* add state and callback pattern * add command and template-method pattern * add iterator pattern * add bridege and DI pattern * fix issue #1600 * add converter,proxy,visitor pattern * add caching,composite,delegation,dirty-flag,interpreter patterns * add dao and producer-consumer * add dto and provate class data pattern * fix #1646 png path problems * fix #1646 composite png path case problem * add abstract document pattern and version-number pattern * add ambassador pattern * add acyclic-visitor and api-gateway pattern * add abstract-factory pattern * add active-object pattern * add aggregator-microservices and arrange-act-assert pattern * update async-method-invocation pattern * add balking and business-delegate pattern * add bytecode and circuit-break pattern * update arrange/act/assert pattern problems * add csch pattern * add language code, correct pic path * #1805 update permalink Co-authored-by: Subhrodip Mohanta <subhrodipmohanta@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Mike <admin@xiaod.info> Co-authored-by: Ilkka Seppälä <iluwatar@users.noreply.github.com>
318 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
318 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
---
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layout: pattern
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title: Circuit Breaker
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folder: circuit-breaker
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permalink: /patterns/circuit-breaker/
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categories: Behavioral
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language: zh
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tags:
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- Performance
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- Decoupling
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- Cloud distributed
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---
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## 意图
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以这样一种方式处理昂贵的远程服务调用,即单个服务/组件的故障不会导致整个应用程序宕机,我们可以尽快重新连接到服务。
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## 解释
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真实世界例子
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> 想象一个 Web 应用程序,它同时具有用于获取数据的本地文件/图像和远程服务。 这些远程服务有时可能健康且响应迅速,或者由于各种原因可能在某 个时间点变得缓慢和无响应。因此,如果其中一个远程服务缓慢或未成功响应,我们的应用程序将尝试使用多个线程/进程从远程服务获取响应,很快它们都会挂起(也称为 [线程饥饿][thread starvation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation_(computer_science)))导致我们的整个 Web 应用程序崩溃。我们应该能够检测到这种情况并向用户显示适当的消息,以便他/她可以探索不受远程服务故障影响的应用程序的其他部分。 同时,其他正常工作的服务应保持正常运行,不受此故障的影响。
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>
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通俗地说
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> 断路器允许优雅地处理失败的远程服务。当我们应用程序的所有部分彼此高度解耦时,它特别有用,一个组件的故障并不意味着其他部分将停止工作。
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维基百科说
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> 断路器是现代软件开发中使用的一种设计模式。 它用于检测故障并封装防止故障不断重复发生、维护期间、临时外部系统故障或意外系统困难的逻辑。
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## 程序示例
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So, how does this all come together? With the above example in mind we will imitate the
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functionality in a simple example. A monitoring service mimics the web app and makes both local and
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remote calls.
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那么,这一切是如何结合在一起的呢? 记住上面的例子,我们将在一个简单的例子中模仿这个功能。 监控服务模仿 Web 应用程序并进行本地和远程调用。
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服务架构如下:
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在代码方面,最终用户应用程序是:
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```java
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@Slf4j
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public class App {
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private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(App.class);
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/**
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* Program entry point.
