receipts
 }
 
+func GenerateVerkleChain(config *params.ChainConfig, parent *types.Block, engine consensus.Engine, db ethdb.Database, n int, gen func(int, *BlockGen)) ([]*types.Block, []types.Receipts) {
+	if config == nil {
+		config = params.TestChainConfig
+	}
+	blocks, receipts := make(types.Blocks, n), make([]types.Receipts, n)
+	chainreader := &fakeChainReader{config: config}
+	genblock := func(i int, parent *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB) (*types.Block, types.Receipts) {
+		b := &BlockGen{i: i, chain: blocks, parent: parent, statedb: statedb, config: config, engine: engine}
+		b.header = makeHeader(chainreader, parent, statedb, b.engine)
+
+		// Mutate the state and block according to any hard-fork specs
+		if daoBlock := config.DAOForkBlock; daoBlock != nil {
+			limit := new(big.Int).Add(daoBlock, params.DAOForkExtraRange)
+			if b.header.Number.Cmp(daoBlock) >= 0 && b.header.Number.Cmp(limit) < 0 {
+				if config.DAOForkSupport {
+					b.header.Extra = common.CopyBytes(params.DAOForkBlockExtra)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if config.DAOForkSupport && config.DAOForkBlock != nil && config.DAOForkBlock.Cmp(b.header.Number) == 0 {
+			misc.ApplyDAOHardFork(statedb)
+		}
+		// Execute any user modifications to the block
+		if gen != nil {
+			gen(i, b)
+		}
+		if b.engine != nil {
+			// Finalize and seal the block
+			block, err := b.engine.FinalizeAndAssemble(chainreader, b.header, statedb, b.txs, b.uncles, b.receipts)
+			if err != nil {
+				panic(err)
+			}
+
+			// Write state changes to db
+			root, err := statedb.Commit(config.IsEIP158(b.header.Number))
+			if err != nil {
+				panic(fmt.Sprintf("state write error: %v", err))
+			}
+			if err := statedb.Database().TrieDB().Commit(root, false, nil); err != nil {
+				panic(fmt.Sprintf("trie write error: %v", err))
+			}
+
+			// Generate an associated verkle proof
+			if tr := statedb.GetTrie(); tr.IsVerkle() {
+				vtr := tr.(*trie.VerkleTrie)
+				// Generate the proof if we are using a verkle tree
+				// WORKAROUND: make sure all keys are resolved
+				// before building the proof. Ultimately, node
+				// resolution can be done with a prefetcher or
+				// from GetCommitmentsAlongPath.
+
+				keys := statedb.Witness().Keys()
+				for _, key := range keys {
+					out, err := vtr.TryGet(key)
+					if err != nil {
+						panic(err)
+					}
+					if len(out) == 0 {
+						panic(fmt.Sprintf("%x should be present in the tree", key))
+					}
+				}
+				vtr.Hash()
+				p, err := vtr.ProveAndSerialize(keys, statedb.Witness().KeyVals())
+				block.SetVerkleProof(p)
+				if err != nil {
+					panic(err)
+				}
+			}
+			return block, b.receipts
+		}
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		statedb, err := state.New(parent.Root(), state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, &trie.Config{UseVerkle: true}), nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+		block, receipt := genblock(i, parent, statedb)
+		blocks[i] = block
+		receipts[i] = receipt
+		parent = block
+	}
+	return blocks, receipts
+}
+
 func makeHeader(chain consensus.ChainReader, parent *types.Block, state *state.StateDB, engine consensus.Engine) *types.Header {
 	var time uint64
 	if parent.Time() == 0 {

core/genesis.go

@@ -162,6 +162,7 @@ func SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(db ethdb.Database, genesis *Genesis, override
 	if genesis != nil && genesis.Config == nil {
 		return params.AllEthashProtocolChanges, common.Hash{}, errGenesisNoConfig
 	}
+
 	// Just commit the new block if there is no stored genesis block.
 	stored := rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(db, 0)
 	if (stored == common.Hash{}) {
@@ -177,13 +178,29 @@ func SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(db ethdb.Database, genesis *Genesis, override
 		}
 		return genesis.Config, block.Hash(), nil
 	}
+
 	// We have the genesis block in database(perhaps in ancient database)
 	// but the corresponding state is missing.
 	header := rawdb.ReadHeader(db, stored, 0)
-	if _, err := state.New(header.Root, state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, nil), nil); err != nil {
+
+	var trieCfg *trie.Config
+
 	if genesis == nil {
-			genesis = DefaultGenesisBlock()
+		storedcfg := rawdb.ReadChainConfig(db, stored)
+		if storedcfg == nil {
+			panic("this should never be reached: if genesis is nil, the config is already present or 'geth init' is being called which created it (in the code above, which means genesis != nil)")
 		}
+
+		if storedcfg.CancunBlock != nil {
+			if storedcfg.CancunBlock.Cmp(big.NewInt(0)) != 0 {
+				panic("cancun block must be 0")
+			}
+
+			trieCfg = &trie.Config{UseVerkle: storedcfg.IsCancun(big.NewInt(header.Number.Int64()))}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if _, err := state.New(header.Root, state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, trieCfg), nil); err != nil {
 		// Ensure the stored genesis matches with the given one.
 		hash := genesis.ToBlock(nil).Hash()
 		if hash != stored {
@@ -264,7 +281,11 @@ func (g *Genesis) ToBlock(db ethdb.Database) *types.Block {
 	if db == nil {
 		db = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 	}
-	statedb, err := state.New(common.Hash{}, state.NewDatabase(db), nil)
+	var trieCfg *trie.Config
+	if g.Config != nil {
+		trieCfg = &trie.Config{UseVerkle: g.Config.IsCancun(big.NewInt(int64(g.Number)))}
+	}
+	statedb, err := state.New(common.Hash{}, state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, trieCfg), nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -306,6 +327,9 @@ func (g *Genesis) ToBlock(db ethdb.Database) *types.Block {
 	}
 	statedb.Commit(false)
 	statedb.Database().TrieDB().Commit(root, true, nil)
+	if err := statedb.Cap(root); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
 
 	return types.NewBlock(head, nil, nil, nil, trie.NewStackTrie(nil))
 }
@@ -357,6 +381,20 @@ func GenesisBlockForTesting(db ethdb.Database, addr common.Address, balance *big
 	return g.MustCommit(db)
 }
 
+func DefaultVerkleGenesisBlock() *Genesis {
+	return &Genesis{
+		Config:     params.VerkleChainConfig,
+		Nonce:      86,
+		GasLimit:   0x2fefd8,
+		Difficulty: big.NewInt(1),
+		Alloc: map[common.Address]GenesisAccount{
+			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{97, 118, 97, 209, 72, 165, 43, 239, 81, 162, 104, 199, 40, 179, 162, 27, 88, 249, 67, 6}): {
+				Balance: big.NewInt(0).Lsh(big.NewInt(1), 27),
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
 // DefaultGenesisBlock returns the Ethereum main net genesis block.
 func DefaultGenesisBlock() *Genesis {
 	return &Genesis{

core/state/database.go

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/gballet/go-verkle"
 	lru "github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru"
 )
 
@@ -104,6 +105,9 @@ type Trie interface {
 	// nodes of the longest existing prefix of the key (at least the root), ending
 	// with the node that proves the absence of the key.
 	Prove(key []byte, fromLevel uint, proofDb ethdb.KeyValueWriter) error
+
+	// IsVerkle returns true if the trie is verkle-tree based
+	IsVerkle() bool
 }
 
 // NewDatabase creates a backing store for state. The returned database is safe for
@@ -118,6 +122,13 @@ func NewDatabase(db ethdb.Database) Database {
 // large memory cache.
 func NewDatabaseWithConfig(db ethdb.Database, config *trie.Config) Database {
 	csc, _ := lru.New(codeSizeCacheSize)
+	if config != nil && config.UseVerkle {
+		return &VerkleDB{
+			db:            trie.NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, config),
+			codeSizeCache: csc,
+			codeCache:     fastcache.New(codeCacheSize),
+		}
+	}
 	return &cachingDB{
 		db:            trie.NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, config),
 		codeSizeCache: csc,
@@ -202,3 +213,67 @@ func (db *cachingDB) ContractCodeSize(addrHash, codeHash common.Hash) (int, erro
 func (db *cachingDB) TrieDB() *trie.Database {
 	return db.db
 }
+
+// VerkleDB implements state.Database for a verkle tree
+type VerkleDB struct {
+	db            *trie.Database
+	codeSizeCache *lru.Cache
+	codeCache     *fastcache.Cache
+}
+
+// OpenTrie opens the main account trie.
+func (db *VerkleDB) OpenTrie(root common.Hash) (Trie, error) {
+	if root == (common.Hash{}) || root == emptyRoot {
+		return trie.NewVerkleTrie(verkle.New(), db.db), nil
+	}
+	payload, err := db.db.DiskDB().Get(root[:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	r, err := verkle.ParseNode(payload, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return trie.NewVerkleTrie(r, db.db), err
+}
+
+// OpenStorageTrie opens the storage trie of an account.
+func (db *VerkleDB) OpenStorageTrie(addrHash, root common.Hash) (Trie, error) {
+	// alternatively, return accTrie
+	panic("should not be called")
+}
+
+// CopyTrie returns an independent copy of the given trie.
+func (db *VerkleDB) CopyTrie(tr Trie) Trie {
+	t, ok := tr.(*trie.VerkleTrie)
+	if ok {
+		return t.Copy(db.db)
+	}
+
+	panic("invalid tree type != VerkleTrie")
+}
+
+// ContractCode retrieves a particular contract's code.
+func (db *VerkleDB) ContractCode(addrHash, codeHash common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+	if code := db.codeCache.Get(nil, codeHash.Bytes()); len(code) > 0 {
+		return code, nil
+	}
+	code := rawdb.ReadCode(db.db.DiskDB(), codeHash)
+	if len(code) > 0 {
+		db.codeCache.Set(codeHash.Bytes(), code)
+		db.codeSizeCache.Add(codeHash, len(code))
+		return code, nil
+	}
+	return nil, errors.New("not found")
+}
+
+// ContractCodeSize retrieves a particular contracts code's size.
+func (db *VerkleDB) ContractCodeSize(addrHash, codeHash common.Hash) (int, error) {
+	panic("need to merge #31 for this to work")
+}
+
+// TrieDB retrieves the low level trie database used for data storage.
+func (db *VerkleDB) TrieDB() *trie.Database {
+	return db.db
+}

core/state/iterator.go

@@ -76,6 +76,14 @@ func (it *NodeIterator) step() error {
 	// Initialize the iterator if we've just started
 	if it.stateIt == nil {
 		it.stateIt = it.state.trie.NodeIterator(nil)
+
+		// If the trie is a verkle trie, then the data and state
+		// are the same tree, and as a result both iterators are
+		// the same. This is a hack meant for both tree types to
+		// work.
+		if _, ok := it.state.trie.(*trie.VerkleTrie); ok {
+			it.dataIt = it.stateIt
+		}
 	}
 	// If we had data nodes previously, we surely have at least state nodes
 	if it.dataIt != nil {
@@ -100,10 +108,11 @@ func (it *NodeIterator) step() error {
 		it.state, it.stateIt = nil, nil
 		return nil
 	}
-	// If the state trie node is an internal entry, leave as is
+	// If the state trie node is an internal entry, leave as is.
 	if !it.stateIt.Leaf() {
 		return nil
 	}
+
 	// Otherwise we've reached an account node, initiate data iteration
 	var account types.StateAccount
 	if err := rlp.Decode(bytes.NewReader(it.stateIt.LeafBlob()), &account); err != nil {

core/state/pruner/pruner.go

@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ func NewPruner(db ethdb.Database, datadir, trieCachePath string, bloomSize uint6
 	if headBlock == nil {
 		return nil, errors.New("Failed to load head block")
 	}
-	snaptree, err := snapshot.New(db, trie.NewDatabase(db), 256, headBlock.Root(), false, false, false)
+	snaptree, err := snapshot.New(db, trie.NewDatabase(db), 256, headBlock.Root(), false, false, false, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err // The relevant snapshot(s) might not exist
 	}
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ func RecoverPruning(datadir string, db ethdb.Database, trieCachePath string) err
 	// - The state HEAD is rewound already because of multiple incomplete `prune-state`
 	// In this case, even the state HEAD is not exactly matched with snapshot, it
 	// still feasible to recover the pruning correctly.
-	snaptree, err := snapshot.New(db, trie.NewDatabase(db), 256, headBlock.Root(), false, false, true)
+	snaptree, err := snapshot.New(db, trie.NewDatabase(db), 256, headBlock.Root(), false, false, true, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err // The relevant snapshot(s) might not exist
 	}

core/state/snapshot/snapshot.go

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
@@ -183,7 +184,7 @@ type Tree struct {
 //   This case happens when the snapshot is 'ahead' of the state trie.
 // - otherwise, the entire snapshot is considered invalid and will be recreated on
 //   a background thread.
-func New(diskdb ethdb.KeyValueStore, triedb *trie.Database, cache int, root common.Hash, async bool, rebuild bool, recovery bool) (*Tree, error) {
+func New(diskdb ethdb.KeyValueStore, triedb *trie.Database, cache int, root common.Hash, async bool, rebuild bool, recovery bool, useVerkle bool) (*Tree, error) {
 	// Create a new, empty snapshot tree
 	snap := &Tree{
 		diskdb: diskdb,
@@ -202,6 +203,17 @@ func New(diskdb ethdb.KeyValueStore, triedb *trie.Database, cache int, root comm
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		if rebuild {
+			if useVerkle {
+				snap.layers = map[common.Hash]snapshot{
+					root: &diskLayer{
+						diskdb: diskdb,
+						triedb: triedb,
+						root:   root,
+						cache:  fastcache.New(cache * 1024 * 1024),
+					},
+				}
+				return snap, nil
+			}
 			log.Warn("Failed to load snapshot, regenerating", "err", err)
 			snap.Rebuild(root)
 			return snap, nil

core/state/state_object.go

@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
+	trieUtils "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
 var emptyCodeHash = crypto.Keccak256(nil)
@@ -239,10 +241,14 @@ func (s *stateObject) GetCommittedState(db Database, key common.Hash) common.Has
 		if metrics.EnabledExpensive {
 			meter = &s.db.StorageReads
 		}
+		if !s.db.trie.IsVerkle() {
 			if enc, err = s.getTrie(db).TryGet(key.Bytes()); err != nil {
 				s.setError(err)
 				return common.Hash{}
 			}
+		} else {
+			panic("verkle trees use the snapshot")
+		}
 	}
 	var value common.Hash
 	if len(enc) > 0 {
@@ -332,7 +338,12 @@ func (s *stateObject) updateTrie(db Database) Trie {
 	// The snapshot storage map for the object
 	var storage map[common.Hash][]byte
 	// Insert all the pending updates into the trie
-	tr := s.getTrie(db)
+	var tr Trie
+	if s.db.trie.IsVerkle() {
+		tr = s.db.trie
+	} else {
+		tr = s.getTrie(db)
+	}
 	hasher := s.db.hasher
 
 	usedStorage := make([][]byte, 0, len(s.pendingStorage))
@@ -345,12 +356,25 @@ func (s *stateObject) updateTrie(db Database) Trie {
 
 		var v []byte
 		if (value == common.Hash{}) {
+			if tr.IsVerkle() {
+				k := trieUtils.GetTreeKeyStorageSlot(s.address[:], new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(key[:]))
+				s.setError(tr.TryDelete(k))
+				//s.db.db.TrieDB().DiskDB().Delete(append(s.address[:], key[:]...))
+			} else {
 				s.setError(tr.TryDelete(key[:]))
+			}
 			s.db.StorageDeleted += 1
 		} else {
+			if !tr.IsVerkle() {
 				// Encoding []byte cannot fail, ok to ignore the error.
 				v, _ = rlp.EncodeToBytes(common.TrimLeftZeroes(value[:]))
+
 				s.setError(tr.TryUpdate(key[:], v))
+			} else {
+				k := trieUtils.GetTreeKeyStorageSlot(s.address[:], new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(key[:]))
+				// Update the trie, with v as a value
+				s.setError(tr.TryUpdate(k, value[:]))
+			}
 			s.db.StorageUpdated += 1
 		}
 		// If state snapshotting is active, cache the data til commit

core/state/statedb.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 package state
 
 import (
+	"encoding/binary"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math/big"
@@ -33,6 +34,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	trieUtils "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
 type revision struct {
@@ -99,6 +102,8 @@ type StateDB struct {
 	// Per-transaction access list
 	accessList *accessList
 
