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Author SHA1 Message Date
bea39206ed docs: update .all-contributorsrc [skip ci] 2021-04-22 06:20:17 +00:00
c3228fd6d2 docs: update README.md [skip ci] 2021-04-22 06:20:16 +00:00
af0ccdc6e1 refactoring: Added parameterization to enumeration test (#1698)
Signed-off-by: Elvys Soares <eas5@cin.ufpe.br>

Co-authored-by: Subhrodip Mohanta <hello@subho.xyz>
2021-04-22 11:47:45 +05:30
323dd63e66 update distribution for java to 'adpot' (#1699) 2021-04-18 12:53:19 +03:00
be3250bd0d Set version for the next development iteration 2021-04-05 14:57:36 +03:00
1222f12b99 Set version number for milestone 1.24.0 2021-04-05 14:56:36 +03:00
965d38f139 docs: add ohbus as a contributor (#1695)
* docs: update README.md [skip ci]

* docs: update .all-contributorsrc [skip ci]

Co-authored-by: allcontributors[bot] <46447321+allcontributors[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Ilkka Seppälä <iluwatar@users.noreply.github.com>
2021-03-28 18:20:04 +03:00
eb8f9db575 #590 add explanation for caching pattern (#1693)
Co-authored-by: Subhrodip Mohanta <hello@subho.xyz>
2021-03-28 16:32:29 +05:30
6d7084f18d remove labelling trigger (#1692) 2021-03-28 10:15:42 +03:00
74f5cfa670 docs: add jinishavora as a contributor (#1688)
* docs: update README.md [skip ci]

* docs: update .all-contributorsrc [skip ci]

Co-authored-by: allcontributors[bot] <46447321+allcontributors[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Subhrodip Mohanta <subhrodipmohanta@gmail.com>
2021-03-23 14:12:32 +05:30
b525d871b4 docs: Fix mvvm readme (#1689) 2021-03-23 11:29:20 +05:30
c413e0902e docs: #590 add explanation for bytecode pattern (#1687)
Type: docs and refactoring

Co-authored-by: Subhrodip Mohanta <hello@subho.xyz>
2021-03-22 12:19:46 +05:30
7ac468db20 docs: #590 refactor and add explanation for business delegate (#1686)
Type: docs and refactoring

Co-authored-by: Subhrodip Mohanta <hello@subho.xyz>
2021-03-22 12:04:56 +05:30
170 changed files with 801 additions and 288 deletions

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@ -1132,7 +1132,8 @@
"profile": "http://subho.xyz",
"contributions": [
"code",
"review"
"review",
"maintenance"
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@ -1440,6 +1441,25 @@
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"profile": "https://www.linkedin.com/in/jinisha-vora",
"contributions": [
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{
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"name": "Elvys Soares",
"avatar_url": "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/50836521?v=4",
"profile": "https://github.com/eas5",
"contributions": [
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@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ jobs:
uses: actions/setup-java@master
with:
java-version: 11
distribution: 'adopt'
- name: Cache SonarCloud packages
uses: actions/cache@master

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@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ name: Java PR Builder
on:
pull_request:
branches: [ master ]
types: [ opened, reopened, synchronize, labeled, unlabeled ]
types: [ opened, reopened, synchronize ]
jobs:
build:
@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ jobs:
uses: actions/setup-java@master
with:
java-version: 11
distribution: 'adopt'
- name: Cache Maven Dependecies
uses: actions/cache@master