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*
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* @param args command line args
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*/
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public static void main(String[] args) {
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var serverStartTime = System.nanoTime();
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var delayedService = new DelayedRemoteService(serverStartTime, 5);
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var delayedServiceCircuitBreaker = new DefaultCircuitBreaker(delayedService, 3000, 2,
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2000 * 1000 * 1000);
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var quickService = new QuickRemoteService();
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var quickServiceCircuitBreaker = new DefaultCircuitBreaker(quickService, 3000, 2,
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2000 * 1000 * 1000);
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// 创建一个可以进行本地和远程调用的监控服务对象
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var monitoringService = new MonitoringService(delayedServiceCircuitBreaker,
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quickServiceCircuitBreaker);
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// 获取本地资源
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LOGGER.info(monitoringService.localResourceResponse());
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// 从延迟服务中获取响应 2 次,以满足失败阈值
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LOGGER.info(monitoringService.delayedServiceResponse());
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LOGGER.info(monitoringService.delayedServiceResponse());
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// 在超过故障阈值限制后获取延迟服务断路器的当前状态
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// 现在是打开状态
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LOGGER.info(delayedServiceCircuitBreaker.getState());
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// 同时,延迟服务宕机,从健康快速服务获取响应
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LOGGER.info(monitoringService.quickServiceResponse());
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LOGGER.info(quickServiceCircuitBreaker.getState());
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// 等待延迟的服务响应
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try {
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LOGGER.info("Waiting for delayed service to become responsive");
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Thread.sleep(5000);
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} catch (InterruptedException e) {
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e.printStackTrace();
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}
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// 检查延时断路器的状态,应该是HALF_OPEN
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LOGGER.info(delayedServiceCircuitBreaker.getState());
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// 从延迟服务中获取响应,现在应该是健康的
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LOGGER.info(monitoringService.delayedServiceResponse());
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// 获取成功响应后,它的状态应该是关闭。
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LOGGER.info(delayedServiceCircuitBreaker.getState());
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}
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}
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```
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监控服务类:
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```java
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public class MonitoringService {
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private final CircuitBreaker delayedService;
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private final CircuitBreaker quickService;
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public MonitoringService(CircuitBreaker delayedService, CircuitBreaker quickService) {
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this.delayedService = delayedService;
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this.quickService = quickService;
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}
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// 假设:本地服务不会失败,无需将其包装在断路器逻辑中
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public String localResourceResponse() {
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return "Local Service is working";
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}
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/**
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* Fetch response from the delayed service (with some simulated startup time).
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*
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* @return response string
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*/
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public String delayedServiceResponse() {
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try {
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return this.delayedService.attemptRequest();
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} catch (RemoteServiceException e) {
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return e.getMessage();
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}
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}
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/**
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* Fetches response from a healthy service without any failure.
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*
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* @return response string
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*/
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public String quickServiceResponse() {
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try {
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return this.quickService.attemptRequest();
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} catch (RemoteServiceException e) {
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return e.getMessage();
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}
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}
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}
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```
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可以看出,它直接调用获取本地资源,但它将对远程(昂贵)服务的调用包装在断路器对象中,防止故障如下:
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```java
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public class DefaultCircuitBreaker implements CircuitBreaker {
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private final long timeout;
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private final long retryTimePeriod;
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private final RemoteService service;
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long lastFailureTime;
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private String lastFailureResponse;
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int failureCount;
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private final int failureThreshold;
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private State state;
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private final long futureTime = 1000 * 1000 * 1000 * 1000;
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/**
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* Constructor to create an instance of Circuit Breaker.
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*
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* @param timeout Timeout for the API request. Not necessary for this simple example
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* @param failureThreshold Number of failures we receive from the depended service before changing
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* state to 'OPEN'
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* @param retryTimePeriod Time period after which a new request is made to remote service for
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* status check.
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*/
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DefaultCircuitBreaker(RemoteService serviceToCall, long timeout, int failureThreshold,
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long retryTimePeriod) {
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this.service = serviceToCall;
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// 我们从关闭状态开始希望一切都是正常的
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this.state = State.CLOSED;
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this.failureThreshold = failureThreshold;
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// API的超时时间.
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// 用于在超过限制时中断对远程资源的调用
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this.timeout = timeout;
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this.retryTimePeriod = retryTimePeriod;
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//An absurd amount of time in future which basically indicates the last failure never happened
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this.lastFailureTime = System.nanoTime() + futureTime;
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this.failureCount = 0;
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}
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// 重置所有
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@Override
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public void recordSuccess() {
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this.failureCount = 0;
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this.lastFailureTime = System.nanoTime() + futureTime;
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this.state = State.CLOSED;
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}
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@Override
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public void recordFailure(String response) {
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failureCount = failureCount + 1;
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this.lastFailureTime = System.nanoTime();
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// Cache the failure response for returning on open state
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this.lastFailureResponse = response;
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}
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// 根据 failureThreshold、failureCount 和 lastFailureTime 评估当前状态。
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protected void evaluateState() {
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if (failureCount >= failureThreshold) { //Then something is wrong with remote service
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if ((System.nanoTime() - lastFailureTime) > retryTimePeriod) {
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// 我们已经等得够久了,应该尝试检查服务是否已启动
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state = State.HALF_OPEN;
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} else {
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// 服务可能仍会出现故障
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state = State.OPEN;
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}
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} else {
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// 一切正常
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state = State.CLOSED;
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}
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}
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@Override
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public String getState() {
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evaluateState();
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return state.name();
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}
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/**
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* Break the circuit beforehand if it is known service is down Or connect the circuit manually if
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* service comes online before expected.