+	witness *types.AccessWitness
+
 	// Journal of state modifications. This is the backbone of
 	// Snapshot and RevertToSnapshot.
 	journal        *journal
@@ -144,6 +149,15 @@ func New(root common.Hash, db Database, snaps *snapshot.Tree) (*StateDB, error)
 		accessList:          newAccessList(),
 		hasher:              crypto.NewKeccakState(),
 	}
+	if tr.IsVerkle() {
+		sdb.witness = types.NewAccessWitness()
+		if sdb.snaps == nil {
+			sdb.snaps, err = snapshot.New(db.TrieDB().DiskDB(), db.TrieDB(), 1, root, false, true, false, true)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		}
+	}
 	if sdb.snaps != nil {
 		if sdb.snap = sdb.snaps.Snapshot(root); sdb.snap != nil {
 			sdb.snapDestructs = make(map[common.Hash]struct{})
@@ -154,6 +168,14 @@ func New(root common.Hash, db Database, snaps *snapshot.Tree) (*StateDB, error)
 	return sdb, nil
 }
 
+func (s *StateDB) Witness() *types.AccessWitness {
+	return s.witness
+}
+
+func (s *StateDB) SetWitness(aw *types.AccessWitness) {
+	s.witness = aw
+}
+
 // StartPrefetcher initializes a new trie prefetcher to pull in nodes from the
 // state trie concurrently while the state is mutated so that when we reach the
 // commit phase, most of the needed data is already hot.
@@ -162,7 +184,7 @@ func (s *StateDB) StartPrefetcher(namespace string) {
 		s.prefetcher.close()
 		s.prefetcher = nil
 	}
-	if s.snap != nil {
+	if s.snap != nil && !s.trie.IsVerkle() {
 		s.prefetcher = newTriePrefetcher(s.db, s.originalRoot, namespace)
 	}
 }
@@ -266,6 +288,24 @@ func (s *StateDB) GetBalance(addr common.Address) *big.Int {
 	return common.Big0
 }
 
+func (s *StateDB) GetNonceLittleEndian(address common.Address) []byte {
+	var nonceBytes [8]byte
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(nonceBytes[:], s.GetNonce(address))
+	return nonceBytes[:]
+}
+
+func (s *StateDB) GetBalanceLittleEndian(address common.Address) []byte {
+	var paddedBalance [32]byte
+	balanceBytes := s.GetBalance(address).Bytes()
+	// swap to little-endian
+	for i, j := 0, len(balanceBytes)-1; i < j; i, j = i+1, j-1 {
+		balanceBytes[i], balanceBytes[j] = balanceBytes[j], balanceBytes[i]
+	}
+
+	copy(paddedBalance[:len(balanceBytes)], balanceBytes)
+	return paddedBalance[:len(balanceBytes)]
+}
+
 func (s *StateDB) GetNonce(addr common.Address) uint64 {
 	stateObject := s.getStateObject(addr)
 	if stateObject != nil {
@@ -460,8 +500,33 @@ func (s *StateDB) updateStateObject(obj *stateObject) {
 	}
 	// Encode the account and update the account trie
 	addr := obj.Address()
+
 	if err := s.trie.TryUpdateAccount(addr[:], &obj.data); err != nil {
-		s.setError(fmt.Errorf("updateStateObject (%x) error: %v", addr[:], err))
+		s.setError(fmt.Errorf("updateStateObject (%x) error: %w", addr[:], err))
+	}
+	if s.trie.IsVerkle() {
+		if len(obj.code) > 0 {
+			cs := make([]byte, 32)
+			binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(cs, uint64(len(obj.code)))
+			if err := s.trie.TryUpdate(trieUtils.GetTreeKeyCodeSize(addr[:]), cs); err != nil {
+				s.setError(fmt.Errorf("updateStateObject (%x) error: %w", addr[:], err))
+			}
+
+			if obj.dirtyCode {
+				if chunks, err := trie.ChunkifyCode(addr, obj.code); err == nil {
+					for i := range chunks {
+						s.trie.TryUpdate(trieUtils.GetTreeKeyCodeChunk(addr[:], uint256.NewInt(uint64(i))), chunks[i][:])
+					}
+				} else {
+					s.setError(err)
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			cs := []byte{0}
+			if err := s.trie.TryUpdate(trieUtils.GetTreeKeyCodeSize(addr[:]), cs); err != nil {
+				s.setError(fmt.Errorf("updateStateObject (%x) error: %w", addr[:], err))
+			}
+		}
 	}
 
 	// If state snapshotting is active, cache the data til commit. Note, this
@@ -479,11 +544,20 @@ func (s *StateDB) deleteStateObject(obj *stateObject) {
 	if metrics.EnabledExpensive {
 		defer func(start time.Time) { s.AccountUpdates += time.Since(start) }(time.Now())
 	}
+
 	// Delete the account from the trie
+	if !s.trie.IsVerkle() {
 		addr := obj.Address()
 		if err := s.trie.TryDelete(addr[:]); err != nil {
 			s.setError(fmt.Errorf("deleteStateObject (%x) error: %v", addr[:], err))
 		}
+	} else {
+		for i := byte(0); i <= 255; i++ {
+			if err := s.trie.TryDelete(trieUtils.GetTreeKeyAccountLeaf(obj.Address().Bytes(), i)); err != nil {
+				s.setError(fmt.Errorf("deleteStateObject (%x) error: %v", obj.Address(), err))
+			}
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 // getStateObject retrieves a state object given by the address, returning nil if
@@ -532,6 +606,14 @@ func (s *StateDB) getDeletedStateObject(addr common.Address) *stateObject {
 				data.Root = emptyRoot
 			}
 		}
+
+		// NOTE: Do not touch the addresses here, kick the can down the
+		// road. That is because I don't want to change the interface
+		// to getDeletedStateObject at this stage, as the PR would then
+		// have a huge footprint.
+		// The alternative is to make accesses available via the state
+		// db instead of the evm. This requires a significant rewrite,
+		// that isn't currently warranted.
 	}
 	// If snapshot unavailable or reading from it failed, load from the database
 	if s.snap == nil || err != nil {
@@ -659,6 +741,9 @@ func (s *StateDB) Copy() *StateDB {
 		journal:             newJournal(),
 		hasher:              crypto.NewKeccakState(),
 	}
+	if s.witness != nil {
+		state.witness = s.witness.Copy()
+	}
 	// Copy the dirty states, logs, and preimages
 	for addr := range s.journal.dirties {
 		// As documented [here](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/16485#issuecomment-380438527),
@@ -845,9 +930,13 @@ func (s *StateDB) IntermediateRoot(deleteEmptyObjects bool) common.Hash {
 	// to pull useful data from disk.
 	for addr := range s.stateObjectsPending {
 		if obj := s.stateObjects[addr]; !obj.deleted {
+			if s.trie.IsVerkle() {
+				obj.updateTrie(s.db)
+			} else {
 				obj.updateRoot(s.db)
 			}
 		}
+	}
 	// Now we're about to start to write changes to the trie. The trie is so far
 	// _untouched_. We can check with the prefetcher, if it can give us a trie
 	// which has the same root, but also has some content loaded into it.
@@ -896,6 +985,20 @@ func (s *StateDB) clearJournalAndRefund() {
 	s.validRevisions = s.validRevisions[:0] // Snapshots can be created without journal entires
 }
 
+// GetTrie returns the account trie.
+func (s *StateDB) GetTrie() Trie {
+	return s.trie
+}
+
+func (s *StateDB) Cap(root common.Hash) error {
+	if s.snaps != nil {
+		return s.snaps.Cap(root, 0)
+	}
+	// pre-verkle path: noop if s.snaps hasn't been
+	// initialized.
+	return nil
+}
+
 // Commit writes the state to the underlying in-memory trie database.
 func (s *StateDB) Commit(deleteEmptyObjects bool) (common.Hash, error) {
 	if s.dbErr != nil {
@@ -909,17 +1012,27 @@ func (s *StateDB) Commit(deleteEmptyObjects bool) (common.Hash, error) {
 	codeWriter := s.db.TrieDB().DiskDB().NewBatch()
 	for addr := range s.stateObjectsDirty {
 		if obj := s.stateObjects[addr]; !obj.deleted {
-			// Write any contract code associated with the state object
-			if obj.code != nil && obj.dirtyCode {
-				rawdb.WriteCode(codeWriter, common.BytesToHash(obj.CodeHash()), obj.code)
-				obj.dirtyCode = false
-			}
 			// Write any storage changes in the state object to its storage trie
 			committed, err := obj.CommitTrie(s.db)
 			if err != nil {
 				return common.Hash{}, err
 			}
 			storageCommitted += committed
+			// Write any contract code associated with the state object
+			if obj.code != nil && obj.dirtyCode {
+				if s.trie.IsVerkle() {
+					if chunks, err := trie.ChunkifyCode(addr, obj.code); err == nil {
+						for i := range chunks {
+							s.trie.TryUpdate(trieUtils.GetTreeKeyCodeChunk(addr[:], uint256.NewInt(uint64(i))), chunks[i][:])
+						}
+					} else {
+						s.setError(err)
+					}
+				} else {
+					rawdb.WriteCode(codeWriter, common.BytesToHash(obj.CodeHash()), obj.code)
+				}
+				obj.dirtyCode = false
+			}
 		}
 	}
 	if len(s.stateObjectsDirty) > 0 {

core/state/statedb_test.go

@@ -704,7 +704,10 @@ func TestMissingTrieNodes(t *testing.T) {
 	memDb := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 	db := NewDatabase(memDb)
 	var root common.Hash
-	state, _ := New(common.Hash{}, db, nil)
+	state, err := New(common.Hash{}, db, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic("nil stte")
+	}
 	addr := common.BytesToAddress([]byte("so"))
 	{
 		state.SetBalance(addr, big.NewInt(1))
@@ -736,7 +739,7 @@ func TestMissingTrieNodes(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	// Modify the state
 	state.SetBalance(addr, big.NewInt(2))
-	root, err := state.Commit(false)
+	root, err = state.Commit(false)
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected error, got root :%x", root)
 	}

core/state/sync_test.go

@@ -70,7 +70,10 @@ func makeTestState() (Database, common.Hash, []*testAccount) {
 		state.updateStateObject(obj)
 		accounts = append(accounts, acc)
 	}
-	root, _ := state.Commit(false)
+	root, err := state.Commit(false)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
 
 	// Return the generated state
 	return db, root, accounts

core/state_processor.go

@@ -95,6 +95,9 @@ func (p *StateProcessor) Process(block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, cfg
 func applyTransaction(msg types.Message, config *params.ChainConfig, bc ChainContext, author *common.Address, gp *GasPool, statedb *state.StateDB, blockNumber *big.Int, blockHash common.Hash, tx *types.Transaction, usedGas *uint64, evm *vm.EVM) (*types.Receipt, error) {
 	// Create a new context to be used in the EVM environment.
 	txContext := NewEVMTxContext(msg)
+	if config.IsCancun(blockNumber) {
+		txContext.Accesses = types.NewAccessWitness()
+	}
 	evm.Reset(txContext, statedb)
 
 	// Apply the transaction to the current state (included in the env).
@@ -128,6 +131,10 @@ func applyTransaction(msg types.Message, config *params.ChainConfig, bc ChainCon
 		receipt.ContractAddress = crypto.CreateAddress(evm.TxContext.Origin, tx.Nonce())
 	}
 
+	if config.IsCancun(blockNumber) {
+		statedb.Witness().Merge(txContext.Accesses)
+	}
+
 	// Set the receipt logs and create the bloom filter.
 	receipt.Logs = statedb.GetLogs(tx.Hash(), blockHash)
 	receipt.Bloom = types.CreateBloom(types.Receipts{receipt})

core/state_processor_test.go

@@ -340,3 +340,55 @@ func GenerateBadBlock(parent *types.Block, engine consensus.Engine, txs types.Tr
 	// Assemble and return the final block for sealing
 	return types.NewBlock(header, txs, nil, receipts, trie.NewStackTrie(nil))
 }
+
+func TestProcessStateless(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		config = &params.ChainConfig{
+			ChainID:             big.NewInt(1),
+			HomesteadBlock:      big.NewInt(0),
+			EIP150Block:         big.NewInt(0),
+			EIP155Block:         big.NewInt(0),
+			EIP158Block:         big.NewInt(0),
+			ByzantiumBlock:      big.NewInt(0),
+			ConstantinopleBlock: big.NewInt(0),
+			PetersburgBlock:     big.NewInt(0),
+			IstanbulBlock:       big.NewInt(0),
+			MuirGlacierBlock:    big.NewInt(0),
+			BerlinBlock:         big.NewInt(0),
+			LondonBlock:         big.NewInt(0),
+			Ethash:              new(params.EthashConfig),
+			CancunBlock:         big.NewInt(0),
+		}
+		signer     = types.LatestSigner(config)
+		testKey, _ = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
+		db         = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+		gspec      = &Genesis{
+			Config: config,
+			Alloc: GenesisAlloc{
+				common.HexToAddress("0x71562b71999873DB5b286dF957af199Ec94617F7"): GenesisAccount{
+					Balance: big.NewInt(1000000000000000000), // 1 ether
+					Nonce:   0,
+				},
+			},
+		}
+	)
+	// Verkle trees use the snapshot, which must be enabled before the
+	// data is saved into the tree+database.
+	genesis := gspec.MustCommit(db)
+	blockchain, _ := NewBlockChain(db, nil, gspec.Config, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil, nil)
+	defer blockchain.Stop()
+	chain, _ := GenerateVerkleChain(gspec.Config, genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), db, 2, func(_ int, gen *BlockGen) {
+		tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(0, common.Address{1, 2, 3}, big.NewInt(999), params.TxGas, big.NewInt(875000000), nil), signer, testKey)
+		gen.AddTx(tx)
+		tx, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(1, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(999), params.TxGas, big.NewInt(875000000), nil), signer, testKey)
+		gen.AddTx(tx)
+		tx, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(2, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(0), params.TxGas, big.NewInt(875000000), nil), signer, testKey)
+		gen.AddTx(tx)
+
+	})
+
+	_, err := blockchain.InsertChain(chain)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("block imported with error: %v", err)
+	}
+}

core/state_transition.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package core
 
 import (
+	"encoding/binary"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
 	"math/big"
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ func (result *ExecutionResult) Revert() []byte {
 }
 
 // IntrinsicGas computes the 'intrinsic gas' for a message with the given data.
-func IntrinsicGas(data []byte, accessList types.AccessList, isContractCreation bool, isHomestead, isEIP2028 bool) (uint64, error) {
+func IntrinsicGas(data []byte, accessList types.AccessList, isContractCreation, isHomestead, isEIP2028 bool) (uint64, error) {
 	// Set the starting gas for the raw transaction
 	var gas uint64
 	if isContractCreation && isHomestead {
@@ -259,6 +260,19 @@ func (st *StateTransition) preCheck() error {
 	return st.buyGas()
 }
 