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@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
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<!-- ALL-CONTRIBUTORS-BADGE:START - Do not remove or modify this section -->
[![All Contributors](https://img.shields.io/badge/all_contributors-158-orange.svg?style=flat-square)](#contributors-)
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<br/>
@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ This project is licensed under the terms of the MIT license.
<td align="center"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/ashish-trivedi-218379135/"><img src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/23194128?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt=""/><br /><sub><b>Ashish Trivedi</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/iluwatar/java-design-patterns/commits?author=ashishtrivedi16" title="Code">💻</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="https://rayyounghong.com"><img src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/41055099?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt=""/><br /><sub><b>洪月阳</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/iluwatar/java-design-patterns/commits?author=RayYH" title="Code">💻</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="https://xdvrx1.github.io/"><img src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/47092464?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt=""/><br /><sub><b>xdvrx1</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/iluwatar/java-design-patterns/pulls?q=is%3Apr+reviewed-by%3Axdvrx1" title="Reviewed Pull Requests">👀</a> <a href="#ideas-xdvrx1" title="Ideas, Planning, & Feedback">🤔</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://subho.xyz"><img src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/13291222?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt=""/><br /><sub><b>Subhrodip Mohanta</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/iluwatar/java-design-patterns/commits?author=ohbus" title="Code">💻</a> <a href="https://github.com/iluwatar/java-design-patterns/pulls?q=is%3Apr+reviewed-by%3Aohbus" title="Reviewed Pull Requests">👀</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://subho.xyz"><img src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/13291222?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt=""/><br /><sub><b>Subhrodip Mohanta</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/iluwatar/java-design-patterns/commits?author=ohbus" title="Code">💻</a> <a href="https://github.com/iluwatar/java-design-patterns/pulls?q=is%3Apr+reviewed-by%3Aohbus" title="Reviewed Pull Requests">👀</a> <a href="#maintenance-ohbus" title="Maintenance">🚧</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><a href="https://github.com/nahteb"><img src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/13121570?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt=""/><br /><sub><b>Bethan Palmer</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/iluwatar/java-design-patterns/commits?author=nahteb" title="Code">💻</a></td>
@ -312,6 +312,8 @@ This project is licensed under the terms of the MIT license.
<tr>
<td align="center"><a href="https://github.com/noamgrinch"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/31648669?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt=""/><br /><sub><b>Noam Greenshtain</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/iluwatar/java-design-patterns/commits?author=noamgrinch" title="Code">💻</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="https://xuyonghong.cn/"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/14086462?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt=""/><br /><sub><b>yonghong Xu</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/iluwatar/java-design-patterns/commits?author=qfxl" title="Documentation">📖</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/jinisha-vora"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/40777762?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt=""/><br /><sub><b>jinishavora</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/iluwatar/java-design-patterns/pulls?q=is%3Apr+reviewed-by%3Ajinishavora" title="Reviewed Pull Requests">👀</a> <a href="https://github.com/iluwatar/java-design-patterns/commits?author=jinishavora" title="Code">💻</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="https://github.com/eas5"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/50836521?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt=""/><br /><sub><b>Elvys Soares</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/iluwatar/java-design-patterns/commits?author=eas5" title="Code">💻</a></td>
</tr>
</table>

