Set version number for monthly release

Fix #216 Repository vs DAO

CODE_COVERAGE.md

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# Code Coverage Report generation
+
+To generate the code coverage report, execute the following command:
+> mvn clean verify
+
+This will generate code coverage report in each of the modules. In order to view the same, open the following file in your browser.
+> target/site/jacoco/index.html 
+
+Please note that the above folder is created under each of the modules. For example:
+* adapter/target/site/jacoco/index.html 
+* busniess-delegate/target/site/jacoco/index.html 
+
+

abstract-factory/index.md

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ tags:
  - Gang Of Four
 ---
 
+**Also known as:** Kit
+
 **Intent:** Provide an interface for creating families of related or dependent
 objects without specifying their concrete classes.
 

abstract-factory/pom.xml

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
   <parent>
     <groupId>com.iluwatar</groupId>
     <artifactId>java-design-patterns</artifactId>
-    <version>1.7.0</version>
+    <version>1.8.0</version>
   </parent>
   <artifactId>abstract-factory</artifactId>
   <dependencies>

abstract-factory/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/abstractfactory/App.java

@@ -3,80 +3,108 @@ package com.iluwatar.abstractfactory;
 
 /**
  * 
- * The Abstract Factory pattern provides a way to encapsulate a group of individual 
- * factories that have a common theme without specifying their concrete classes. In 
- * normal usage, the client software creates a concrete implementation of the abstract 
- * factory and then uses the generic interface of the factory to create the concrete 
- * objects that are part of the theme. The client does not know (or care) which 
- * concrete objects it gets from each of these internal factories, since it uses only 
- * the generic interfaces of their products. This pattern separates the details of 
- * implementation of a set of objects from their general usage and relies on object 
- * composition, as object creation is implemented in methods exposed in the factory 
- * interface.
+ * The Abstract Factory pattern provides a way to encapsulate a group of individual factories that
+ * have a common theme without specifying their concrete classes. In normal usage, the client
+ * software creates a concrete implementation of the abstract factory and then uses the generic
+ * interface of the factory to create the concrete objects that are part of the theme. The client
+ * does not know (or care) which concrete objects it gets from each of these internal factories,
+ * since it uses only the generic interfaces of their products. This pattern separates the details
+ * of implementation of a set of objects from their general usage and relies on object composition,
+ * as object creation is implemented in methods exposed in the factory interface.
  * <p>
- * The essence of the Abstract Factory pattern is a factory interface
- * ({@link KingdomFactory}) and its implementations ({@link ElfKingdomFactory},
- * {@link OrcKingdomFactory}). The example uses both concrete implementations to 
- * create a king, a castle and an army.
+ * The essence of the Abstract Factory pattern is a factory interface ({@link KingdomFactory}) and
+ * its implementations ({@link ElfKingdomFactory}, {@link OrcKingdomFactory}). The example uses both
+ * concrete implementations to create a king, a castle and an army.
  * 
  */
 public class App {
 
-	private King king;
-	private Castle castle;
-	private Army army;
+  private King king;
+  private Castle castle;
+  private Army army;
 
-	/**
-	 * Creates kingdom
-	 * @param factory
-	 */
-	public void createKingdom(final KingdomFactory factory) {
-		setKing(factory.createKing());
-		setCastle(factory.createCastle());
-		setArmy(factory.createArmy());
-	}
+
+  /**
+   * Creates kingdom
+   * 
+   * @param factory
+   */
+  public void createKingdom(final KingdomFactory factory) {
+    setKing(factory.createKing());
+    setCastle(factory.createCastle());
+    setArmy(factory.createArmy());
+  }
+
+  ElfKingdomFactory getElfKingdomFactory() {
+    return new ElfKingdomFactory();
+  }
+
+  OrcKingdomFactory getOrcKingdomFactory() {
+    return new OrcKingdomFactory();
+  }
+
+  King getKing(final KingdomFactory factory) {
+    return factory.createKing();
+  }
+
+  Castle getCastle(final KingdomFactory factory) {
+    return factory.createCastle();
+  }
+
+  Army getArmy(final KingdomFactory factory) {
+    return factory.createArmy();
+  }
+
+  public King getKing() {
+    return king;
+  }
+
+  private void setKing(final King king) {
+    this.king = king;
+  }
+
+  public Castle getCastle() {
+    return castle;
+  }
+
+  private void setCastle(final Castle castle) {
+    this.castle = castle;
+  }
+
+  public Army getArmy() {
+    return army;
+  }
+
+  private void setArmy(final Army army) {
+    this.army = army;
+  }
+  
+
+  /**
+   * Program entry point
+   * 
+   * @param args command line args
+   */
+  public static void main(String[] args) {
+	  
+	  App app = new App();
+	  
+	  System.out.println("Elf Kingdom");
+	  KingdomFactory elfKingdomFactory;
+	  elfKingdomFactory = app.getElfKingdomFactory();
+	  app.createKingdom(elfKingdomFactory);
+	  System.out.println(app.getArmy().getDescription());
+	  System.out.println(app.getCastle().getDescription());
+	  System.out.println(app.getKing().getDescription());
 	