+// tryConsumeGas tries to subtract gas from gasPool, setting the result in gasPool
+// if subtracting more gas than remains in gasPool, set gasPool = 0 and return false
+// otherwise, do the subtraction setting the result in gasPool and return true
+func tryConsumeGas(gasPool *uint64, gas uint64) bool {
+	if *gasPool < gas {
+		*gasPool = 0
+		return false
+	}
+
+	*gasPool -= gas
+	return true
+}
+
 // TransitionDb will transition the state by applying the current message and
 // returning the evm execution result with following fields.
 //
@@ -302,6 +316,35 @@ func (st *StateTransition) TransitionDb() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 	if st.gas < gas {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: have %d, want %d", ErrIntrinsicGas, st.gas, gas)
 	}
+	if st.evm.ChainConfig().IsCancun(st.evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+		var targetBalance, targetNonce, targetCodeSize, targetCodeKeccak, originBalance, originNonce []byte
+
+		targetAddr := msg.To()
+		originAddr := msg.From()
+
+		statelessGasOrigin := st.evm.Accesses.TouchTxOriginAndChargeGas(originAddr.Bytes())
+		if !tryConsumeGas(&st.gas, statelessGasOrigin) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("insufficient gas to cover witness access costs")
+		}
+		originBalance = st.evm.StateDB.GetBalanceLittleEndian(originAddr)
+		originNonce = st.evm.StateDB.GetNonceLittleEndian(originAddr)
+		st.evm.Accesses.SetTxTouchedLeaves(originAddr.Bytes(), originBalance, originNonce)
+
+		if msg.To() != nil {
+			statelessGasDest := st.evm.Accesses.TouchTxExistingAndChargeGas(targetAddr.Bytes())
+			if !tryConsumeGas(&st.gas, statelessGasDest) {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("insufficient gas to cover witness access costs")
+			}
+			targetBalance = st.evm.StateDB.GetBalanceLittleEndian(*targetAddr)
+			targetNonce = st.evm.StateDB.GetNonceLittleEndian(*targetAddr)
+			targetCodeKeccak = st.evm.StateDB.GetCodeHash(*targetAddr).Bytes()
+
+			codeSize := uint64(st.evm.StateDB.GetCodeSize(*targetAddr))
+			var codeSizeBytes [32]byte
+			binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(codeSizeBytes[:8], codeSize)
+			st.evm.Accesses.SetTxExistingTouchedLeaves(targetAddr.Bytes(), targetBalance, targetNonce, targetCodeSize, targetCodeKeccak)
+		}
+	}
 	st.gas -= gas
 
 	// Check clause 6

core/types/access_witness.go

@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package types
+
+import (
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
+)
+
+// AccessWitness lists the locations of the state that are being accessed
+// during the production of a block.
+// TODO(@gballet) this doesn't fully support deletions
+type AccessWitness struct {
+	// Branches flags if a given branch has been loaded
+	Branches map[[31]byte]struct{}
+
+	// Chunks contains the initial value of each address
+	Chunks map[common.Hash][]byte
+
+	// The initial value isn't always available at the time an
+	// address is touched, this map references addresses that
+	// were touched but can not yet be put in Chunks.
+	Undefined map[common.Hash]struct{}
+}
+
+func NewAccessWitness() *AccessWitness {
+	return &AccessWitness{
+		Branches:  make(map[[31]byte]struct{}),
+		Chunks:    make(map[common.Hash][]byte),
+		Undefined: make(map[common.Hash]struct{}),
+	}
+}
+
+// TODO TouchAndCharge + SetLeafValue* does redundant calls to GetTreeKey*
+
+func (aw *AccessWitness) TouchAndChargeProofOfAbsence(addr []byte) uint64 {
+	var gas uint64
+	gas += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyVersion(addr[:]), nil)
+	gas += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyBalance(addr[:]), nil)
+	gas += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyCodeSize(addr[:]), nil)
+	gas += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyCodeKeccak(addr[:]), nil)
+	gas += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyNonce(addr[:]), nil)
+	return gas
+}
+
+func (aw *AccessWitness) TouchAndChargeMessageCall(addr []byte) uint64 {
+	var gas uint64
+	gas += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyVersion(addr[:]), nil)
+	gas += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyCodeSize(addr[:]), nil)
+	return gas
+}
+
+func (aw *AccessWitness) SetLeafValuesMessageCall(addr, codeSize []byte) {
+	var data [32]byte
+	aw.TouchAddress(utils.GetTreeKeyVersion(addr[:]), data[:])
+	aw.TouchAddress(utils.GetTreeKeyCodeSize(addr[:]), codeSize[:])
+}
+
+func (aw *AccessWitness) TouchAndChargeValueTransfer(callerAddr, targetAddr []byte) uint64 {
+	var gas uint64
+	gas += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyBalance(callerAddr[:]), nil)
+	gas += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyBalance(targetAddr[:]), nil)
+	return gas
+}
+
+func (aw *AccessWitness) SetLeafValuesValueTransfer(callerAddr, targetAddr, callerBalance, targetBalance []byte) {
+	aw.TouchAddress(utils.GetTreeKeyBalance(callerAddr[:]), callerBalance)
+	aw.TouchAddress(utils.GetTreeKeyBalance(targetAddr[:]), targetBalance)
+}
+
+// TouchAndChargeContractCreateInit charges access costs to initiate
+// a contract creation
+func (aw *AccessWitness) TouchAndChargeContractCreateInit(addr []byte) uint64 {
+	var gas uint64
+	gas += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyVersion(addr[:]), nil)
+	gas += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyNonce(addr[:]), nil)
+	return gas
+}
+
+func (aw *AccessWitness) SetLeafValuesContractCreateInit(addr, nonce []byte) {
+	var version [32]byte
+	aw.TouchAddress(utils.GetTreeKeyVersion(addr[:]), version[:])
+	aw.TouchAddress(utils.GetTreeKeyNonce(addr[:]), nonce)
+}
+
+// TouchAndChargeContractCreateCompleted charges access access costs after
+// the completion of a contract creation to populate the created account in
+// the tree
+func (aw *AccessWitness) TouchAndChargeContractCreateCompleted(addr []byte, withValue bool) uint64 {
+	var gas uint64
+	gas += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyVersion(addr[:]), nil)
+	gas += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyNonce(addr[:]), nil)
+	if withValue {
+		gas += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyBalance(addr[:]), nil)
+	}
+	gas += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyCodeSize(addr[:]), nil)
+	gas += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyCodeKeccak(addr[:]), nil)
+	return gas
+}
+
+func (aw *AccessWitness) SetLeafValuesContractCreateCompleted(addr, codeSize, codeKeccak []byte) {
+	aw.TouchAddress(utils.GetTreeKeyCodeSize(addr[:]), codeSize)
+	aw.TouchAddress(utils.GetTreeKeyCodeKeccak(addr[:]), codeKeccak)
+}
+
+func (aw *AccessWitness) TouchTxAndChargeGas(originAddr, targetAddr []byte) uint64 {
+	var gasUsed uint64
+	var version [32]byte
+	gasUsed += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyVersion(originAddr[:]), version[:])
+	gasUsed += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyBalance(originAddr[:]), nil)
+	gasUsed += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyNonce(originAddr[:]), nil)
+
+	gasUsed += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyVersion(targetAddr[:]), version[:])
+	gasUsed += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyBalance(targetAddr[:]), nil)
+	gasUsed += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyNonce(targetAddr[:]), nil)
+	gasUsed += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyCodeSize(targetAddr[:]), nil)
+	gasUsed += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyCodeKeccak(targetAddr[:]), nil)
+	return gasUsed
+}
+
+func (aw *AccessWitness) TouchTxOriginAndChargeGas(originAddr []byte) uint64 {
+	var gasUsed uint64
+	var version [32]byte
+	gasUsed += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyVersion(originAddr[:]), version[:])
+	gasUsed += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyBalance(originAddr[:]), nil)
+	gasUsed += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyNonce(originAddr[:]), nil)
+	return gasUsed
+}
+
+func (aw *AccessWitness) TouchTxExistingAndChargeGas(targetAddr []byte) uint64 {
+	var gasUsed uint64
+	var version [32]byte
+	gasUsed += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyVersion(targetAddr[:]), version[:])
+	gasUsed += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyBalance(targetAddr[:]), nil)
+	gasUsed += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyNonce(targetAddr[:]), nil)
+	gasUsed += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyCodeSize(targetAddr[:]), nil)
+	gasUsed += aw.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(utils.GetTreeKeyCodeKeccak(targetAddr[:]), nil)
+	return gasUsed
+}
+
+func (aw *AccessWitness) SetTxTouchedLeaves(originAddr, originBalance, originNonce []byte) {
+	aw.TouchAddress(utils.GetTreeKeyBalance(originAddr[:]), originBalance)
+	aw.TouchAddress(utils.GetTreeKeyNonce(originAddr[:]), originNonce)
+}
+
+func (aw *AccessWitness) SetTxExistingTouchedLeaves(targetAddr, targetBalance, targetNonce, targetCodeSize, targetCodeHash []byte) {
+	aw.TouchAddress(utils.GetTreeKeyBalance(targetAddr[:]), targetBalance)
+	aw.TouchAddress(utils.GetTreeKeyNonce(targetAddr[:]), targetNonce)
+	aw.TouchAddress(utils.GetTreeKeyCodeSize(targetAddr[:]), targetCodeSize)
+	aw.TouchAddress(utils.GetTreeKeyCodeKeccak(targetAddr[:]), targetCodeHash)
+}
+
+// TouchAddress adds any missing addr to the witness and returns respectively
+// true if the stem or the stub weren't arleady present.
+func (aw *AccessWitness) TouchAddress(addr, value []byte) (bool, bool) {
+	var (
+		stem        [31]byte
+		newStem     bool
+		newSelector bool
+	)
+	copy(stem[:], addr[:31])
+
+	// Check for the presence of the stem
+	if _, newStem := aw.Branches[stem]; !newStem {
+		aw.Branches[stem] = struct{}{}
+	}
+
+	// Check for the presence of the selector
+	if _, newSelector := aw.Chunks[common.BytesToHash(addr)]; !newSelector {
+		if value == nil {
+			aw.Undefined[common.BytesToHash(addr)] = struct{}{}
+		} else {
+			if _, ok := aw.Undefined[common.BytesToHash(addr)]; !ok {
+				delete(aw.Undefined, common.BytesToHash(addr))
+			}
+			aw.Chunks[common.BytesToHash(addr)] = value
+		}
+	}
+
+	return newStem, newSelector
+}
+
+// TouchAddressAndChargeGas checks if a location has already been touched in
+// the current witness, and charge extra gas if that isn't the case. This is
+// meant to only be called on a tx-context access witness (i.e. before it is
+// merged), not a block-context witness: witness costs are charged per tx.
+func (aw *AccessWitness) TouchAddressAndChargeGas(addr, value []byte) uint64 {
+	var gas uint64
+
+	nstem, nsel := aw.TouchAddress(addr, value)
+	if nstem {
+		gas += params.WitnessBranchCost
+	}
+	if nsel {
+		gas += params.WitnessChunkCost
+	}
+	return gas
+}
+
+// Merge is used to merge the witness that got generated during the execution
+// of a tx, with the accumulation of witnesses that were generated during the
+// execution of all the txs preceding this one in a given block.
+func (aw *AccessWitness) Merge(other *AccessWitness) {
+	for k := range other.Undefined {
+		if _, ok := aw.Undefined[k]; !ok {
+			aw.Undefined[k] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+
+	for k := range other.Branches {
+		if _, ok := aw.Branches[k]; !ok {
+			aw.Branches[k] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+
+	for k, chunk := range other.Chunks {
+		if _, ok := aw.Chunks[k]; !ok {
+			aw.Chunks[k] = chunk
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Key returns, predictably, the list of keys that were touched during the
+// buildup of the access witness.
+func (aw *AccessWitness) Keys() [][]byte {
+	keys := make([][]byte, 0, len(aw.Chunks))
+	for key := range aw.Chunks {
+		var k [32]byte
+		copy(k[:], key[:])
+		keys = append(keys, k[:])
+	}
+	return keys
+}
+
+func (aw *AccessWitness) KeyVals() map[common.Hash][]byte {
+	return aw.Chunks
+}
+
+func (aw *AccessWitness) Copy() *AccessWitness {
+	naw := &AccessWitness{
+		Branches:  make(map[[31]byte]struct{}),
+		Chunks:    make(map[common.Hash][]byte),
+		Undefined: make(map[common.Hash]struct{}),
+	}
+
+	naw.Merge(aw)
+
+	return naw
+}

core/types/block.go

@@ -86,6 +86,9 @@ type Header struct {
 	// BaseFee was added by EIP-1559 and is ignored in legacy headers.
 	BaseFee *big.Int `json:"baseFeePerGas" rlp:"optional"`
 
+	// The verkle proof is ignored in legacy headers
+	VerkleProof []byte `json:"verkleProof" rlp:"optional"`
+
 	/*
 		TODO (MariusVanDerWijden) Add this field once needed
 		// Random was added during the merge and contains the BeaconState randomness
@@ -337,6 +340,10 @@ func (b *Block) SanityCheck() error {
 	return b.header.SanityCheck()
 }
 
+func (b *Block) SetVerkleProof(vp []byte) {
+	b.header.VerkleProof = vp
+}
+
 type writeCounter common.StorageSize
 
 func (c *writeCounter) Write(b []byte) (int, error) {

core/vm/analysis.go

@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ func (bits bitvec) set16(pos uint64) {
 	bits[pos/8+2] = ^a
 }
 
-// codeSegment checks if the position is in a code segment.
-func (bits *bitvec) codeSegment(pos uint64) bool {
+// IsCode checks if the position is in a code segment.
+func (bits *bitvec) IsCode(pos uint64) bool {
 	return ((*bits)[pos/8] & (0x80 >> (pos % 8))) == 0
 }
 

core/vm/common.go

@@ -63,6 +63,18 @@ func getData(data []byte, start uint64, size uint64) []byte {
 	return common.RightPadBytes(data[start:end], int(size))
 }
 
+func getDataAndAdjustedBounds(data []byte, start uint64, size uint64) (codeCopyPadded []byte, actualStart uint64, sizeNonPadded uint64) {
+	length := uint64(len(data))
+	if start > length {
+		start = length
+	}
+	end := start + size
+	if end > length {
+		end = length
+	}
+	return common.RightPadBytes(data[start:end], int(size)), start, end
+}
+
 // toWordSize returns the ceiled word size required for memory expansion.
 func toWordSize(size uint64) uint64 {
 	if size > math.MaxUint64-31 {

core/vm/contract.go

@@ -28,6 +28,13 @@ type ContractRef interface {
 	Address() common.Address
 }
 
+// AnalyzedContract is an interface for a piece of contract
+// code that has undegone jumpdest analysis, and whose bytecode
+// can be queried to determine if it is "contract code"
+type AnalyzedContract interface {
+	IsCode(dest uint64) bool
+}
+
 // AccountRef implements ContractRef.
 //
 // Account references are used during EVM initialisation and
@@ -58,6 +65,9 @@ type Contract struct {
 	CodeAddr *common.Address
 	Input    []byte
 
+	// is the execution frame represented by this object a contract deployment 
+	IsDeployment bool
+
 	Gas   uint64
 	value *big.Int
 }
@@ -93,15 +103,15 @@ func (c *Contract) validJumpdest(dest *uint256.Int) bool {
 	if OpCode(c.Code[udest]) != JUMPDEST {
 		return false
 	}
-	return c.isCode(udest)
+	return c.IsCode(udest)
 }
 