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@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
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<artifactId>abstract-document</artifactId>
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@ -9,18 +9,234 @@ tags:
---
## Intent
Allows to encode behaviour as instructions for virtual machine.
Allows encoding behavior as instructions for a virtual machine.
## Explanation
Real world example
> A team is working on a new game where wizards battle against each other. The wizard behavior
> needs to be carefully adjusted and iterated hundreds of times through playtesting. It's not
> optimal to ask the programmer to make changes each time the game designer wants to vary the
> behavior, so the wizard behavior is implemented as a data-driven virtual machine.
In plain words
> Bytecode pattern enables behavior driven by data instead of code.
[Gameprogrammingpatterns.com](https://gameprogrammingpatterns.com/bytecode.html) documentation
states:
> An instruction set defines the low-level operations that can be performed. A series of
> instructions is encoded as a sequence of bytes. A virtual machine executes these instructions one
> at a time, using a stack for intermediate values. By combining instructions, complex high-level
> behavior can be defined.
**Programmatic Example**
One of the most important game objects is the `Wizard` class.
```java
@AllArgsConstructor
@Setter
@Getter
@Slf4j
public class Wizard {
private int health;
private int agility;
private int wisdom;
private int numberOfPlayedSounds;
private int numberOfSpawnedParticles;
public void playSound() {
LOGGER.info("Playing sound");
numberOfPlayedSounds++;
}
public void spawnParticles() {
LOGGER.info("Spawning particles");
numberOfSpawnedParticles++;
}
}
```
Next, we show the available instructions for our virtual machine. Each of the instructions has its
own semantics on how it operates with the stack data. For example, the ADD instruction takes the top
two items from the stack, adds them together and pushes the result to the stack.
```java
@AllArgsConstructor
@Getter
public enum Instruction {
LITERAL(1), // e.g. "LITERAL 0", push 0 to stack
SET_HEALTH(2), // e.g. "SET_HEALTH", pop health and wizard number, call set health
SET_WISDOM(3), // e.g. "SET_WISDOM", pop wisdom and wizard number, call set wisdom
SET_AGILITY(4), // e.g. "SET_AGILITY", pop agility and wizard number, call set agility
PLAY_SOUND(5), // e.g. "PLAY_SOUND", pop value as wizard number, call play sound
SPAWN_PARTICLES(6), // e.g. "SPAWN_PARTICLES", pop value as wizard number, call spawn particles
GET_HEALTH(7), // e.g. "GET_HEALTH", pop value as wizard number, push wizard's health
GET_AGILITY(8), // e.g. "GET_AGILITY", pop value as wizard number, push wizard's agility
GET_WISDOM(9), // e.g. "GET_WISDOM", pop value as wizard number, push wizard's wisdom
ADD(10), // e.g. "ADD", pop 2 values, push their sum
DIVIDE(11); // e.g. "DIVIDE", pop 2 values, push their division
// ...
}
```
At the heart of our example is the `VirtualMachine` class. It takes instructions as input and
executes them to provide the game object behavior.
```java
@Getter
@Slf4j
public class VirtualMachine {
private final Stack<Integer> stack = new Stack<>();
private final Wizard[] wizards = new Wizard[2];
public VirtualMachine() {
wizards[0] = new Wizard(randomInt(3, 32), randomInt(3, 32), randomInt(3, 32),
0, 0);
wizards[1] = new Wizard(randomInt(3, 32), randomInt(3, 32), randomInt(3, 32),
0, 0);
}
public VirtualMachine(Wizard wizard1, Wizard wizard2) {
wizards[0] = wizard1;
wizards[1] = wizard2;
}
public void execute(int[] bytecode) {
for (var i = 0; i < bytecode.length; i++) {
Instruction instruction = Instruction.getInstruction(bytecode[i]);
switch (instruction) {
case LITERAL:
// Read the next byte from the bytecode.
int value = bytecode[++i];
// Push the next value to stack
stack.push(value);
break;
case SET_AGILITY:
var amount = stack.pop();
var wizard = stack.pop();
setAgility(wizard, amount);
break;
case SET_WISDOM:
amount = stack.pop();
wizard = stack.pop();
setWisdom(wizard, amount);
break;
case SET_HEALTH:
amount = stack.pop();
wizard = stack.pop();
setHealth(wizard, amount);
break;
case GET_HEALTH:
wizard = stack.pop();
stack.push(getHealth(wizard));
break;
case GET_AGILITY:
wizard = stack.pop();
stack.push(getAgility(wizard));
break;
case GET_WISDOM:
wizard = stack.pop();
stack.push(getWisdom(wizard));
break;
case ADD:
var a = stack.pop();
var b = stack.pop();
stack.push(a + b);
break;
case DIVIDE:
a = stack.pop();
b = stack.pop();
stack.push(b / a);
break;
case PLAY_SOUND:
wizard = stack.pop();
getWizards()[wizard].playSound();
break;
case SPAWN_PARTICLES:
wizard = stack.pop();
getWizards()[wizard].spawnParticles();
break;
default:
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid instruction value");
}
LOGGER.info("Executed " + instruction.name() + ", Stack contains " + getStack());
}
}
public void setHealth(int wizard, int amount) {
wizards[wizard].setHealth(amount);
}
// other setters ->
// ...
}
```
Now we can show the full example utilizing the virtual machine.
```java
public static void main(String[] args) {
var vm = new VirtualMachine(
new Wizard(45, 7, 11, 0, 0),
new Wizard(36, 18, 8, 0, 0));
vm.execute(InstructionConverterUtil.convertToByteCode("LITERAL 0"));
vm.execute(InstructionConverterUtil.convertToByteCode("LITERAL 0"));
vm.execute(InstructionConverterUtil.convertToByteCode("GET_HEALTH"));
vm.execute(InstructionConverterUtil.convertToByteCode("LITERAL 0"));
vm.execute(InstructionConverterUtil.convertToByteCode("GET_AGILITY"));
vm.execute(InstructionConverterUtil.convertToByteCode("LITERAL 0"));
vm.execute(InstructionConverterUtil.convertToByteCode("GET_WISDOM"));
vm.execute(InstructionConverterUtil.convertToByteCode("ADD"));
vm.execute(InstructionConverterUtil.convertToByteCode("LITERAL 2"));
vm.execute(InstructionConverterUtil.convertToByteCode("DIVIDE"));
vm.execute(InstructionConverterUtil.convertToByteCode("ADD"));
vm.execute(InstructionConverterUtil.convertToByteCode("SET_HEALTH"));
}
```
Here is the console output.
```
16:20:10.193 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.bytecode.VirtualMachine - Executed LITERAL, Stack contains [0]
16:20:10.196 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.bytecode.VirtualMachine - Executed LITERAL, Stack contains [0, 0]
16:20:10.197 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.bytecode.VirtualMachine - Executed GET_HEALTH, Stack contains [0, 45]
16:20:10.197 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.bytecode.VirtualMachine - Executed LITERAL, Stack contains [0, 45, 0]
16:20:10.197 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.bytecode.VirtualMachine - Executed GET_AGILITY, Stack contains [0, 45, 7]
16:20:10.197 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.bytecode.VirtualMachine - Executed LITERAL, Stack contains [0, 45, 7, 0]
16:20:10.197 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.bytecode.VirtualMachine - Executed GET_WISDOM, Stack contains [0, 45, 7, 11]
16:20:10.197 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.bytecode.VirtualMachine - Executed ADD, Stack contains [0, 45, 18]
16:20:10.197 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.bytecode.VirtualMachine - Executed LITERAL, Stack contains [0, 45, 18, 2]
16:20:10.198 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.bytecode.VirtualMachine - Executed DIVIDE, Stack contains [0, 45, 9]
16:20:10.198 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.bytecode.VirtualMachine - Executed ADD, Stack contains [0, 54]
16:20:10.198 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.bytecode.VirtualMachine - Executed SET_HEALTH, Stack contains []
```
## Class diagram
![alt text](./etc/bytecode.urm.png "Bytecode class diagram")
## Applicability
Use the Bytecode pattern when you have a lot of behavior you need to define and your
games implementation language isnt a good fit because:
* its too low-level, making it tedious or error-prone to program in.
* iterating on it takes too long due to slow compile times or other tooling issues.
* it has too much trust. If you want to ensure the behavior being defined cant break the game, you need to sandbox it from the rest of the codebase.
* Its too low-level, making it tedious or error-prone to program in.
* Iterating on it takes too long due to slow compile times or other tooling issues.
* It has too much trust. If you want to ensure the behavior being defined cant break the game, you need to sandbox it from the rest of the codebase.
## Related patterns
* [Interpreter](https://java-design-patterns.com/patterns/interpreter/)
## Credits

