953530fc24
This write-up was loosely inspired in part by Mitchell et al.’s work on [Model Cards for Model Reporting](https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.03993). Adding such model usage sections could be good practice in general for open source research projects with potentially broad applications.
gpt-2
Code and samples from the paper "Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners".
For now, we have only released a smaller (117M parameter) version of GPT-2.
See more details in our blog post.
Usage
This repository is meant to be a starting point for researchers and engineers to experiment with GPT-2-117M. While GPT-2-117M is less proficient than GPT-2-1.5B, it is useful for a wide range of research and applications which could also apply to larger models.
Some caveats
- GPT-2-117M robustness and worst case behaviors are not well-understood. As with any machine-learned model, carefully evaluate GPT-2-117M for your use case, especially if used without fine-tuning or in safety-critical applications where reliability is important.
- The dataset our GPT-2-117M was trained on contains many texts with biases and factual inaccuracies, and thus GPT-2-117M is likely to be biased and inaccurate as well.
- To avoid having samples mistaken as human-written, we recommend clearly labeling samples as synthetic before wide dissemination. Our models are often incoherent or inaccurate in subtle ways, which takes more than a quick read for a human to notice.
Work with us
Please let us know if you’re doing interesting research with or working on applications of GPT-2-117M! We’re especially interested in hearing from and potentially working with those who are studying
- Potential malicious use cases and defenses against them (e.g. the detectability of synthetic text)
- The extent of problematic content (e.g. bias) being baked into the models and effective mitigations
Installation
Git clone this repository, and cd into directory for remaining commands
git clone https://github.com/openai/gpt-2.git && cd gpt-2
Then, follow instructions for either native or Docker installation.
Native Installation
All steps can optionally be done in a virtual environment using tools such as virtualenv or conda.
Install tensorflow 1.12 (with GPU support, if you have a GPU and want everything to run faster)
pip3 install tensorflow==1.12.0
or
pip3 install tensorflow-gpu==1.12.0
Install other python packages:
pip3 install -r requirements.txt
Download the model data
python3 download_model.py 117M
Docker Installation
Build the Dockerfile and tag the created image as gpt-2:
docker build --tag gpt-2 -f Dockerfile.gpu . # or Dockerfile.cpu
Start an interactive bash session from the gpt-2 docker image.
You can opt to use the --runtime=nvidia flag if you have access to a NVIDIA GPU
and a valid install of nvidia-docker 2.0.
docker run --runtime=nvidia -it gpt-2 bash
Sampling scripts
| WARNING: Samples are unfiltered and may contain offensive content. |
|---|
Some of the examples below may include Unicode text characters. Set the environment variable:
export PYTHONIOENCODING=UTF-8
to override the standard stream settings in UTF-8 mode.
Unconditional sample generation
To generate unconditional samples from the small model:
python3 src/generate_unconditional_samples.py | tee /tmp/samples
There are various flags for controlling the samples:
python3 src/generate_unconditional_samples.py --top_k 40 --temperature 0.7 | tee /tmp/samples
To check flag descriptions, use:
python3 src/generate_unconditional_samples.py -- --help
Conditional sample generation
To give the model custom prompts, you can use:
python3 src/interactive_conditional_samples.py --top_k 40
To check flag descriptions, use:
python3 src/interactive_conditional_samples.py -- --help
GPT-2 samples
| WARNING: Samples are unfiltered and may contain offensive content. |
|---|
While we have not yet released GPT-2 itself, you can see some samples from it in the gpt-2-samples folder.
We show unconditional samples with default settings (temperature 1 and no truncation), with temperature 0.7, and with truncation with top_k 40.
We show conditional samples, with contexts drawn from WebText's test set, with default settings (temperature 1 and no truncation), with temperature 0.7, and with truncation with top_k 40.
Citation
Please use the following bibtex entry:
@article{radford2019language,
title={Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners},
author={Radford, Alec and Wu, Jeff and Child, Rewon and Luan, David and Amodei, Dario and Sutskever, Ilya},
year={2019}
}
Future work
We may release code for evaluating the models on various benchmarks.
We are still considering release of the larger models.