-// isCode returns true if the provided PC location is an actual opcode, as
+// IsCode returns true if the provided PC location is an actual opcode, as
 // opposed to a data-segment following a PUSHN operation.
-func (c *Contract) isCode(udest uint64) bool {
+func (c *Contract) IsCode(udest uint64) bool {
 	// Do we already have an analysis laying around?
 	if c.analysis != nil {
-		return c.analysis.codeSegment(udest)
+		return c.analysis.IsCode(udest)
 	}
 	// Do we have a contract hash already?
 	// If we do have a hash, that means it's a 'regular' contract. For regular
@@ -117,7 +127,7 @@ func (c *Contract) isCode(udest uint64) bool {
 		}
 		// Also stash it in current contract for faster access
 		c.analysis = analysis
-		return analysis.codeSegment(udest)
+		return analysis.IsCode(udest)
 	}
 	// We don't have the code hash, most likely a piece of initcode not already
 	// in state trie. In that case, we do an analysis, and save it locally, so
@@ -126,7 +136,7 @@ func (c *Contract) isCode(udest uint64) bool {
 	if c.analysis == nil {
 		c.analysis = codeBitmap(c.Code)
 	}
-	return c.analysis.codeSegment(udest)
+	return c.analysis.IsCode(udest)
 }
 
 // AsDelegate sets the contract to be a delegate call and returns the current

core/vm/evm.go

@@ -17,13 +17,16 @@
 package vm
 
 import (
+	"encoding/binary"
 	"math/big"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
@@ -83,6 +86,8 @@ type TxContext struct {
 	// Message information
 	Origin   common.Address // Provides information for ORIGIN
 	GasPrice *big.Int       // Provides information for GASPRICE
+
+	Accesses *types.AccessWitness
 }
 
 // EVM is the Ethereum Virtual Machine base object and provides
@@ -125,6 +130,9 @@ type EVM struct {
 // NewEVM returns a new EVM. The returned EVM is not thread safe and should
 // only ever be used *once*.
 func NewEVM(blockCtx BlockContext, txCtx TxContext, statedb StateDB, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, config Config) *EVM {
+	if txCtx.Accesses == nil && chainConfig.IsCancun(blockCtx.BlockNumber) {
+		txCtx.Accesses = types.NewAccessWitness()
+	}
 	evm := &EVM{
 		Context:     blockCtx,
 		TxContext:   txCtx,
@@ -160,6 +168,19 @@ func (evm *EVM) Interpreter() *EVMInterpreter {
 	return evm.interpreter
 }
 
+// tryConsumeGas tries to subtract gas from gasPool, setting the result in gasPool
+// if subtracting more gas than remains in gasPool, set gasPool = 0 and return false
+// otherwise, do the subtraction setting the result in gasPool and return true
+func tryConsumeGas(gasPool *uint64, gas uint64) bool {
+	if *gasPool < gas {
+		*gasPool = 0
+		return false
+	}
+
+	*gasPool -= gas
+	return true
+}
+
 // Call executes the contract associated with the addr with the given input as
 // parameters. It also handles any necessary value transfer required and takes
 // the necessary steps to create accounts and reverses the state in case of an
@@ -181,6 +202,10 @@ func (evm *EVM) Call(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas
 
 	if !evm.StateDB.Exist(addr) {
 		if !isPrecompile && evm.chainRules.IsEIP158 && value.Sign() == 0 {
+			if evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+				// proof of absence
+				tryConsumeGas(&gas, evm.Accesses.TouchAndChargeProofOfAbsence(caller.Address().Bytes()))
+			}
 			// Calling a non existing account, don't do anything, but ping the tracer
 			if evm.Config.Debug {
 				if evm.depth == 0 {
@@ -195,6 +220,11 @@ func (evm *EVM) Call(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas
 		}
 		evm.StateDB.CreateAccount(addr)
 	}
+	if evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(evm.Context.BlockNumber) && value.Sign() != 0 {
+		callerBalanceBefore := evm.StateDB.GetBalanceLittleEndian(caller.Address())
+		targetBalanceBefore := evm.StateDB.GetBalanceLittleEndian(addr)
+		evm.Accesses.SetLeafValuesValueTransfer(caller.Address().Bytes()[:], addr[:], callerBalanceBefore, targetBalanceBefore)
+	}
 	evm.Context.Transfer(evm.StateDB, caller.Address(), addr, value)
 
 	// Capture the tracer start/end events in debug mode
@@ -219,6 +249,13 @@ func (evm *EVM) Call(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas
 		// Initialise a new contract and set the code that is to be used by the EVM.
 		// The contract is a scoped environment for this execution context only.
 		code := evm.StateDB.GetCode(addr)
+		if evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+			codeSize := uint64(len(code))
+			var codeSizeBytes [32]byte
+			binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(codeSizeBytes[:8], codeSize)
+			evm.Accesses.SetLeafValuesMessageCall(addr[:], codeSizeBytes[:])
+		}
+
 		if len(code) == 0 {
 			ret, err = nil, nil // gas is unchanged
 		} else {
@@ -227,6 +264,7 @@ func (evm *EVM) Call(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas
 			// The depth-check is already done, and precompiles handled above
 			contract := NewContract(caller, AccountRef(addrCopy), value, gas)
 			contract.SetCallCode(&addrCopy, evm.StateDB.GetCodeHash(addrCopy), code)
+			contract.IsDeployment = true
 			ret, err = evm.interpreter.Run(contract, input, false)
 			gas = contract.Gas
 		}
@@ -282,6 +320,12 @@ func (evm *EVM) CallCode(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte,
 	if p, isPrecompile := evm.precompile(addr); isPrecompile {
 		ret, gas, err = RunPrecompiledContract(p, input, gas)
 	} else {
+		if evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+			codeSize := uint64(evm.StateDB.GetCodeSize(addr))
+			var codeSizeBytes [32]byte
+			binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(codeSizeBytes[:8], codeSize)
+			evm.Accesses.SetLeafValuesMessageCall(addr.Bytes()[:], codeSizeBytes[:])
+		}
 		addrCopy := addr
 		// Initialise a new contract and set the code that is to be used by the EVM.
 		// The contract is a scoped environment for this execution context only.
@@ -326,6 +370,12 @@ func (evm *EVM) DelegateCall(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []by
 	if p, isPrecompile := evm.precompile(addr); isPrecompile {
 		ret, gas, err = RunPrecompiledContract(p, input, gas)
 	} else {
+		if evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+			codeSize := uint64(evm.StateDB.GetCodeSize(addr))
+			var codeSizeBytes [32]byte
+			binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(codeSizeBytes[:8], codeSize)
+			evm.Accesses.SetLeafValuesMessageCall(addr.Bytes()[:], codeSizeBytes[:])
+		}
 		addrCopy := addr
 		// Initialise a new contract and make initialise the delegate values
 		contract := NewContract(caller, AccountRef(caller.Address()), nil, gas).AsDelegate()
@@ -378,6 +428,12 @@ func (evm *EVM) StaticCall(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte
 	if p, isPrecompile := evm.precompile(addr); isPrecompile {
 		ret, gas, err = RunPrecompiledContract(p, input, gas)
 	} else {
+		if evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+			codeSize := uint64(evm.StateDB.GetCodeSize(addr))
+			var codeSizeBytes [32]byte
+			binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(codeSizeBytes[:8], codeSize)
+			evm.Accesses.SetLeafValuesMessageCall(addr.Bytes()[:], codeSizeBytes[:])
+		}
 		// At this point, we use a copy of address. If we don't, the go compiler will
 		// leak the 'contract' to the outer scope, and make allocation for 'contract'
 		// even if the actual execution ends on RunPrecompiled above.
@@ -415,6 +471,13 @@ func (c *codeAndHash) Hash() common.Hash {
 
 // create creates a new contract using code as deployment code.
 func (evm *EVM) create(caller ContractRef, codeAndHash *codeAndHash, gas uint64, value *big.Int, address common.Address, typ OpCode) ([]byte, common.Address, uint64, error) {
+	var zeroVerkleLeaf [32]byte
+	var balanceBefore []byte
+
+	if evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+		evm.Accesses.SetLeafValuesContractCreateInit(address.Bytes()[:], zeroVerkleLeaf[:])
+	}
+
 	// Depth check execution. Fail if we're trying to execute above the
 	// limit.
 	if evm.depth > int(params.CallCreateDepth) {
@@ -444,12 +507,21 @@ func (evm *EVM) create(caller ContractRef, codeAndHash *codeAndHash, gas uint64,
 	if evm.chainRules.IsEIP158 {
 		evm.StateDB.SetNonce(address, 1)
 	}
+	if evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+		// note: assumption is that the nonce, code size, code hash
+		// will be 0x0000...00 at the target account before it is created
+		// otherwise would imply contract creation collision which is
+		// impossible if self-destruct is removed
+		balanceBefore = evm.StateDB.GetBalanceLittleEndian(address)
+	}
+
 	evm.Context.Transfer(evm.StateDB, caller.Address(), address, value)
 
 	// Initialise a new contract and set the code that is to be used by the EVM.
 	// The contract is a scoped environment for this execution context only.
 	contract := NewContract(caller, AccountRef(address), value, gas)
 	contract.SetCodeOptionalHash(&address, codeAndHash)
+	contract.IsDeployment = true
 
 	if evm.Config.NoRecursion && evm.depth > 0 {
 		return nil, address, gas, nil
@@ -500,6 +572,18 @@ func (evm *EVM) create(caller ContractRef, codeAndHash *codeAndHash, gas uint64,
 		}
 	}
 
+	if err == nil && evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+		if !contract.UseGas(evm.Accesses.TouchAndChargeContractCreateCompleted(address.Bytes()[:], value.Sign() != 0)) {
+			evm.StateDB.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot)
+			err = ErrOutOfGas
+		} else {
+			evm.Accesses.SetLeafValuesContractCreateCompleted(address.Bytes()[:], zeroVerkleLeaf[:], zeroVerkleLeaf[:])
+			if value.Sign() != 0 {
+				evm.Accesses.TouchAddress(utils.GetTreeKeyBalance(address.Bytes()[:]), balanceBefore)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	if evm.Config.Debug {
 		if evm.depth == 0 {
 			evm.Config.Tracer.CaptureEnd(ret, gas-contract.Gas, time.Since(start), err)

core/vm/gas_table.go

@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+	trieUtils "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
 )
 
 // memoryGasCost calculates the quadratic gas for memory expansion. It does so
@@ -88,12 +90,88 @@ func memoryCopierGas(stackpos int) gasFunc {
 
 var (
 	gasCallDataCopy        = memoryCopierGas(2)
-	gasCodeCopy       = memoryCopierGas(2)
-	gasExtCodeCopy    = memoryCopierGas(3)
+	gasCodeCopyStateful    = memoryCopierGas(2)
+	gasExtCodeCopyStateful = memoryCopierGas(3)
 	gasReturnDataCopy      = memoryCopierGas(2)
 )
 
+func gasExtCodeSize(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	usedGas := uint64(0)
+	slot := stack.Back(0)
+	if evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+		index := trieUtils.GetTreeKeyCodeSize(slot.Bytes())
+		usedGas += evm.TxContext.Accesses.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(index, nil)
+	}
+
+	return usedGas, nil
+}
+
+func gasCodeCopy(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	var statelessGas uint64
+	if evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+		var (
+			codeOffset = stack.Back(1)
+			length     = stack.Back(2)
+		)
+		uint64CodeOffset, overflow := codeOffset.Uint64WithOverflow()
+		if overflow {
+			uint64CodeOffset = 0xffffffffffffffff
+		}
+		uint64Length, overflow := length.Uint64WithOverflow()
+		if overflow {
+			uint64Length = 0xffffffffffffffff
+		}
+		_, offset, nonPaddedSize := getDataAndAdjustedBounds(contract.Code, uint64CodeOffset, uint64Length)
+		statelessGas = touchEachChunksAndChargeGas(offset, nonPaddedSize, contract.Address().Bytes()[:], nil, nil, evm.Accesses)
+	}
+	usedGas, err := gasCodeCopyStateful(evm, contract, stack, mem, memorySize)
+	return usedGas + statelessGas, err
+}
+
+func gasExtCodeCopy(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	var statelessGas uint64
+	if evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+		var (
+			codeOffset = stack.Back(2)
+			length     = stack.Back(3)
+			targetAddr = stack.Back(0).Bytes20()
+		)
+		uint64CodeOffset, overflow := codeOffset.Uint64WithOverflow()
+		if overflow {
+			uint64CodeOffset = 0xffffffffffffffff
+		}
+		uint64Length, overflow := length.Uint64WithOverflow()
+		if overflow {
+			uint64Length = 0xffffffffffffffff
+		}
+		// note:  we must charge witness costs for the specified range regardless of whether it
+		// is in-bounds of the actual target account code.  This is because we must charge the cost
+		// before hitting the db to be able to now what the actual code size is.  This is different
+		// behavior from CODECOPY which only charges witness access costs for the part of the range
+		// which overlaps in the account code.  TODO: clarify this is desired behavior and amend the
+		// spec.
+		statelessGas = touchEachChunksAndChargeGas(uint64CodeOffset, uint64Length, targetAddr[:], nil, nil, evm.Accesses)
+	}
+	usedGas, err := gasExtCodeCopyStateful(evm, contract, stack, mem, memorySize)
+	return usedGas + statelessGas, err
+}
+
+func gasSLoad(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	usedGas := uint64(0)
+
+	if evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+		where := stack.Back(0)
+		addr := contract.Address()
+		index := trieUtils.GetTreeKeyStorageSlot(addr[:], where)
+		usedGas += evm.Accesses.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(index, nil)
+	}
+
+	return usedGas, nil
+}
+
 func gasSStore(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	// Apply the witness access costs, err is nil
+	accessGas, _ := gasSLoad(evm, contract, stack, mem, memorySize)
 	var (
 		y, x    = stack.Back(1), stack.Back(0)
 		current = evm.StateDB.GetState(contract.Address(), x.Bytes32())
@@ -109,12 +187,12 @@ func gasSStore(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySi
 		// 3. From a non-zero to a non-zero                         (CHANGE)
 		switch {
 		case current == (common.Hash{}) && y.Sign() != 0: // 0 => non 0
-			return params.SstoreSetGas, nil
+			return params.SstoreSetGas + accessGas, nil
 		case current != (common.Hash{}) && y.Sign() == 0: // non 0 => 0
 			evm.StateDB.AddRefund(params.SstoreRefundGas)
-			return params.SstoreClearGas, nil
+			return params.SstoreClearGas + accessGas, nil
 		default: // non 0 => non 0 (or 0 => 0)
-			return params.SstoreResetGas, nil
+			return params.SstoreResetGas + accessGas, nil
 		}
 	}
 	// The new gas metering is based on net gas costs (EIP-1283):
@@ -331,6 +409,7 @@ func gasCall(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize
 		transfersValue = !stack.Back(2).IsZero()
 		address        = common.Address(stack.Back(1).Bytes20())
 	)
+
 	if evm.chainRules.IsEIP158 {
 		if transfersValue && evm.StateDB.Empty(address) {
 			gas += params.CallNewAccountGas
@@ -357,6 +436,21 @@ func gasCall(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize
 	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, evm.callGasTemp); overflow {
 		return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
 	}
+	if evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+		if _, isPrecompile := evm.precompile(address); !isPrecompile {
+			gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, evm.Accesses.TouchAndChargeMessageCall(address.Bytes()[:]))
+			if overflow {
+				return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+			}
+		}
+		if transfersValue {
+			gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, evm.Accesses.TouchAndChargeValueTransfer(contract.Address().Bytes()[:], address.Bytes()[:]))
+			if overflow {
+				return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	return gas, nil
 }
 
@@ -382,6 +476,15 @@ func gasCallCode(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memory
 	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, evm.callGasTemp); overflow {
 		return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
 	}
+	if evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+		address := common.Address(stack.Back(1).Bytes20())
+		if _, isPrecompile := evm.precompile(address); !isPrecompile {
+			gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, evm.Accesses.TouchAndChargeMessageCall(address.Bytes()))
+			if overflow {
+				return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+			}
+		}
+	}
 	return gas, nil
 }
 
@@ -398,6 +501,15 @@ func gasDelegateCall(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, me
 	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, evm.callGasTemp); overflow {
 		return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
 	}
+	if evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+		address := common.Address(stack.Back(1).Bytes20())
+		if _, isPrecompile := evm.precompile(address); !isPrecompile {
+			gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, evm.Accesses.TouchAndChargeMessageCall(address.Bytes()))
+			if overflow {
+				return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+			}
+		}
+	}
 	return gas, nil
 }
 