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<class-diagram version="1.2.3" icons="true" always-add-relationships="false" generalizations="true" realizations="true"
associations="true" dependencies="false" nesting-relationships="true" router="FAN">
<class id="1" language="java" name="com.iluwatar.bytecode.VirtualMachine" project="bytecode"
file="/bytecode/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/bytecode/VirtualMachine.java" binary="false" corner="BOTTOM_RIGHT">
<position height="-1" width="-1" x="455" y="173"/>
<display autosize="true" stereotype="true" package="true" initial-value="false" signature="true"
sort-features="false" accessors="true" visibility="true">
<attributes public="true" package="true" protected="true" private="true" static="true"/>
<operations public="true" package="true" protected="true" private="true" static="true"/>
</display>
</class>
<class id="2" language="java" name="com.iluwatar.bytecode.App" project="bytecode"
file="/bytecode/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/bytecode/App.java" binary="false" corner="BOTTOM_RIGHT">
<position height="-1" width="-1" x="148" y="110"/>
<display autosize="true" stereotype="true" package="true" initial-value="false" signature="true"
sort-features="false" accessors="true" visibility="true">
<attributes public="true" package="true" protected="true" private="true" static="true"/>
<operations public="true" package="true" protected="true" private="true" static="true"/>
</display>
</class>
<class id="3" language="java" name="com.iluwatar.bytecode.Wizard" project="bytecode"
file="/bytecode/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/bytecode/Wizard.java" binary="false" corner="BOTTOM_RIGHT">
<position height="-1" width="-1" x="148" y="416"/>
<display autosize="true" stereotype="true" package="true" initial-value="false" signature="true"
sort-features="false" accessors="true" visibility="true">
<attributes public="true" package="true" protected="true" private="true" static="true"/>
<operations public="true" package="true" protected="true" private="true" static="true"/>
</display>
</class>
<association id="4">
<end type="SOURCE" refId="1" navigable="false" variant="ASSOCIATION">
<attribute id="5" name="wizards">
<position height="18" width="48" x="296" y="291"/>
</attribute>
<multiplicity id="6" minimum="0" maximum="2147483647">
<position height="0" width="0" x="-327" y="-27"/>
</multiplicity>
</end>
<end type="TARGET" refId="3" navigable="true" variant="ASSOCIATION"/>
<display labels="true" multiplicity="true"/>
</association>
<classifier-display autosize="true" stereotype="true" package="true" initial-value="false" signature="true"
sort-features="false" accessors="true" visibility="true">
<attributes public="true" package="true" protected="true" private="true" static="true"/>
<operations public="true" package="true" protected="true" private="true" static="true"/>
</classifier-display>
<association-display labels="true" multiplicity="true"/>
</class-diagram>

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@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package com.iluwatar.bytecode {
class App {
- LOGGER : Logger {static}
+ App()
- interpretInstruction(instruction : String, vm : VirtualMachine) {static}
+ main(args : String[]) {static}
}
enum Instruction {
@ -18,22 +17,25 @@ package com.iluwatar.bytecode {
+ SET_HEALTH {static}
+ SET_WISDOM {static}
+ SPAWN_PARTICLES {static}
- value : int
- intValue : int
+ getInstruction(value : int) : Instruction {static}
+ getIntValue() : int
+ valueOf(name : String) : Instruction {static}
+ values() : Instruction[] {static}
}
class VirtualMachine {
- LOGGER : Logger {static}
- stack : Stack<Integer>
- wizards : Wizard[]
+ VirtualMachine()
+ VirtualMachine(wizard1 : Wizard, wizard2 : Wizard)
+ execute(bytecode : int[])
+ getAgility(wizard : int) : int
+ getHealth(wizard : int) : int
+ getStack() : Stack<Integer>
+ getWisdom(wizard : int) : int
+ getWizards() : Wizard[]
- randomInt(min : int, max : int) : int
+ setAgility(wizard : int, amount : int)
+ setHealth(wizard : int, amount : int)
+ setWisdom(wizard : int, amount : int)
@ -45,7 +47,7 @@ package com.iluwatar.bytecode {
- numberOfPlayedSounds : int
- numberOfSpawnedParticles : int
- wisdom : int
+ Wizard()
+ Wizard(health : int, agility : int, wisdom : int, numberOfPlayedSounds : int, numberOfSpawnedParticles : int)
+ getAgility() : int
+ getHealth() : int
+ getNumberOfPlayedSounds() : int
@ -54,6 +56,8 @@ package com.iluwatar.bytecode {
+ playSound()
+ setAgility(agility : int)
+ setHealth(health : int)
+ setNumberOfPlayedSounds(numberOfPlayedSounds : int)
+ setNumberOfSpawnedParticles(numberOfSpawnedParticles : int)
+ setWisdom(wisdom : int)
+ spawnParticles()
}