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*
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* @param state State at which circuit is in
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*/
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@Override
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public void setState(State state) {
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this.state = state;
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switch (state) {
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case OPEN:
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this.failureCount = failureThreshold;
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this.lastFailureTime = System.nanoTime();
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break;
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case HALF_OPEN:
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this.failureCount = failureThreshold;
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this.lastFailureTime = System.nanoTime() - retryTimePeriod;
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break;
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default:
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this.failureCount = 0;
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}
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}
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/**
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* Executes service call.
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*
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* @return Value from the remote resource, stale response or a custom exception
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*/
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@Override
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public String attemptRequest() throws RemoteServiceException {
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evaluateState();
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if (state == State.OPEN) {
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// 如果电路处于打开状态,则返回缓存的响应
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return this.lastFailureResponse;
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} else {
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// 如果电路未打开,则发出 API 请求
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try {
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//在实际应用程序中,这将在线程中运行,并且将利用断路器的超时参数来了解服务
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// 是否正在工作。 在这里,我们根据服务器响应本身模拟
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var response = service.call();
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// api 响应正常,重置所有。
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recordSuccess();
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return response;
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} catch (RemoteServiceException ex) {
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recordFailure(ex.getMessage());
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throw ex;
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}
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}
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}
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}
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```
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上述模式如何防止失败? 让我们通过它实现的这个有限状态机来理解。
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- 我们使用某些参数初始化断路器对象:`timeout`、`failureThreshold` 和 `retryTimePeriod`,这有助于确定 API 的弹性。
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- 最初,我们处于“关闭”状态,没有发生对 API 的远程调用。
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- 每次调用成功时,我们都会将状态重置为开始时的状态。
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- 如果失败次数超过某个阈值,我们将进入“open”状态,这就像开路一样,阻止远程服务调用,从而节省资源。 (这里,我们从 API 返回名为 ```stale response``` 的响应)
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- 一旦超过重试超时时间,我们就会进入“半开”状态并再次调用远程服务以检查服务是否正常工作,以便我们可以提供新鲜内容。 失败将其设置回“打开”状态,并在重试超时时间后进行另一次尝试,而成功将其设置为“关闭”状态,以便一切重新开始正常工作。
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## 类图
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## 适用性
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在以下情况下使用断路器模式
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- 构建一个容错应用程序,其中某些服务的故障不应导致整个应用程序宕机。
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- 构建一个持续运行(永远在线)的应用程序,这样它的组件就可以在不完全关闭的情况下升级。
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## 相关模式
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- [Retry Pattern](https://github.com/iluwatar/java-design-patterns/tree/master/retry)
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## 真实世界例子
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* [Spring Circuit Breaker module](https://spring.io/guides/gs/circuit-breaker)
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* [Netflix Hystrix API](https://github.com/Netflix/Hystrix)
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## 鸣谢
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* [Understanding Circuit Breaker Pattern](https://itnext.io/understand-circuitbreaker-design-pattern-with-simple-practical-example-92a752615b42)
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* [Martin Fowler on Circuit Breaker](https://martinfowler.com/bliki/CircuitBreaker.html)
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* [Fault tolerance in a high volume, distributed system](https://medium.com/netflix-techblog/fault-tolerance-in-a-high-volume-distributed-system-91ab4faae74a)
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* [Circuit Breaker pattern](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/architecture/patterns/circuit-breaker)
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