@@ -414,6 +526,15 @@ func gasStaticCall(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memo
 	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, evm.callGasTemp); overflow {
 		return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
 	}
+	if evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+		address := common.Address(stack.Back(1).Bytes20())
+		if _, isPrecompile := evm.precompile(address); !isPrecompile {
+			gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, evm.Accesses.TouchAndChargeMessageCall(address.Bytes()))
+			if overflow {
+				return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+			}
+		}
+	}
 	return gas, nil
 }
 
@@ -434,6 +555,12 @@ func gasSelfdestruct(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, me
 		}
 	}
 
+	if evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+		// TODO turn this into a panic (when we are sure this method
+		// will never execute when verkle is enabled)
+		log.Warn("verkle witness accumulation not supported for selfdestruct")
+	}
+
 	if !evm.StateDB.HasSuicided(contract.Address()) {
 		evm.StateDB.AddRefund(params.SelfdestructRefundGas)
 	}

core/vm/instructions.go

@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ package vm
 import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+	trieUtils "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
 )
@@ -341,7 +343,13 @@ func opReturnDataCopy(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeConte
 
 func opExtCodeSize(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
 	slot := scope.Stack.peek()
-	slot.SetUint64(uint64(interpreter.evm.StateDB.GetCodeSize(slot.Bytes20())))
+	cs := uint64(interpreter.evm.StateDB.GetCodeSize(slot.Bytes20()))
+	if interpreter.evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(interpreter.evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+		index := trieUtils.GetTreeKeyCodeSize(slot.Bytes())
+		statelessGas := interpreter.evm.Accesses.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(index, uint256.NewInt(cs).Bytes())
+		scope.Contract.UseGas(statelessGas)
+	}
+	slot.SetUint64(cs)
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
@@ -362,12 +370,90 @@ func opCodeCopy(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([
 	if overflow {
 		uint64CodeOffset = 0xffffffffffffffff
 	}
-	codeCopy := getData(scope.Contract.Code, uint64CodeOffset, length.Uint64())
-	scope.Memory.Set(memOffset.Uint64(), length.Uint64(), codeCopy)
 
+	paddedCodeCopy, copyOffset, nonPaddedCopyLength := getDataAndAdjustedBounds(scope.Contract.Code, uint64CodeOffset, length.Uint64())
+	if interpreter.evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(interpreter.evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+		touchEachChunksAndChargeGas(copyOffset, nonPaddedCopyLength, scope.Contract.Address().Bytes()[:], scope.Contract.Code, scope.Contract, interpreter.evm.Accesses)
+	}
+	scope.Memory.Set(memOffset.Uint64(), uint64(len(paddedCodeCopy)), paddedCodeCopy)
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
+// touchEachChunksAndChargeGas is a helper function to touch every chunk in a code range and charge witness gas costs
+func touchEachChunksAndChargeGas(offset, size uint64, address []byte, code []byte, contract AnalyzedContract, accesses *types.AccessWitness) uint64 {
+	// note that in the case where the copied code is outside the range of the
+	// contract code but touches the last leaf with contract code in it,
+	// we don't include the last leaf of code in the AccessWitness.  The
+	// reason that we do not need the last leaf is the account's code size
+	// is already in the AccessWitness so a stateless verifier can see that
+	// the code from the last leaf is not needed.
+	if contract != nil && (size == 0 || offset > uint64(len(code))) {
+		return 0
+	}
+	var (
+		statelessGasCharged uint64
+		startLeafOffset     uint64
+		endLeafOffset       uint64
+		startOffset         uint64
+		endOffset           uint64
+		numLeaves           uint64
+		index               [32]byte
+	)
+	// startLeafOffset, endLeafOffset is the evm code offset of the first byte in the first leaf touched
+	// and the evm code offset of the last byte in the last leaf touched
+	startOffset = offset - (offset % 31)
+	if contract != nil && startOffset+size > uint64(len(code)) {
+		endOffset = uint64(len(code))
+	} else {
+		endOffset = startOffset + size
+	}
+	endLeafOffset = endOffset + (endOffset % 31)
+	numLeaves = (endLeafOffset - startLeafOffset) / 31
+	chunkOffset := new(uint256.Int)
+	treeIndex := new(uint256.Int)
+
+	for i := 0; i < int(numLeaves); i++ {
+		chunkOffset.Add(trieUtils.CodeOffset, uint256.NewInt(uint64(i)))
+		treeIndex.Div(chunkOffset, trieUtils.VerkleNodeWidth)
+		var subIndex byte
+		subIndexMod := chunkOffset.Mod(chunkOffset, trieUtils.VerkleNodeWidth).Bytes()
+		if len(subIndexMod) == 0 {
+			subIndex = 0
+		} else {
+			subIndex = subIndexMod[0]
+		}
+		treeKey := trieUtils.GetTreeKey(address, treeIndex, subIndex)
+		copy(index[0:31], treeKey)
+		index[31] = subIndex
+
+		var value []byte
+		if len(code) > 0 {
+			// the offset into the leaf that the first PUSH occurs
+			var firstPushOffset uint64 = 0
+			// Look for the first code byte (i.e. no pushdata)
+			for ; firstPushOffset < 31 && firstPushOffset+uint64(i)*31 < uint64(len(code)) && !contract.IsCode(uint64(i)*31+firstPushOffset); firstPushOffset++ {
+			}
+			curEnd := (uint64(i) + 1) * 31
+			if curEnd > endOffset {
+				curEnd = endOffset
+			}
+			valueSize := curEnd - (uint64(i) * 31)
+			value = make([]byte, 32, 32)
+			value[0] = byte(firstPushOffset)
+
+			copy(value[1:valueSize+1], code[i*31:curEnd])
+			if valueSize < 31 {
+				padding := make([]byte, 31-valueSize, 31-valueSize)
+				copy(value[valueSize+1:], padding)
+			}
+		}
+
+		statelessGasCharged += accesses.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(index[:], value)
+	}
+
+	return statelessGasCharged
+}
+
 func opExtCodeCopy(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
 	var (
 		stack      = scope.Stack
@@ -381,8 +467,16 @@ func opExtCodeCopy(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext)
 		uint64CodeOffset = 0xffffffffffffffff
 	}
 	addr := common.Address(a.Bytes20())
+	if interpreter.evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(interpreter.evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+		code := interpreter.evm.StateDB.GetCode(addr)
+		paddedCodeCopy, copyOffset, nonPaddedCopyLength := getDataAndAdjustedBounds(code, uint64CodeOffset, length.Uint64())
+		cb := codeBitmap(code)
+		touchEachChunksAndChargeGas(copyOffset, nonPaddedCopyLength, addr[:], code, &cb, interpreter.evm.Accesses)
+		scope.Memory.Set(memOffset.Uint64(), length.Uint64(), paddedCodeCopy)
+	} else {
 		codeCopy := getData(interpreter.evm.StateDB.GetCode(addr), uint64CodeOffset, length.Uint64())
 		scope.Memory.Set(memOffset.Uint64(), length.Uint64(), codeCopy)
+	}
 
 	return nil, nil
 }
@@ -510,6 +604,11 @@ func opSload(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]by
 	hash := common.Hash(loc.Bytes32())
 	val := interpreter.evm.StateDB.GetState(scope.Contract.Address(), hash)
 	loc.SetBytes(val.Bytes())
+
+	if interpreter.evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(interpreter.evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+		index := trieUtils.GetTreeKeyStorageSlot(scope.Contract.Address().Bytes(), loc)
+		interpreter.evm.Accesses.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(index, val.Bytes())
+	}
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
@@ -569,6 +668,13 @@ func opCreate(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]b
 		input        = scope.Memory.GetCopy(int64(offset.Uint64()), int64(size.Uint64()))
 		gas          = scope.Contract.Gas
 	)
+	if interpreter.evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(interpreter.evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+		contractAddress := crypto.CreateAddress(scope.Contract.Address(), interpreter.evm.StateDB.GetNonce(scope.Contract.Address()))
+		statelessGas := interpreter.evm.Accesses.TouchAndChargeContractCreateInit(contractAddress.Bytes()[:])
+		if !tryConsumeGas(&gas, statelessGas) {
+			return nil, ErrExecutionReverted
+		}
+	}
 	if interpreter.evm.chainRules.IsEIP150 {
 		gas -= gas / 64
 	}
@@ -611,6 +717,14 @@ func opCreate2(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]
 		input        = scope.Memory.GetCopy(int64(offset.Uint64()), int64(size.Uint64()))
 		gas          = scope.Contract.Gas
 	)
+	if interpreter.evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(interpreter.evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+		codeAndHash := &codeAndHash{code: input}
+		contractAddress := crypto.CreateAddress2(scope.Contract.Address(), salt.Bytes32(), codeAndHash.Hash().Bytes())
+		statelessGas := interpreter.evm.Accesses.TouchAndChargeContractCreateInit(contractAddress.Bytes()[:])
+		if !tryConsumeGas(&gas, statelessGas) {
+			return nil, ErrExecutionReverted
+		}
+	}
 
 	// Apply EIP150
 	gas -= gas / 64
@@ -834,6 +948,28 @@ func opPush1(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]by
 	*pc += 1
 	if *pc < codeLen {
 		scope.Stack.push(integer.SetUint64(uint64(scope.Contract.Code[*pc])))
+
+		if interpreter.evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(interpreter.evm.Context.BlockNumber) && *pc%31 == 0 {
+			// touch next chunk if PUSH1 is at the boundary. if so, *pc has
+			// advanced past this boundary.
+
+			// touch push data by adding the last byte of the pushdata
+			var value [32]byte
+			chunk := *pc / 31
+			count := uint64(0)
+			// Look for the first code byte (i.e. no pushdata)
+			for ; count < 31 && !scope.Contract.IsCode(chunk*31+count); count++ {
+			}
+			value[0] = byte(count)
+			endMin := (chunk + 1) * 31
+			if endMin > uint64(len(scope.Contract.Code)) {
+				endMin = uint64(len(scope.Contract.Code))
+			}
+			copy(value[1:], scope.Contract.Code[chunk*31:endMin])
+			index := trieUtils.GetTreeKeyCodeChunk(scope.Contract.Address().Bytes(), uint256.NewInt(chunk))
+			statelessGas := interpreter.evm.Accesses.TouchAddressAndChargeGas(index, nil)
+			scope.Contract.UseGas(statelessGas)
+		}
 	} else {
 		scope.Stack.push(integer.Clear())
 	}
@@ -855,6 +991,11 @@ func makePush(size uint64, pushByteSize int) executionFunc {
 			endMin = startMin + pushByteSize
 		}
 
+		if interpreter.evm.chainConfig.IsCancun(interpreter.evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+			statelessGas := touchEachChunksAndChargeGas(uint64(startMin), uint64(pushByteSize), scope.Contract.Address().Bytes()[:], scope.Contract.Code, scope.Contract, interpreter.evm.Accesses)
+			scope.Contract.UseGas(statelessGas)
+		}
+
 		integer := new(uint256.Int)
 		scope.Stack.push(integer.SetBytes(common.RightPadBytes(
 			scope.Contract.Code[startMin:endMin], pushByteSize)))

core/vm/interface.go

@@ -47,6 +47,9 @@ type StateDB interface {
 	GetState(common.Address, common.Hash) common.Hash
 	SetState(common.Address, common.Hash, common.Hash)
 
+	GetBalanceLittleEndian(address common.Address) []byte
+	GetNonceLittleEndian(address common.Address) []byte
+
 	Suicide(common.Address) bool
 	HasSuicided(common.Address) bool
 
@@ -74,6 +77,9 @@ type StateDB interface {
 	AddPreimage(common.Hash, []byte)
 
 	ForEachStorage(common.Address, func(common.Hash, common.Hash) bool) error
+
+	Witness() *types.AccessWitness
+	SetWitness(*types.AccessWitness)
 }
 
 // CallContext provides a basic interface for the EVM calling conventions. The EVM

core/vm/interpreter.go

@@ -191,9 +191,18 @@ func (in *EVMInterpreter) Run(contract *Contract, input []byte, readOnly bool) (
 			logged, pcCopy, gasCopy = false, pc, contract.Gas
 		}
 
+		if in.evm.ChainConfig().IsCancun(in.evm.Context.BlockNumber) && !contract.IsDeployment {
+			// if the PC ends up in a new "page" of verkleized code, charge the
+			// associated witness costs.
+			contract.Gas -= touchEachChunksAndChargeGas(pc, 1, contract.Address().Bytes()[:], contract.Code, contract, in.evm.TxContext.Accesses)
+		}
+
+		// TODO how can we tell if we are in stateless mode here and need to get the op from the witness
+		// If we are in witness mode, then raise an error
+		op = contract.GetOp(pc)
+
 		// Get the operation from the jump table and validate the stack to ensure there are
 		// enough stack items available to perform the operation.
-		op = contract.GetOp(pc)
 		operation := in.cfg.JumpTable[op]
 		if operation == nil {
 			return nil, &ErrInvalidOpCode{opcode: op}

core/vm/jump_table.go

@@ -433,6 +433,7 @@ func newFrontierInstructionSet() JumpTable {
 		EXTCODESIZE: {
 			execute:     opExtCodeSize,
 			constantGas: params.ExtcodeSizeGasFrontier,
+			dynamicGas:  gasExtCodeSize,
 			minStack:    minStack(1, 1),
 			maxStack:    maxStack(1, 1),
 		},
@@ -513,6 +514,7 @@ func newFrontierInstructionSet() JumpTable {
 		SLOAD: {
 			execute:     opSload,
 			constantGas: params.SloadGasFrontier,
+			dynamicGas:  gasSLoad,
 			minStack:    minStack(1, 1),
 			maxStack:    maxStack(1, 1),
 		},

eth/backend.go

@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
+	"github.com/gballet/go-verkle"
 )
 
 // Config contains the configuration options of the ETH protocol.
@@ -139,6 +140,13 @@ func New(stack *node.Node, config *ethconfig.Config) (*Ethereum, error) {
 	}
 	log.Info("Initialised chain configuration", "config", chainConfig)
 