View File

@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
<parent>
<artifactId>java-design-patterns</artifactId>
<groupId>com.iluwatar</groupId>
<version>1.24.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<version>1.25.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

View File

@ -49,33 +49,21 @@ public class App {
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
var wizard = new Wizard();
wizard.setHealth(45);
wizard.setAgility(7);
wizard.setWisdom(11);
var vm = new VirtualMachine(
new Wizard(45, 7, 11, 0, 0),
new Wizard(36, 18, 8, 0, 0));
var vm = new VirtualMachine();
vm.getWizards()[0] = wizard;
String literal = "LITERAL 0";
interpretInstruction(literal, vm);
interpretInstruction(literal, vm);
interpretInstruction("GET_HEALTH", vm);
interpretInstruction(literal, vm);
interpretInstruction("GET_AGILITY", vm);
interpretInstruction(literal, vm);
interpretInstruction("GET_WISDOM ", vm);
interpretInstruction("ADD", vm);
interpretInstruction("LITERAL 2", vm);
interpretInstruction("DIVIDE", vm);
interpretInstruction("ADD", vm);
interpretInstruction("SET_HEALTH", vm);
}
private static void interpretInstruction(String instruction, VirtualMachine vm) {
vm.execute(InstructionConverterUtil.convertToByteCode(instruction));
var stack = vm.getStack();
LOGGER.info(instruction + String.format("%" + (12 - instruction.length()) + "s", "") + stack);
vm.execute(InstructionConverterUtil.convertToByteCode("LITERAL 0"));
vm.execute(InstructionConverterUtil.convertToByteCode("LITERAL 0"));
vm.execute(InstructionConverterUtil.convertToByteCode("GET_HEALTH"));
vm.execute(InstructionConverterUtil.convertToByteCode("LITERAL 0"));
vm.execute(InstructionConverterUtil.convertToByteCode("GET_AGILITY"));
vm.execute(InstructionConverterUtil.convertToByteCode("LITERAL 0"));
vm.execute(InstructionConverterUtil.convertToByteCode("GET_WISDOM"));
vm.execute(InstructionConverterUtil.convertToByteCode("ADD"));
vm.execute(InstructionConverterUtil.convertToByteCode("LITERAL 2"));
vm.execute(InstructionConverterUtil.convertToByteCode("DIVIDE"));
vm.execute(InstructionConverterUtil.convertToByteCode("ADD"));
vm.execute(InstructionConverterUtil.convertToByteCode("SET_HEALTH"));
}
}

View File

@ -33,17 +33,17 @@ import lombok.Getter;
@Getter
public enum Instruction {
LITERAL(1),
SET_HEALTH(2),
SET_WISDOM(3),
SET_AGILITY(4),
PLAY_SOUND(5),
SPAWN_PARTICLES(6),
GET_HEALTH(7),
GET_AGILITY(8),
GET_WISDOM(9),
ADD(10),
DIVIDE(11);
LITERAL(1), // e.g. "LITERAL 0", push 0 to stack
SET_HEALTH(2), // e.g. "SET_HEALTH", pop health and wizard number, call set health
SET_WISDOM(3), // e.g. "SET_WISDOM", pop wisdom and wizard number, call set wisdom
SET_AGILITY(4), // e.g. "SET_AGILITY", pop agility and wizard number, call set agility
PLAY_SOUND(5), // e.g. "PLAY_SOUND", pop value as wizard number, call play sound
SPAWN_PARTICLES(6), // e.g. "SPAWN_PARTICLES", pop value as wizard number, call spawn particles
GET_HEALTH(7), // e.g. "GET_HEALTH", pop value as wizard number, push wizard's health
GET_AGILITY(8), // e.g. "GET_AGILITY", pop value as wizard number, push wizard's agility
GET_WISDOM(9), // e.g. "GET_WISDOM", pop value as wizard number, push wizard's wisdom
ADD(10), // e.g. "ADD", pop 2 values, push their sum
DIVIDE(11); // e.g. "DIVIDE", pop 2 values, push their division
private final int intValue;