+	// Start the precomputation of Lagrange points
+	// if this config supports verkle trees.
+	if chainConfig.CancunBlock != nil {
+		log.Info("Detected the use of verkle trees, rebuilding the cache")
+		verkle.GetConfig()
+	}
+
 	if err := pruner.RecoverPruning(stack.ResolvePath(""), chainDb, stack.ResolvePath(config.TrieCleanCacheJournal)); err != nil {
 		log.Error("Failed to recover state", "error", err)
 	}

eth/tracers/js/tracer_test.go

@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ func TestNoStepExec(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestIsPrecompile(t *testing.T) {
-	chaincfg := &params.ChainConfig{ChainID: big.NewInt(1), HomesteadBlock: big.NewInt(0), DAOForkBlock: nil, DAOForkSupport: false, EIP150Block: big.NewInt(0), EIP150Hash: common.Hash{}, EIP155Block: big.NewInt(0), EIP158Block: big.NewInt(0), ByzantiumBlock: big.NewInt(100), ConstantinopleBlock: big.NewInt(0), PetersburgBlock: big.NewInt(0), IstanbulBlock: big.NewInt(200), MuirGlacierBlock: big.NewInt(0), BerlinBlock: big.NewInt(300), LondonBlock: big.NewInt(0), TerminalTotalDifficulty: nil, Ethash: new(params.EthashConfig), Clique: nil}
+	chaincfg := &params.ChainConfig{ChainID: big.NewInt(1), HomesteadBlock: big.NewInt(0), DAOForkBlock: nil, DAOForkSupport: false, EIP150Block: big.NewInt(0), EIP150Hash: common.Hash{}, EIP155Block: big.NewInt(0), EIP158Block: big.NewInt(0), ByzantiumBlock: big.NewInt(100), ConstantinopleBlock: big.NewInt(0), PetersburgBlock: big.NewInt(0), IstanbulBlock: big.NewInt(200), MuirGlacierBlock: big.NewInt(0), BerlinBlock: big.NewInt(300), LondonBlock: big.NewInt(0), TerminalTotalDifficulty: nil, CancunBlock: nil, Ethash: new(params.EthashConfig), Clique: nil}
 	chaincfg.ByzantiumBlock = big.NewInt(100)
 	chaincfg.IstanbulBlock = big.NewInt(200)
 	chaincfg.BerlinBlock = big.NewInt(300)
@@ -235,14 +235,17 @@ func TestEnterExit(t *testing.T) {
 	if _, err := newJsTracer("{step: function() {}, fault: function() {}, result: function() { return null; }, enter: function() {}, exit: function() {}}", new(tracers.Context)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
+
 	// test that the enter and exit method are correctly invoked and the values passed
 	tracer, err := newJsTracer("{enters: 0, exits: 0, enterGas: 0, gasUsed: 0, step: function() {}, fault: function() {}, result: function() { return {enters: this.enters, exits: this.exits, enterGas: this.enterGas, gasUsed: this.gasUsed} }, enter: function(frame) { this.enters++; this.enterGas = frame.getGas(); }, exit: function(res) { this.exits++; this.gasUsed = res.getGasUsed(); }}", new(tracers.Context))
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
+
 	scope := &vm.ScopeContext{
 		Contract: vm.NewContract(&account{}, &account{}, big.NewInt(0), 0),
 	}
+
 	tracer.CaptureEnter(vm.CALL, scope.Contract.Caller(), scope.Contract.Address(), []byte{}, 1000, new(big.Int))
 	tracer.CaptureExit([]byte{}, 400, nil)
 

go.mod

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/cespare/cp v0.1.0
 	github.com/cloudflare/cloudflare-go v0.14.0
 	github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.4.1-0.20210426202927-39ac3d4b3f1f
+	github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20220120174240-fe21866d2ad5
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1
 	github.com/deckarep/golang-set v0.0.0-20180603214616-504e848d77ea
 	github.com/deepmap/oapi-codegen v1.8.2 // indirect
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/fatih/color v1.7.0
 	github.com/fjl/memsize v0.0.0-20190710130421-bcb5799ab5e5
 	github.com/gballet/go-libpcsclite v0.0.0-20190607065134-2772fd86a8ff
+	github.com/gballet/go-verkle v0.0.0-20220121105610-351986d619a8
 	github.com/go-ole/go-ole v1.2.1 // indirect
 	github.com/go-stack/stack v1.8.0
 	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.4.3
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ require (
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210322153248-0c34fe9e7dc2
 	golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210805182204-aaa1db679c0d // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20210220032951-036812b2e83c
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210816183151-1e6c022a8912
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220114195835-da31bd327af9
 	golang.org/x/text v0.3.6
 	golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20210220033141-f8bda1e9f3ba
 	gopkg.in/natefinch/npipe.v2 v2.0.0-20160621034901-c1b8fa8bdcce

go.sum

@@ -104,6 +104,15 @@ github.com/consensys/bavard v0.1.8-0.20210406032232-f3452dc9b572/go.mod h1:Bpd0/
 github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.4.1-0.20210426202927-39ac3d4b3f1f h1:C43yEtQ6NIf4ftFXD/V55gnGFgPbMQobd//YlnLjUJ8=
 github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.4.1-0.20210426202927-39ac3d4b3f1f/go.mod h1:815PAHg3wvysy0SyIqanF8gZ0Y1wjk/hrDHD/iT88+Q=
 github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.0-20190314233015-f79a8a8ca69d/go.mod h1:maD7wRr/U5Z6m/iR4s+kqSMx2CaBsrgA7czyZG/E6dU=
+github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20211107182441-1aeb67f49de7/go.mod h1:gFnFS95y8HstDP6P9pPwzrxOOC5TRDkwbM+ao15ChAI=
+github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20211211194659-8730b6787450 h1:FW8SSFr58vgCbvNAWHUgigf6BYG1uIcwgZA8z539RLE=
+github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20211211194659-8730b6787450/go.mod h1:gFnFS95y8HstDP6P9pPwzrxOOC5TRDkwbM+ao15ChAI=
+github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20211223165939-ab3f49447206 h1:nMTTM1b+4WtWrb43nmTUV/FJz7M0M2g5fioLmd4QzUQ=
+github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20211223165939-ab3f49447206/go.mod h1:gFnFS95y8HstDP6P9pPwzrxOOC5TRDkwbM+ao15ChAI=
+github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20220114181434-991b62f9b1da h1:2luwsOSyUPVE67DmD7s2nKM+JbxaRuOCu6Y82qBTdnI=
+github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20220114181434-991b62f9b1da/go.mod h1:gFnFS95y8HstDP6P9pPwzrxOOC5TRDkwbM+ao15ChAI=
+github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20220120174240-fe21866d2ad5 h1:BsLconJDsODyRO72xjBHhxZKPCuY/kBgZdPeV4GFNlU=
+github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20220120174240-fe21866d2ad5/go.mod h1:gFnFS95y8HstDP6P9pPwzrxOOC5TRDkwbM+ao15ChAI=
 github.com/creack/pty v1.1.9/go.mod h1:oKZEueFk5CKHvIhNR5MUki03XCEU+Q6VDXinZuGJ33E=
 github.com/cyberdelia/templates v0.0.0-20141128023046-ca7fffd4298c/go.mod h1:GyV+0YP4qX0UQ7r2MoYZ+AvYDp12OF5yg4q8rGnyNh4=
 github.com/dave/jennifer v1.2.0/go.mod h1:fIb+770HOpJ2fmN9EPPKOqm1vMGhB+TwXKMZhrIygKg=
@@ -142,6 +151,18 @@ github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.4.9 h1:hsms1Qyu0jgnwNXIxa+/V/PDsU6CfLf6CNO8H7IWo
 github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.4.9/go.mod h1:znqG4EE+3YCdAaPaxE2ZRY/06pZUdp0tY4IgpuI1SZQ=
 github.com/gballet/go-libpcsclite v0.0.0-20190607065134-2772fd86a8ff h1:tY80oXqGNY4FhTFhk+o9oFHGINQ/+vhlm8HFzi6znCI=
 github.com/gballet/go-libpcsclite v0.0.0-20190607065134-2772fd86a8ff/go.mod h1:x7DCsMOv1taUwEWCzT4cmDeAkigA5/QCwUodaVOe8Ww=
+github.com/gballet/go-verkle v0.0.0-20211221174846-e7cddd97495c h1:d34wNrUBGD6s2OCWQd31nqjkPWt+YbXUm8FAJ+7+tHM=
+github.com/gballet/go-verkle v0.0.0-20211221174846-e7cddd97495c/go.mod h1:6hL9IP6wLByFGqj1VDbruVAjfa8DghWD96o8kuNMDCA=
+github.com/gballet/go-verkle v0.0.0-20220113152809-0c00dbeef550 h1:uyv9x+hIyWF6Jrlz9pg/PtIhQS/lPGwVl5Rkp04m/Ik=
+github.com/gballet/go-verkle v0.0.0-20220113152809-0c00dbeef550/go.mod h1:2ObZwG6QCVAzvnUrsezVfjEL28O+e1cSA9xV/PB7IME=
+github.com/gballet/go-verkle v0.0.0-20220119102938-379d70afb801 h1:XoZ7eOVOdDXeVz05t3hO4JtRWXYvZa8lGm9zoPhSyEc=
+github.com/gballet/go-verkle v0.0.0-20220119102938-379d70afb801/go.mod h1:e1m+0UuY3AFFTubxZZ3ePf4yO/rHMAeTb7udhUAJduk=
+github.com/gballet/go-verkle v0.0.0-20220119112812-69e1c35fb0e0 h1:OQ2MGbAcc9X/51/llMp1CozPwc3ryRyXSQ19E2mbI2k=
+github.com/gballet/go-verkle v0.0.0-20220119112812-69e1c35fb0e0/go.mod h1:e1m+0UuY3AFFTubxZZ3ePf4yO/rHMAeTb7udhUAJduk=
+github.com/gballet/go-verkle v0.0.0-20220119205306-b466d7bff5ba h1:iOhT1XFktDNN72Ly2GUI/UTj2dnA1qI7+kyYqdpSCCk=
+github.com/gballet/go-verkle v0.0.0-20220119205306-b466d7bff5ba/go.mod h1:e1m+0UuY3AFFTubxZZ3ePf4yO/rHMAeTb7udhUAJduk=
+github.com/gballet/go-verkle v0.0.0-20220121105610-351986d619a8 h1:6fW03c2tXGttQv1b3mt9zmcXw4/srV62DltEER5mp/U=
+github.com/gballet/go-verkle v0.0.0-20220121105610-351986d619a8/go.mod h1:e1m+0UuY3AFFTubxZZ3ePf4yO/rHMAeTb7udhUAJduk=
 github.com/getkin/kin-openapi v0.53.0/go.mod h1:7Yn5whZr5kJi6t+kShccXS8ae1APpYTW6yheSwk8Yi4=
 github.com/getkin/kin-openapi v0.61.0/go.mod h1:7Yn5whZr5kJi6t+kShccXS8ae1APpYTW6yheSwk8Yi4=
 github.com/ghodss/yaml v1.0.0/go.mod h1:4dBDuWmgqj2HViK6kFavaiC9ZROes6MMH2rRYeMEF04=
@@ -536,8 +557,12 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210316164454-77fc1eacc6aa/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7w
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210324051608-47abb6519492/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210420205809-ac73e9fd8988/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210423082822-04245dca01da/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210816183151-1e6c022a8912 h1:uCLL3g5wH2xjxVREVuAbP9JM5PPKjRbXKRa6IBjkzmU=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210816183151-1e6c022a8912/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20211020174200-9d6173849985/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20211107104306-e0b2ad06fe42/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20211216021012-1d35b9e2eb4e h1:fLOSk5Q00efkSvAm+4xcoXD+RRmLmmulPn5I3Y9F2EM=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20211216021012-1d35b9e2eb4e/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220114195835-da31bd327af9 h1:XfKQ4OlFl8okEOr5UvAqFRVj8pY/4yfcXrddB8qAbU0=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220114195835-da31bd327af9/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201117132131-f5c789dd3221/go.mod h1:Nr5EML6q2oocZ2LXRh80K7BxOlk5/8JxuGnuhpl+muw=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1 h1:v+OssWQX+hTHEmOBgwxdZxK4zHq3yOs8F9J7mk0PY8E=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=

light/trie.go

@@ -163,6 +163,8 @@ func (t *odrTrie) Prove(key []byte, fromLevel uint, proofDb ethdb.KeyValueWriter
 	return errors.New("not implemented, needs client/server interface split")
 }
 
+func (t *odrTrie) IsVerkle() bool { return false }
+
 // do tries and retries to execute a function until it returns with no error or
 // an error type other than MissingNodeError
 func (t *odrTrie) do(key []byte, fn func() error) error {

miner/worker.go

@@ -1039,7 +1039,15 @@ func (w *worker) commit(uncles []*types.Header, interval func(), update bool, st
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-
+	if tr := s.GetTrie(); tr.IsVerkle() {
+		vtr := tr.(*trie.VerkleTrie)
+		// Generate the proof if we are using a verkle tree
+		p, err := vtr.ProveAndSerialize(s.Witness().Keys(), s.Witness().KeyVals())
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		block.SetVerkleProof(p)
+	}
 	if w.isRunning() && !w.merger.TDDReached() {
 		if interval != nil {
 			interval()

miner/worker_test.go

@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ type testWorkerBackend struct {
 	uncleBlock *types.Block
 }
 
-func newTestWorkerBackend(t *testing.T, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, engine consensus.Engine, db ethdb.Database, n int) *testWorkerBackend {
+func newTestWorkerBackend(t *testing.T, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, engine consensus.Engine, db ethdb.Database, n int, isVerkle bool) *testWorkerBackend {
 	var gspec = core.Genesis{
 		Config: chainConfig,
 		Alloc:  core.GenesisAlloc{testBankAddress: {Balance: testBankFunds}},
@@ -151,9 +151,17 @@ func newTestWorkerBackend(t *testing.T, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, engine
 	if n > 0 {
 		parent = chain.GetBlockByHash(chain.CurrentBlock().ParentHash())
 	}
-	blocks, _ := core.GenerateChain(chainConfig, parent, engine, db, 1, func(i int, gen *core.BlockGen) {
+	var blocks []*types.Block
+
+	if isVerkle {
+		blocks, _ = core.GenerateVerkleChain(chainConfig, parent, engine, db, 1, func(i int, gen *core.BlockGen) {
 			gen.SetCoinbase(testUserAddress)
 		})
+	} else {
+		blocks, _ = core.GenerateChain(chainConfig, parent, engine, db, 1, func(i int, gen *core.BlockGen) {
+			gen.SetCoinbase(testUserAddress)
+		})
+	}
 
 	return &testWorkerBackend{
 		db:         db,
@@ -183,6 +191,22 @@ func (b *testWorkerBackend) newRandomUncle() *types.Block {
 	return blocks[0]
 }
 
+func (b *testWorkerBackend) newRandomVerkleUncle() *types.Block {
+	var parent *types.Block
+	cur := b.chain.CurrentBlock()
+	if cur.NumberU64() == 0 {
+		parent = b.chain.Genesis()
+	} else {
+		parent = b.chain.GetBlockByHash(b.chain.CurrentBlock().ParentHash())
+	}
+	blocks, _ := core.GenerateVerkleChain(b.chain.Config(), parent, b.chain.Engine(), b.db, 1, func(i int, gen *core.BlockGen) {
+		var addr = make([]byte, common.AddressLength)
+		rand.Read(addr)
+		gen.SetCoinbase(common.BytesToAddress(addr))
+	})
+	return blocks[0]
+}
+
 func (b *testWorkerBackend) newRandomTx(creation bool) *types.Transaction {
 	var tx *types.Transaction
 	gasPrice := big.NewInt(10 * params.InitialBaseFee)
@@ -194,8 +218,8 @@ func (b *testWorkerBackend) newRandomTx(creation bool) *types.Transaction {
 	return tx
 }
 
-func newTestWorker(t *testing.T, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, engine consensus.Engine, db ethdb.Database, blocks int) (*worker, *testWorkerBackend) {
-	backend := newTestWorkerBackend(t, chainConfig, engine, db, blocks)
+func newTestWorker(t *testing.T, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, engine consensus.Engine, db ethdb.Database, blocks int, isVerkle bool) (*worker, *testWorkerBackend) {
+	backend := newTestWorkerBackend(t, chainConfig, engine, db, blocks, isVerkle)
 	backend.txPool.AddLocals(pendingTxs)
 	w := newWorker(testConfig, chainConfig, engine, backend, new(event.TypeMux), nil, false, consensus.NewMerger(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()))
 	w.setEtherbase(testBankAddress)
@@ -226,7 +250,7 @@ func testGenerateBlockAndImport(t *testing.T, isClique bool) {
 	}
 
 	chainConfig.LondonBlock = big.NewInt(0)
-	w, b := newTestWorker(t, chainConfig, engine, db, 0)
+	w, b := newTestWorker(t, chainConfig, engine, db, 0, false)
 	defer w.close()
 