View File

@ -24,12 +24,15 @@
package com.iluwatar.bytecode;
import java.util.Stack;
import java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom;
import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
/**
* Implementation of virtual machine.
*/
@Getter
@Slf4j
public class VirtualMachine {
private final Stack<Integer> stack = new Stack<>();
@ -37,12 +40,21 @@ public class VirtualMachine {
private final Wizard[] wizards = new Wizard[2];
/**
* Constructor.
* No-args constructor.
*/
public VirtualMachine() {
for (var i = 0; i < wizards.length; i++) {
wizards[i] = new Wizard();
}
wizards[0] = new Wizard(randomInt(3, 32), randomInt(3, 32), randomInt(3, 32),
0, 0);
wizards[1] = new Wizard(randomInt(3, 32), randomInt(3, 32), randomInt(3, 32),
0, 0);
}
/**
* Constructor taking the wizards as arguments.
*/
public VirtualMachine(Wizard wizard1, Wizard wizard2) {
wizards[0] = wizard1;
wizards[1] = wizard2;
}
/**
@ -57,6 +69,7 @@ public class VirtualMachine {
case LITERAL:
// Read the next byte from the bytecode.
int value = bytecode[++i];
// Push the next value to stack
stack.push(value);
break;
case SET_AGILITY:
@ -107,6 +120,7 @@ public class VirtualMachine {
default:
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid instruction value");
}
LOGGER.info("Executed " + instruction.name() + ", Stack contains " + getStack());
}
}
@ -133,4 +147,8 @@ public class VirtualMachine {
public int getAgility(int wizard) {
return wizards[wizard].getAgility();
}
private int randomInt(int min, int max) {
return ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(min, max + 1);
}
}

View File

@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
package com.iluwatar.bytecode;
import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.Setter;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
@ -31,16 +32,15 @@ import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
* This class represent game objects which properties can be changed by instructions interpreted by
* virtual machine.
*/
@AllArgsConstructor
@Setter
@Getter
@Slf4j
public class Wizard {
private int health;
private int agility;
private int wisdom;
private int numberOfPlayedSounds;
private int numberOfSpawnedParticles;
@ -53,5 +53,4 @@ public class Wizard {
LOGGER.info("Spawning particles");
numberOfSpawnedParticles++;
}
}

View File

@ -73,6 +73,4 @@ public class InstructionConverterUtil {
return false;
}
}
}

View File

@ -10,20 +10,326 @@ tags:
---
## Intent
To avoid expensive re-acquisition of resources by not releasing
the resources immediately after their use. The resources retain their identity, are kept in some
fast-access storage, and are re-used to avoid having to acquire them again.
The caching pattern avoids expensive re-acquisition of resources by not releasing them immediately
after use. The resources retain their identity, are kept in some fast-access storage, and are
re-used to avoid having to acquire them again.
## Explanation
Real world example
> A team is working on a website that provides new homes for abandoned cats. People can post their
> cats on the website after registering, but all the new posts require approval from one of the
> site moderators. The user accounts of the site moderators contain a specific flag and the data
> is stored in a MongoDB database. Checking for the moderator flag each time a post is viewed
> becomes expensive and it's a good idea to utilize caching here.
In plain words
> Caching pattern keeps frequently needed data in fast-access storage to improve performance.
Wikipedia says:
> In computing, a cache is a hardware or software component that stores data so that future
> requests for that data can be served faster; the data stored in a cache might be the result of
> an earlier computation or a copy of data stored elsewhere. A cache hit occurs when the requested
> data can be found in a cache, while a cache miss occurs when it cannot. Cache hits are served by
> reading data from the cache, which is faster than recomputing a result or reading from a slower
> data store; thus, the more requests that can be served from the cache, the faster the system
> performs.
**Programmatic Example**
Let's first look at the data layer of our application. The interesting classes are `UserAccount`
which is a simple Java object containing the user account details, and `DbManager` which handles
reading and writing of these objects to/from MongoDB database.
```java
@Setter
@Getter
@AllArgsConstructor
@ToString
public class UserAccount {
private String userId;
private String userName;
private String additionalInfo;
}
@Slf4j
public final class DbManager {
private static MongoClient mongoClient;
private static MongoDatabase db;
private DbManager() { /*...*/ }
public static void createVirtualDb() { /*...*/ }
public static void connect() throws ParseException { /*...*/ }
public static UserAccount readFromDb(String userId) { /*...*/ }
public static void writeToDb(UserAccount userAccount) { /*...*/ }
public static void updateDb(UserAccount userAccount) { /*...*/ }
public static void upsertDb(UserAccount userAccount) { /*...*/ }
}
```
In the example, we are demonstrating various different caching policies
* Write-through writes data to the cache and DB in a single transaction
* Write-around writes data immediately into the DB instead of the cache
* Write-behind writes data into the cache initially whilst the data is only written into the DB
when the cache is full
* Cache-aside pushes the responsibility of keeping the data synchronized in both data sources to
the application itself
* Read-through strategy is also included in the aforementioned strategies and it returns data from
the cache to the caller if it exists, otherwise queries from DB and stores it into the cache for
future use.
The cache implementation in `LruCache` is a hash table accompanied by a doubly
linked-list. The linked-list helps in capturing and maintaining the LRU data in the cache. When
data is queried (from the cache), added (to the cache), or updated, the data is moved to the front
of the list to depict itself as the most-recently-used data. The LRU data is always at the end of
the list.
```java
@Slf4j
public class LruCache {
static class Node {
String userId;
UserAccount userAccount;
Node previous;
Node next;
public Node(String userId, UserAccount userAccount) {
this.userId = userId;
this.userAccount = userAccount;
}
}
/* ... omitted details ... */
public LruCache(int capacity) {
this.capacity = capacity;
}
public UserAccount get(String userId) {
if (cache.containsKey(userId)) {
var node = cache.get(userId);
remove(node);
setHead(node);
return node.userAccount;
}
return null;
}
public void set(String userId, UserAccount userAccount) {
if (cache.containsKey(userId)) {
var old = cache.get(userId);
old.userAccount = userAccount;
remove(old);
setHead(old);
} else {
var newNode = new Node(userId, userAccount);
if (cache.size() >= capacity) {
LOGGER.info("# Cache is FULL! Removing {} from cache...", end.userId);
cache.remove(end.userId); // remove LRU data from cache.
remove(end);
setHead(newNode);
} else {
setHead(newNode);
}
cache.put(userId, newNode);
}
}
public boolean contains(String userId) {
return cache.containsKey(userId);
}
public void remove(Node node) { /* ... */ }
public void setHead(Node node) { /* ... */ }
public void invalidate(String userId) { /* ... */ }
public boolean isFull() { /* ... */ }
public UserAccount getLruData() { /* ... */ }
public void clear() { /* ... */ }
public List<UserAccount> getCacheDataInListForm() { /* ... */ }
public void setCapacity(int newCapacity) { /* ... */ }
}
```
The next layer we are going to look at is `CacheStore` which implements the different caching
strategies.
```java
@Slf4j
public class CacheStore {
private static LruCache cache;
/* ... details omitted ... */
public static UserAccount readThrough(String userId) {
if (cache.contains(userId)) {
LOGGER.info("# Cache Hit!");
return cache.get(userId);
}
LOGGER.info("# Cache Miss!");
UserAccount userAccount = DbManager.readFromDb(userId);
cache.set(userId, userAccount);
return userAccount;
}
public static void writeThrough(UserAccount userAccount) {
if (cache.contains(userAccount.getUserId())) {
DbManager.updateDb(userAccount);
} else {
DbManager.writeToDb(userAccount);
}
cache.set(userAccount.getUserId(), userAccount);
}
public static void clearCache() {
if (cache != null) {
cache.clear();
}
}
public static void flushCache() {
LOGGER.info("# flushCache...");
Optional.ofNullable(cache)
.map(LruCache::getCacheDataInListForm)
.orElse(List.of())
.forEach(DbManager::updateDb);
}
/* ... omitted the implementation of other caching strategies ... */
}
```
`AppManager` helps to bridge the gap in communication between the main class and the application's
back-end. DB connection is initialized through this class. The chosen caching strategy/policy is
also initialized here. Before the cache can be used, the size of the cache has to be set. Depending
on the chosen caching policy, `AppManager` will call the appropriate function in the `CacheStore`
class.
```java
@Slf4j
public final class AppManager {
private static CachingPolicy cachingPolicy;
private AppManager() {
}
public static void initDb(boolean useMongoDb) { /* ... */ }
public static void initCachingPolicy(CachingPolicy policy) { /* ... */ }
public static void initCacheCapacity(int capacity) { /* ... */ }
public static UserAccount find(String userId) {
if (cachingPolicy == CachingPolicy.THROUGH || cachingPolicy == CachingPolicy.AROUND) {
return CacheStore.readThrough(userId);
} else if (cachingPolicy == CachingPolicy.BEHIND) {
return CacheStore.readThroughWithWriteBackPolicy(userId);
} else if (cachingPolicy == CachingPolicy.ASIDE) {
return findAside(userId);
}
return null;
}
public static void save(UserAccount userAccount) {
if (cachingPolicy == CachingPolicy.THROUGH) {
CacheStore.writeThrough(userAccount);
} else if (cachingPolicy == CachingPolicy.AROUND) {
CacheStore.writeAround(userAccount);
} else if (cachingPolicy == CachingPolicy.BEHIND) {
CacheStore.writeBehind(userAccount);
} else if (cachingPolicy == CachingPolicy.ASIDE) {
saveAside(userAccount);
}
}
public static String printCacheContent() {
return CacheStore.print();
}
/* ... details omitted ... */
}
```
Here is what we do in the main class of the application.
```java
@Slf4j
public class App {
public static void main(String[] args) {
AppManager.initDb(false);
AppManager.initCacheCapacity(3);
var app = new App();
app.useReadAndWriteThroughStrategy();
app.useReadThroughAndWriteAroundStrategy();
app.useReadThroughAndWriteBehindStrategy();
app.useCacheAsideStategy();
}
public void useReadAndWriteThroughStrategy() {
LOGGER.info("# CachingPolicy.THROUGH");
AppManager.initCachingPolicy(CachingPolicy.THROUGH);
var userAccount1 = new UserAccount("001", "John", "He is a boy.");
AppManager.save(userAccount1);
LOGGER.info(AppManager.printCacheContent());
AppManager.find("001");
AppManager.find("001");
}
public void useReadThroughAndWriteAroundStrategy() { /* ... */ }
public void useReadThroughAndWriteBehindStrategy() { /* ... */ }
public void useCacheAsideStategy() { /* ... */ }
}
```
Finally, here is some of the console output from the program.
```
12:32:53.845 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.caching.App - # CachingPolicy.THROUGH
12:32:53.900 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.caching.App -
--CACHE CONTENT--
UserAccount(userId=001, userName=John, additionalInfo=He is a boy.)
----
```
## Class diagram
![alt text](./etc/caching.png "Caching")
## Applicability
Use the Caching pattern(s) when
* Repetitious acquisition, initialization, and release of the same resource causes unnecessary performance overhead.
* Repetitious acquisition, initialization, and release of the same resource cause unnecessary
performance overhead.
## Related patterns
* [Proxy](https://java-design-patterns.com/patterns/proxy/)
## Credits
* [Write-through, write-around, write-back: Cache explained](http://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Write-through-write-around-write-back-Cache-explained)
* [Read-Through, Write-Through, Write-Behind, and Refresh-Ahead Caching](https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E15357_01/coh.360/e15723/cache_rtwtwbra.htm#COHDG5177)
* [Cache-Aside pattern](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/architecture/patterns/cache-aside)
* [Java EE 8 High Performance: Master techniques such as memory optimization, caching, concurrency, and multithreading to achieve maximum performance from your enterprise applications](https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/178847306X/ref=as_li_qf_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=javadesignpat-20&creative=9325&linkCode=as2&creativeASIN=178847306X&linkId=e948720055599f248cdac47da9125ff4)
* [Java Performance: In-Depth Advice for Tuning and Programming Java 8, 11, and Beyond](https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1492056111/ref=as_li_qf_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=javadesignpat-20&creative=9325&linkCode=as2&creativeASIN=1492056111&linkId=7e553581559b9ec04221259e52004b08)
* [Effective Java](https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B078H61SCH/ref=as_li_qf_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=javadesignpat-20&creative=9325&linkCode=as2&creativeASIN=B078H61SCH&linkId=f06607a0b48c76541ef19c5b8b9e7882)
* [Java Performance: The Definitive Guide: Getting the Most Out of Your Code](https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1449358454/ref=as_li_qf_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=javadesignpat-20&creative=9325&linkCode=as2&creativeASIN=1449358454&linkId=475c18363e350630cc0b39ab681b2687)