 	// This test chain imports the mined blocks.
@@ -265,6 +289,59 @@ func testGenerateBlockAndImport(t *testing.T, isClique bool) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestGenerateBlocksAndImportVerkle(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		engine      consensus.Engine
+		chainConfig *params.ChainConfig
+		db          = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	)
+	chainConfig = params.VerkleChainConfig
+	engine = ethash.NewFaker()
+
+	w, b := newTestWorker(t, chainConfig, engine, db, 0, true)
+	defer w.close()
+
+	// This test chain imports the mined blocks.
+	db2 := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	b.genesis.MustCommit(db2)
+	chain, _ := core.NewBlockChain(db2, nil, b.chain.Config(), engine, vm.Config{}, nil, nil)
+	defer chain.Stop()
+
+	// Ignore empty commit here for less noise.
+	/*
+	w.skipSealHook = func(task *task) bool {
+		return len(task.receipts) == 0
+	}
+	*/
+
+	// Wait for mined blocks.
+	sub := w.mux.Subscribe(core.NewMinedBlockEvent{})
+	defer sub.Unsubscribe()
+
+	// Start mining!
+	w.start()
+
+	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+		b.txPool.AddLocal(b.newRandomTx(true))
+		b.txPool.AddLocal(b.newRandomTx(false))
+		w.postSideBlock(core.ChainSideEvent{Block: b.newRandomVerkleUncle()})
+		w.postSideBlock(core.ChainSideEvent{Block: b.newRandomVerkleUncle()})
+
+		select {
+		case ev := <-sub.Chan():
+			block := ev.Data.(core.NewMinedBlockEvent).Block
+			if block.Header().VerkleProof == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("expected Verkle proof in mined block header")
+			}
+			if _, err := chain.InsertChain([]*types.Block{block}); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("failed to insert new mined block %d: %v", block.NumberU64(), err)
+			}
+		case <-time.After(3 * time.Second): // Worker needs 1s to include new changes.
+			t.Fatalf("timeout")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestEmptyWorkEthash(t *testing.T) {
 	testEmptyWork(t, ethashChainConfig, ethash.NewFaker())
 }
@@ -275,7 +352,7 @@ func TestEmptyWorkClique(t *testing.T) {
 func testEmptyWork(t *testing.T, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, engine consensus.Engine) {
 	defer engine.Close()
 
-	w, _ := newTestWorker(t, chainConfig, engine, rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), 0)
+	w, _ := newTestWorker(t, chainConfig, engine, rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), 0, false)
 	defer w.close()
 
 	var (
@@ -321,7 +398,7 @@ func TestStreamUncleBlock(t *testing.T) {
 	ethash := ethash.NewFaker()
 	defer ethash.Close()
 
-	w, b := newTestWorker(t, ethashChainConfig, ethash, rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), 1)
+	w, b := newTestWorker(t, ethashChainConfig, ethash, rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), 1, false)
 	defer w.close()
 
 	var taskCh = make(chan struct{})
@@ -379,7 +456,7 @@ func TestRegenerateMiningBlockClique(t *testing.T) {
 func testRegenerateMiningBlock(t *testing.T, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, engine consensus.Engine) {
 	defer engine.Close()
 
-	w, b := newTestWorker(t, chainConfig, engine, rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), 0)
+	w, b := newTestWorker(t, chainConfig, engine, rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), 0, false)
 	defer w.close()
 
 	var taskCh = make(chan struct{})
@@ -439,7 +516,7 @@ func TestAdjustIntervalClique(t *testing.T) {
 func testAdjustInterval(t *testing.T, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, engine consensus.Engine) {
 	defer engine.Close()
 
-	w, _ := newTestWorker(t, chainConfig, engine, rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), 0)
+	w, _ := newTestWorker(t, chainConfig, engine, rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), 0, false)
 	defer w.close()
 
 	w.skipSealHook = func(task *task) bool {

params/config.go

@@ -75,6 +75,26 @@ var (
 		Ethash:              new(EthashConfig),
 	}
 
+	VerkleChainConfig = &ChainConfig{
+		ChainID:             big.NewInt(86),
+		HomesteadBlock:      big.NewInt(0),
+		DAOForkBlock:        big.NewInt(0),
+		DAOForkSupport:      true,
+		EIP150Block:         big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP150Hash:          common.HexToHash("0x2086799aeebeae135c246c65021c82b4e15a2c451340993aacfd2751886514f0"),
+		EIP155Block:         big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP158Block:         big.NewInt(0),
+		ByzantiumBlock:      big.NewInt(0),
+		ConstantinopleBlock: big.NewInt(0),
+		PetersburgBlock:     big.NewInt(0),
+		IstanbulBlock:       big.NewInt(0),
+		MuirGlacierBlock:    big.NewInt(0),
+		BerlinBlock:         big.NewInt(0),
+		LondonBlock:         big.NewInt(0),
+		CancunBlock:         big.NewInt(0),
+		Ethash:              new(EthashConfig),
+	}
+
 	// MainnetTrustedCheckpoint contains the light client trusted checkpoint for the main network.
 	MainnetTrustedCheckpoint = &TrustedCheckpoint{
 		SectionIndex: 413,
@@ -257,16 +277,16 @@ var (
 	//
 	// This configuration is intentionally not using keyed fields to force anyone
 	// adding flags to the config to also have to set these fields.
-	AllEthashProtocolChanges = &ChainConfig{big.NewInt(1337), big.NewInt(0), nil, false, big.NewInt(0), common.Hash{}, big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), nil, new(EthashConfig), nil}
+	AllEthashProtocolChanges = &ChainConfig{big.NewInt(1337), big.NewInt(0), nil, false, big.NewInt(0), common.Hash{}, big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), nil, nil, new(EthashConfig), nil}
 
 	// AllCliqueProtocolChanges contains every protocol change (EIPs) introduced
 	// and accepted by the Ethereum core developers into the Clique consensus.
 	//
 	// This configuration is intentionally not using keyed fields to force anyone
 	// adding flags to the config to also have to set these fields.
-	AllCliqueProtocolChanges = &ChainConfig{big.NewInt(1337), big.NewInt(0), nil, false, big.NewInt(0), common.Hash{}, big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), nil, nil, nil, &CliqueConfig{Period: 0, Epoch: 30000}}
+	AllCliqueProtocolChanges = &ChainConfig{big.NewInt(1337), big.NewInt(0), nil, false, big.NewInt(0), common.Hash{}, big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), nil, nil, nil, nil, &CliqueConfig{Period: 0, Epoch: 30000}}
 
-	TestChainConfig = &ChainConfig{big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(0), nil, false, big.NewInt(0), common.Hash{}, big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), nil, new(EthashConfig), nil}
+	TestChainConfig = &ChainConfig{big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(0), nil, false, big.NewInt(0), common.Hash{}, big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), nil, nil, new(EthashConfig), nil}
 	TestRules       = TestChainConfig.Rules(new(big.Int))
 )
 
@@ -346,6 +366,7 @@ type ChainConfig struct {
 	BerlinBlock         *big.Int `json:"berlinBlock,omitempty"`         // Berlin switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already on berlin)
 	LondonBlock         *big.Int `json:"londonBlock,omitempty"`         // London switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already on london)
 	ArrowGlacierBlock   *big.Int `json:"arrowGlacierBlock,omitempty"`   // Eip-4345 (bomb delay) switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already activated)
+	CancunBlock         *big.Int `json:"cancunBlock,omitempty"`
 
 	// TerminalTotalDifficulty is the amount of total difficulty reached by
 	// the network that triggers the consensus upgrade.
@@ -386,7 +407,7 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) String() string {
 	default:
 		engine = "unknown"
 	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("{ChainID: %v Homestead: %v DAO: %v DAOSupport: %v EIP150: %v EIP155: %v EIP158: %v Byzantium: %v Constantinople: %v Petersburg: %v Istanbul: %v, Muir Glacier: %v, Berlin: %v, London: %v, Arrow Glacier: %v, Engine: %v}",
+	return fmt.Sprintf("{ChainID: %v Homestead: %v DAO: %v DAOSupport: %v EIP150: %v EIP155: %v EIP158: %v Byzantium: %v Constantinople: %v Petersburg: %v Istanbul: %v, Muir Glacier: %v, Berlin: %v, London: %v, Arrow Glacier: %v, Cancun: %v, Engine: %v}",
 		c.ChainID,
 		c.HomesteadBlock,
 		c.DAOForkBlock,
@@ -402,6 +423,7 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) String() string {
 		c.BerlinBlock,
 		c.LondonBlock,
 		c.ArrowGlacierBlock,
+		c.CancunBlock,
 		engine,
 	)
 }
@@ -446,6 +468,10 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) IsMuirGlacier(num *big.Int) bool {
 	return isForked(c.MuirGlacierBlock, num)
 }
 
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsCancun(num *big.Int) bool {
+	return isForked(c.CancunBlock, num)
+}
+
 // IsPetersburg returns whether num is either
 // - equal to or greater than the PetersburgBlock fork block,
 // - OR is nil, and Constantinople is active
@@ -661,7 +687,7 @@ type Rules struct {
 	ChainID                                                 *big.Int
 	IsHomestead, IsEIP150, IsEIP155, IsEIP158               bool
 	IsByzantium, IsConstantinople, IsPetersburg, IsIstanbul bool
-	IsBerlin, IsLondon                                      bool
+	IsBerlin, IsLondon, IsCancun                            bool
 }
 
 // Rules ensures c's ChainID is not nil.
@@ -682,5 +708,6 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) Rules(num *big.Int) Rules {
 		IsIstanbul:       c.IsIstanbul(num),
 		IsBerlin:         c.IsBerlin(num),
 		IsLondon:         c.IsLondon(num),
+		IsCancun:         c.IsCancun(num),
 	}
 }

params/protocol_params.go

@@ -156,6 +156,10 @@ const (
 	// up to half the consumed gas could be refunded. Redefined as 1/5th in EIP-3529
 	RefundQuotient        uint64 = 2
 	RefundQuotientEIP3529 uint64 = 5
+
+	// Verkle tree EIP: costs associated to witness accesses
+	WitnessBranchCost = uint64(1900)
+	WitnessChunkCost  = uint64(200)
 )
 
 // Gas discount table for BLS12-381 G1 and G2 multi exponentiation operations

tests/state_test_util.go

@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ func MakePreState(db ethdb.Database, accounts core.GenesisAlloc, snapshotter boo
 
 	var snaps *snapshot.Tree
 	if snapshotter {
-		snaps, _ = snapshot.New(db, sdb.TrieDB(), 1, root, false, true, false)
+		snaps, _ = snapshot.New(db, sdb.TrieDB(), 1, root, false, true, false, false)
 	}
 	statedb, _ = state.New(root, sdb, snaps)
 	return snaps, statedb

trie/database.go

@@ -277,6 +277,7 @@ type Config struct {
 	Cache     int    // Memory allowance (MB) to use for caching trie nodes in memory
 	Journal   string // Journal of clean cache to survive node restarts
 	Preimages bool   // Flag whether the preimage of trie key is recorded
+	UseVerkle bool   // Flag whether the data is stored in a verkle trie
 }
 
 // NewDatabase creates a new trie database to store ephemeral trie content before

trie/secure_trie.go

@@ -217,3 +217,7 @@ func (t *SecureTrie) getSecKeyCache() map[string][]byte {
 	}
 	return t.secKeyCache
 }
+
+func (t *SecureTrie) IsVerkle() bool {
+	return false
+}

trie/utils/verkle.go

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+// Copyright 2021 go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa/bandersnatch/fr"
+	"github.com/gballet/go-verkle"
+
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+const (
+	VersionLeafKey    = 0
+	BalanceLeafKey    = 1
+	NonceLeafKey      = 2
+	CodeKeccakLeafKey = 3
+	CodeSizeLeafKey   = 4
+)
+
+var (
+	zero                = uint256.NewInt(0)
+	HeaderStorageOffset = uint256.NewInt(64)
+	CodeOffset          = uint256.NewInt(128)
+	MainStorageOffset   = new(uint256.Int).Lsh(uint256.NewInt(256), 31)
+	VerkleNodeWidth     = uint256.NewInt(8)
+	codeStorageDelta    = uint256.NewInt(0).Sub(CodeOffset, HeaderStorageOffset)
+)
+
+func GetTreeKey(address []byte, treeIndex *uint256.Int, subIndex byte) []byte {
+	var poly [256]fr.Element
+	verkle.FromLEBytes(&poly[0], []byte{1})
+	verkle.FromLEBytes(&poly[0], []byte{2, 63})
+	verkle.FromLEBytes(&poly[1], address[:16])
+	verkle.FromLEBytes(&poly[2], address[16:])
+	var index [32]byte
+	copy(index[:], treeIndex.Bytes())
+	verkle.FromLEBytes(&poly[3], index[:16])
+	verkle.FromLEBytes(&poly[4], index[16:])
+	for i := 5; i < len(poly); i++ {
+		verkle.CopyFr(&poly[i], &verkle.FrZero)
+	}
+
+	ret := verkle.GetConfig().CommitToPoly(poly[:], 0)
+	retb := ret.Bytes()
+	return retb[:]
+
+}
+
+func GetTreeKeyAccountLeaf(address []byte, leaf byte) []byte {
+	return GetTreeKey(address, zero, leaf)
+}
+
+func GetTreeKeyVersion(address []byte) []byte {
+	return GetTreeKey(address, zero, VersionLeafKey)
+}
+
+func GetTreeKeyBalance(address []byte) []byte {
+	return GetTreeKey(address, zero, BalanceLeafKey)
+}
+
+func GetTreeKeyNonce(address []byte) []byte {
+	return GetTreeKey(address, zero, NonceLeafKey)
+}
+
+func GetTreeKeyCodeKeccak(address []byte) []byte {
+	return GetTreeKey(address, zero, CodeKeccakLeafKey)
+}
+
+func GetTreeKeyCodeSize(address []byte) []byte {
+	return GetTreeKey(address, zero, CodeSizeLeafKey)
+}
+
+func GetTreeKeyCodeChunk(address []byte, chunk *uint256.Int) []byte {
+	chunkOffset := new(uint256.Int).Add(CodeOffset, chunk)
+	treeIndex := new(uint256.Int).Div(chunkOffset, VerkleNodeWidth)
+	subIndexMod := new(uint256.Int).Mod(chunkOffset, VerkleNodeWidth).Bytes()
+	var subIndex byte
+	if len(subIndexMod) != 0 {
+		subIndex = subIndexMod[0]
+	}
+	return GetTreeKey(address, treeIndex, subIndex)
+}
+
+func GetTreeKeyStorageSlot(address []byte, storageKey *uint256.Int) []byte {
+	treeIndex := storageKey.Clone()
+	if storageKey.Cmp(codeStorageDelta) < 0 {
+		treeIndex.Add(HeaderStorageOffset, storageKey)
+	} else {
+		treeIndex.Add(MainStorageOffset, storageKey)
+	}
+	treeIndex.Div(treeIndex, VerkleNodeWidth)
+
+	// calculate the sub_index, i.e. the index in the stem tree.
+	// Because the modulus is 256, it's the last byte of treeIndex
+	subIndexMod := treeIndex.Bytes()
+	var subIndex byte
+	if len(subIndexMod) != 0 {
+		// Get the last byte, as uint256.Int is big-endian
+		subIndex = subIndexMod[len(subIndexMod)-1]
+	}
+	return GetTreeKey(address, treeIndex, subIndex)
+}

trie/verkle.go

@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+// Copyright 2021 go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package trie
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
+	"github.com/gballet/go-verkle"
+)
+
+// VerkleTrie is a wrapper around VerkleNode that implements the trie.Trie
+// interface so that Verkle trees can be reused verbatim.
+type VerkleTrie struct {
+	root verkle.VerkleNode
+	db   *Database
+}
+
+//func (vt *VerkleTrie) ToDot() string {
+//return verkle.ToDot(vt.root)
+//}
+
+func NewVerkleTrie(root verkle.VerkleNode, db *Database) *VerkleTrie {
+	return &VerkleTrie{
+		root: root,
+		db:   db,
+	}
+}
+
+var errInvalidProof = errors.New("invalid proof")
+
+// GetKey returns the sha3 preimage of a hashed key that was previously used
+// to store a value.
+func (trie *VerkleTrie) GetKey(key []byte) []byte {
+	return key
+}
+
+// TryGet returns the value for key stored in the trie. The value bytes must
+// not be modified by the caller. If a node was not found in the database, a
+// trie.MissingNodeError is returned.
+func (trie *VerkleTrie) TryGet(key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	return trie.root.Get(key, trie.db.DiskDB().Get)
+}
+
+func (t *VerkleTrie) TryUpdateAccount(key []byte, acc *types.StateAccount) error {
+
+	var err error
+	if err = t.TryUpdate(utils.GetTreeKeyVersion(key), []byte{0}); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("updateStateObject (%x) error: %v", key, err)
+	}
+	var nonce [32]byte
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(nonce[:], acc.Nonce)
+	if err = t.TryUpdate(utils.GetTreeKeyNonce(key), nonce[:]); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("updateStateObject (%x) error: %v", key, err)
+	}
+	if err = t.TryUpdate(utils.GetTreeKeyBalance(key), acc.Balance.Bytes()); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("updateStateObject (%x) error: %v", key, err)
+	}
+	if err = t.TryUpdate(utils.GetTreeKeyCodeKeccak(key), acc.CodeHash); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("updateStateObject (%x) error: %v", key, err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// TryUpdate associates key with value in the trie. If value has length zero, any
+// existing value is deleted from the trie. The value bytes must not be modified
+// by the caller while they are stored in the trie. If a node was not found in the
+// database, a trie.MissingNodeError is returned.
+func (trie *VerkleTrie) TryUpdate(key, value []byte) error {
+	return trie.root.Insert(key, value, func(h []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+		return trie.db.DiskDB().Get(h)
+	})
+}
+
+// TryDelete removes any existing value for key from the trie. If a node was not
+// found in the database, a trie.MissingNodeError is returned.
+func (trie *VerkleTrie) TryDelete(key []byte) error {
+	return trie.root.Delete(key)
+}
+
+// Hash returns the root hash of the trie. It does not write to the database and
+// can be used even if the trie doesn't have one.
+func (trie *VerkleTrie) Hash() common.Hash {
+	// TODO cache this value
+	rootC := trie.root.ComputeCommitment()
+	return rootC.Bytes()
+}
+
+func nodeToDBKey(n verkle.VerkleNode) []byte {
+	ret := n.ComputeCommitment().Bytes()
+	return ret[:]
+}
+
+// Commit writes all nodes to the trie's memory database, tracking the internal
+// and external (for account tries) references.
+func (trie *VerkleTrie) Commit(onleaf LeafCallback) (common.Hash, int, error) {
+	flush := make(chan verkle.VerkleNode)
+	go func() {
+		trie.root.(*verkle.InternalNode).Flush(func(n verkle.VerkleNode) {
+			if onleaf != nil {
+				if leaf, isLeaf := n.(*verkle.LeafNode); isLeaf {
+					for i := 0; i < verkle.NodeWidth; i++ {
+						if leaf.Value(i) != nil {
+							comm := n.ComputeCommitment().Bytes()
+							onleaf(nil, nil, leaf.Value(i), common.BytesToHash(comm[:]))
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			flush <- n
+		})
+		close(flush)
+	}()
+	var commitCount int
+	for n := range flush {
+		commitCount += 1
+		value, err := n.Serialize()
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+
+		if err := trie.db.DiskDB().Put(nodeToDBKey(n), value); err != nil {
+			return common.Hash{}, commitCount, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return trie.Hash(), commitCount, nil
+}
+
+// NodeIterator returns an iterator that returns nodes of the trie. Iteration
+// starts at the key after the given start key.
+func (trie *VerkleTrie) NodeIterator(startKey []byte) NodeIterator {
+	return newVerkleNodeIterator(trie, nil)
+}
+
+// Prove constructs a Merkle proof for key. The result contains all encoded nodes
+// on the path to the value at key. The value itself is also included in the last
+// node and can be retrieved by verifying the proof.
+//
+// If the trie does not contain a value for key, the returned proof contains all
+// nodes of the longest existing prefix of the key (at least the root), ending
+// with the node that proves the absence of the key.
+func (trie *VerkleTrie) Prove(key []byte, fromLevel uint, proofDb ethdb.KeyValueWriter) error {
+	panic("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (trie *VerkleTrie) Copy(db *Database) *VerkleTrie {
+	return &VerkleTrie{
+		root: trie.root.Copy(),
+		db:   db,
+	}
+}
+func (trie *VerkleTrie) IsVerkle() bool {
+	return true
+}
+
+type KeyValuePair struct {
+	Key   []byte
+	Value []byte
+}
+
+func (trie *VerkleTrie) ProveAndSerialize(keys [][]byte, kv map[common.Hash][]byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	proof, _, _, _ := verkle.MakeVerkleMultiProof(trie.root, keys)
+	return verkle.SerializeProof(proof)
+}
+
+type set = map[string]struct{}
+
+func hasKey(s set, key []byte) bool {
+	_, ok := s[string(key)]
+	return ok
+}
+
+func addKey(s set, key []byte) {
+	s[string(key)] = struct{}{}
+}
+
+func DeserializeAndVerifyVerkleProof(serialized []byte) (map[common.Hash]common.Hash, error) {
+	proof, cis, indices, yis, leaves, err := deserializeVerkleProof(serialized)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not deserialize proof: %w", err)
+	}
+	if !verkle.VerifyVerkleProof(proof, cis, indices, yis, verkle.GetConfig()) {
+		return nil, errInvalidProof
+	}
+
+	return leaves, nil
+}
+
+func deserializeVerkleProof(serialized []byte) (*verkle.Proof, []*verkle.Point, []byte, []*verkle.Fr, map[common.Hash]common.Hash, error) {
+	var (
+		indices           []byte       // List of zis
+		yis               []*verkle.Fr // List of yis
+		seenIdx, seenComm set          // Mark when a zi/yi has already been seen in deserialization
+		others            set          // Mark when an "other" stem has been seen
+	)
+
+	proof, err := verkle.DeserializeProof(serialized)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("verkle proof deserialization error: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	for _, stem := range proof.PoaStems {
+		addKey(others, stem)
+	}
+
+	keyvals := make(map[common.Hash]common.Hash)
+	for i, key := range proof.Keys {
+		keyvals[common.BytesToHash(key)] = common.BytesToHash(proof.Values[i])
+	}
+
+	if len(proof.Keys) != len(proof.Values) {
+		return nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("keys and values are of different length %d != %d", len(proof.Keys), len(proof.Values))
+	}
+	if len(proof.Keys) != len(proof.ExtStatus) {
+		return nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("keys and values are of different length %d != %d", len(proof.Keys), len(proof.Values))
+	}
+
+	// Rebuild the tree, creating nodes in the lexicographic order of their path
+	lastcomm, lastpoa := 0, 0
+	root := verkle.NewStateless()
+	for i, es := range proof.ExtStatus {
+		depth := es & 0x1F
+		status := es >> 5
+		node := root
+		stem := proof.Keys[i]
+
+		// go over the stem's bytes, in order to rebuild the internal nodes
+		for j := byte(0); j < depth; j++ {
+			// Recurse into the tree that is being rebuilt
+			if node.Children()[stem[j]] == nil {
+				node.SetChild(int(stem[j]), verkle.NewStatelessWithCommitment(proof.Cs[lastcomm]))
+				lastcomm++
+			}
+
+			node = node.Children()[stem[j]].(*verkle.StatelessNode)
+
+			// if that zi hasn't been encountered yet, add it to
+			// the list of zis sorted by path.
+			if !hasKey(seenIdx, stem[:j]) {
+				addKey(seenIdx, stem[:j])
+				indices = append(indices, stem[j])
+			}
+
+			// same thing with a yi
+			if !hasKey(seenComm, stem[:j]) {
+				addKey(seenComm, stem[:j])
+				yis = append(yis, node.ComputeCommitment())
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Reached the end, add the extension-and-suffix tree
+		switch status {
+		case 0:
+			// missing stem, leave it as is
+			break
+		case 1:
+			// another stem is found, build it
+			node.SetStem(proof.PoaStems[lastpoa])
+			lastpoa++
+			break
+		case 2:
+			// stem is present
+			node.SetStem(stem[:31])
+			break
+		default:
+			return nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("verkle proof deserialization error: invalid extension status %d", status)
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	return proof, proof.Cs, indices, yis, keyvals, nil
+}
+
+// Copy the values here so as to avoid an import cycle
+const (
+	PUSH1  = 0x60
+	PUSH32 = 0x71
+)
+
+func ChunkifyCode(addr common.Address, code []byte) ([][32]byte, error) {
+	lastOffset := byte(0)
+	chunkCount := len(code) / 31
+	if len(code)%31 != 0 {
+		chunkCount++
+	}
+	chunks := make([][32]byte, chunkCount)
+	for i := range chunks {
+		end := 31 * (i + 1)
+		if len(code) < end {
+			end = len(code)
+		}
+		copy(chunks[i][1:], code[31*i:end])
+		for j := lastOffset; int(j) < len(code[31*i:end]); j++ {
+			if code[j] >= byte(PUSH1) && code[j] <= byte(PUSH32) {
+				j += code[j] - byte(PUSH1) + 1
+				lastOffset = (j + 1) % 31
+			}
+		}
+		chunks[i][0] = lastOffset
+	}
+
+	return chunks, nil
+}

trie/verkle_iterator.go

@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package trie
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
+
+	"github.com/gballet/go-verkle"
+)
+
+type verkleNodeIteratorState struct {
+	Node  verkle.VerkleNode
+	Index int
+}
+
+type verkleNodeIterator struct {
+	trie    *VerkleTrie
+	current verkle.VerkleNode
+	lastErr error
+
+	stack []verkleNodeIteratorState
+}
+
+func newVerkleNodeIterator(trie *VerkleTrie, start []byte) NodeIterator {
+	if trie.Hash() == emptyState {
+		return new(nodeIterator)
+	}
+	it := &verkleNodeIterator{trie: trie, current: trie.root}
+	//it.err = it.seek(start)
+	return it
+}
+
+// Next moves the iterator to the next node. If the parameter is false, any child
+// nodes will be skipped.
+func (it *verkleNodeIterator) Next(descend bool) bool {
+	if it.lastErr == errIteratorEnd {
+		it.lastErr = errIteratorEnd
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if len(it.stack) == 0 {
+		it.stack = append(it.stack, verkleNodeIteratorState{Node: it.trie.root, Index: 0})
+		it.current = it.trie.root
+
+		return true
+	}
+
+	switch node := it.current.(type) {
+	case *verkle.InternalNode:
+		context := &it.stack[len(it.stack)-1]
+
+		// Look for the next non-empty child
+		children := node.Children()
+		for ; context.Index < len(children); context.Index++ {
+			if _, ok := children[context.Index].(verkle.Empty); !ok {
+				it.stack = append(it.stack, verkleNodeIteratorState{Node: children[context.Index], Index: 0})
+				it.current = children[context.Index]
+				return it.Next(descend)
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Reached the end of this node, go back to the parent, if
+		// this isn't root.
+		if len(it.stack) == 1 {
+			it.lastErr = errIteratorEnd
+			return false
+		}
+		it.stack = it.stack[:len(it.stack)-1]
+		it.current = it.stack[len(it.stack)-1].Node
+		it.stack[len(it.stack)-1].Index++
+		return it.Next(descend)
+	case *verkle.LeafNode:
+		// Look for the next non-empty value
+		for i := it.stack[len(it.stack)-1].Index + 1; i < 256; i++ {
+			if node.Value(i) != nil {
+				it.stack[len(it.stack)-1].Index = i
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+		// go back to parent to get the next leaf
+		it.stack = it.stack[:len(it.stack)-1]
+		it.current = it.stack[len(it.stack)-1].Node
+		it.stack[len(it.stack)-1].Index++
+		return it.Next(descend)
+	case *verkle.HashedNode:
+		// resolve the node
+		data, err := it.trie.db.diskdb.Get(nodeToDBKey(node))
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+		it.current, err = verkle.ParseNode(data, byte(len(it.stack)-1))
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+
+		// update the stack and parent with the resolved node
+		it.stack[len(it.stack)-1].Node = it.current
+		parent := &it.stack[len(it.stack)-2]
+		parent.Node.(*verkle.InternalNode).SetChild(parent.Index, it.current)
+		return true
+	default:
+		fmt.Println(node)
+		panic("invalid node type")
+	}
+}
+
+// Error returns the error status of the iterator.
+func (it *verkleNodeIterator) Error() error {
+	if it.lastErr == errIteratorEnd {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return it.lastErr
+}
+
+// Hash returns the hash of the current node.
+func (it *verkleNodeIterator) Hash() common.Hash {
+	return it.current.ComputeCommitment().Bytes()
+}
+
+// Parent returns the hash of the parent of the current node. The hash may be the one
+// grandparent if the immediate parent is an internal node with no hash.
+func (it *verkleNodeIterator) Parent() common.Hash {
+	return it.stack[len(it.stack)-1].Node.ComputeCommitment().Bytes()
+}
+
+// Path returns the hex-encoded path to the current node.
+// Callers must not retain references to the return value after calling Next.
+// For leaf nodes, the last element of the path is the 'terminator symbol' 0x10.
+func (it *verkleNodeIterator) Path() []byte {
+
+	panic("not completely implemented")
+}
+
+// Leaf returns true iff the current node is a leaf node.
+func (it *verkleNodeIterator) Leaf() bool {
+	_, ok := it.current.(*verkle.LeafNode)
+	return ok
+}
+
+// LeafKey returns the key of the leaf. The method panics if the iterator is not
+// positioned at a leaf. Callers must not retain references to the value after
+// calling Next.
+func (it *verkleNodeIterator) LeafKey() []byte {
+	leaf, ok := it.current.(*verkle.LeafNode)
+	if !ok {
+		panic("Leaf() called on an verkle node iterator not at a leaf location")
+	}
+
+	return leaf.Key(it.stack[len(it.stack)-1].Index)
+}
+
+// LeafBlob returns the content of the leaf. The method panics if the iterator
+// is not positioned at a leaf. Callers must not retain references to the value
+// after calling Next.
+func (it *verkleNodeIterator) LeafBlob() []byte {
+	leaf, ok := it.current.(*verkle.LeafNode)
+	if !ok {
+		panic("LeafBlob() called on an verkle node iterator not at a leaf location")
+	}
+
+	return leaf.Value(it.stack[len(it.stack)-1].Index)
+}
+
+// LeafProof returns the Merkle proof of the leaf. The method panics if the
+// iterator is not positioned at a leaf. Callers must not retain references
+// to the value after calling Next.
+func (it *verkleNodeIterator) LeafProof() [][]byte {
+	_, ok := it.current.(*verkle.LeafNode)
+	if !ok {
+		panic("LeafProof() called on an verkle node iterator not at a leaf location")
+	}
+
+	//return it.trie.Prove(leaf.Key())
+	panic("not completely implemented")
+}
+
+// AddResolver sets an intermediate database to use for looking up trie nodes
+// before reaching into the real persistent layer.
+//
+// This is not required for normal operation, rather is an optimization for
+// cases where trie nodes can be recovered from some external mechanism without
+// reading from disk. In those cases, this resolver allows short circuiting
+// accesses and returning them from memory.
+//
+// Before adding a similar mechanism to any other place in Geth, consider
+// making trie.Database an interface and wrapping at that level. It's a huge
+// refactor, but it could be worth it if another occurrence arises.
+func (it *verkleNodeIterator) AddResolver(ethdb.KeyValueStore) {
+	panic("not completely implemented")
+}
+
+type dummy struct{}
+
+func (it dummy) Next(descend bool) bool {
+	return false
+}
+
+func (it dummy) Error() error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (it dummy) Hash() common.Hash {
+	panic("should not be called")
+}
+
+func (it dummy) Leaf() bool {
+	return false
+}
+
+func (it dummy) LeafKey() []byte {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (it dummy) LeafProof() [][]byte {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (it dummy) LeafBlob() []byte {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (it dummy) Parent() common.Hash {
+	return common.Hash{}
+}
+
+func (it dummy) Path() []byte {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (it dummy) AddResolver(ethdb.KeyValueStore) {
+	panic("not completely implemented")
+}