View File

@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
<parent>
<groupId>com.iluwatar</groupId>
<artifactId>java-design-patterns</artifactId>
<version>1.24.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<version>1.25.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
<artifactId>caching</artifactId>
<dependencies>

View File

@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ package com.iluwatar.caching;
import java.text.ParseException;
import java.util.Optional;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
/**
* AppManager helps to bridge the gap in communication between the main class and the application's
@ -33,6 +34,7 @@ import java.util.Optional;
* Depending on the chosen caching policy, AppManager will call the appropriate function in the
* CacheStore class.
*/
@Slf4j
public final class AppManager {
private static CachingPolicy cachingPolicy;
@ -50,7 +52,7 @@ public final class AppManager {
try {
DbManager.connect();
} catch (ParseException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
LOGGER.error("Error connecting to MongoDB", e);
}
} else {
DbManager.createVirtualDb();

View File

@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import com.mongodb.client.model.UpdateOptions;
import java.text.ParseException;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.bson.Document;
/**
@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ import org.bson.Document;
* underlying data storage (connect()) or a simple Java data structure to (temporarily) store the
* data/objects during runtime (createVirtualDB()).</p>
*/
@Slf4j
public final class DbManager {
private static MongoClient mongoClient;
@ -83,7 +85,7 @@ public final class DbManager {
try {
connect();
} catch (ParseException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
LOGGER.error("Error connecting to MongoDB", e);
}
}
var iterable = db
@ -110,7 +112,7 @@ public final class DbManager {
try {
connect();
} catch (ParseException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
LOGGER.error("Error connecting to MongoDB", e);
}
}
db.getCollection(CachingConstants.USER_ACCOUNT).insertOne(
@ -132,7 +134,7 @@ public final class DbManager {
try {
connect();
} catch (ParseException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
LOGGER.error("Error connecting to MongoDB", e);
}
}
db.getCollection(CachingConstants.USER_ACCOUNT).updateOne(
@ -153,7 +155,7 @@ public final class DbManager {
try {
connect();
} catch (ParseException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
LOGGER.error("Error connecting to MongoDB", e);
}
}
db.getCollection(CachingConstants.USER_ACCOUNT).updateOne(

View File

@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
<parent>
<groupId>com.iluwatar</groupId>
<artifactId>java-design-patterns</artifactId>
<version>1.24.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<version>1.25.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
<artifactId>callback</artifactId>
<dependencies>

View File

@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
<parent>
<groupId>com.iluwatar</groupId>
<artifactId>java-design-patterns</artifactId>
<version>1.24.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<version>1.25.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
<artifactId>chain</artifactId>
<dependencies>

View File

@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
<parent>
<groupId>com.iluwatar</groupId>
<artifactId>java-design-patterns</artifactId>
<version>1.24.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
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