-	ElfKingdomFactory getElfKingdomFactory() {
-		return new ElfKingdomFactory();
-	}
-	
-	OrcKingdomFactory getOrcKingdomFactory() {
-		return new OrcKingdomFactory();
-	}
-	
-	King getKing(final KingdomFactory factory) {
-		return factory.createKing();
-	}
-	
-	Castle getCastle(final KingdomFactory factory) {
-		return factory.createCastle();
-	}
-	
-	Army getArmy(final KingdomFactory factory) {
-		return factory.createArmy();
-	}
-	
-	public King getKing() {
-		return king;
-	}
-	
-	private void setKing(final King king) {
-		this.king = king;
-	}
-	
-	public Castle getCastle() {
-		return castle;
-	}
-	
-	private void setCastle(final Castle castle) {
-		this.castle = castle;
-	}
-	
-	public Army getArmy() {
-		return army;
-	}
-	
-	private void setArmy(final Army army) {
-		this.army = army;
-	}
+	  System.out.println("\nOrc Kingdom");
+	  KingdomFactory orcKingdomFactory;
+	  orcKingdomFactory = app.getOrcKingdomFactory();
+	  app.createKingdom(orcKingdomFactory);
+	  System.out.println(app.getArmy().getDescription());
+	  System.out.println(app.getCastle().getDescription());
+	  System.out.println(app.getKing().getDescription());
+	  
+  }
+  
 }

abstract-factory/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/abstractfactory/Army.java

@@ -7,5 +7,5 @@ package com.iluwatar.abstractfactory;
  */
 public interface Army {
 
-	String getDescription();
+  String getDescription();
 }

abstract-factory/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/abstractfactory/Castle.java

@@ -7,5 +7,5 @@ package com.iluwatar.abstractfactory;
  */
 public interface Castle {
 
-	String getDescription();
+  String getDescription();
 }

abstract-factory/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/abstractfactory/ElfArmy.java

@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ package com.iluwatar.abstractfactory;
  */
 public class ElfArmy implements Army {
 
-	static final String DESCRIPTION = "This is the Elven Army!";
+  static final String DESCRIPTION = "This is the Elven Army!";
 
-	@Override
-	public String getDescription() {
-		return DESCRIPTION;
-	}
+  @Override
+  public String getDescription() {
+    return DESCRIPTION;
+  }
 }

abstract-factory/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/abstractfactory/ElfCastle.java

@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ package com.iluwatar.abstractfactory;
  */
 public class ElfCastle implements Castle {
 
-	static final String DESCRIPTION = "This is the Elven castle!";
+  static final String DESCRIPTION = "This is the Elven castle!";
 
-	@Override
-	public String getDescription() {
-		return DESCRIPTION;
-	}
+  @Override
+  public String getDescription() {
+    return DESCRIPTION;
+  }
 }

abstract-factory/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/abstractfactory/ElfKing.java

@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ package com.iluwatar.abstractfactory;
  */
 public class ElfKing implements King {
 
-	static final String DESCRIPTION = "This is the Elven king!";
-	
-	@Override
-	public String getDescription() {
-		return DESCRIPTION;
-	}
+  static final String DESCRIPTION = "This is the Elven king!";
+
+  @Override
+  public String getDescription() {
+    return DESCRIPTION;
+  }
 }

abstract-factory/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/abstractfactory/ElfKingdomFactory.java

@@ -7,16 +7,16 @@ package com.iluwatar.abstractfactory;
  */
 public class ElfKingdomFactory implements KingdomFactory {
 
-	public Castle createCastle() {
-		return new ElfCastle();
-	}
+  public Castle createCastle() {
+    return new ElfCastle();
+  }
 
-	public King createKing() {
-		return new ElfKing();
-	}
+  public King createKing() {
+    return new ElfKing();
+  }
 
-	public Army createArmy() {
-		return new ElfArmy();
-	}
+  public Army createArmy() {
+    return new ElfArmy();
+  }
 
 }

abstract-factory/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/abstractfactory/King.java

@@ -7,5 +7,5 @@ package com.iluwatar.abstractfactory;
  */
 public interface King {
 
-	String getDescription();
+  String getDescription();
 }

abstract-factory/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/abstractfactory/KingdomFactory.java

@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ package com.iluwatar.abstractfactory;
  */
 public interface KingdomFactory {
 
-	Castle createCastle();
+  Castle createCastle();
 
-	King createKing();
+  King createKing();
 
-	Army createArmy();
+  Army createArmy();
 
 }

abstract-factory/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/abstractfactory/OrcArmy.java

@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ package com.iluwatar.abstractfactory;
  */
 public class OrcArmy implements Army {
 
-	static final String DESCRIPTION = "This is the Orc Army!";
+  static final String DESCRIPTION = "This is the Orc Army!";
 
-	@Override
-	public String getDescription() {
-		return DESCRIPTION;
-	}
+  @Override
+  public String getDescription() {
+    return DESCRIPTION;
+  }
 }

abstract-factory/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/abstractfactory/OrcCastle.java

@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ package com.iluwatar.abstractfactory;
  */
 public class OrcCastle implements Castle {
 
-	static final String DESCRIPTION = "This is the Orc castle!";
+  static final String DESCRIPTION = "This is the Orc castle!";
 
-	@Override
-	public String getDescription() {
-		return DESCRIPTION;
-	}
+  @Override
+  public String getDescription() {
+    return DESCRIPTION;
+  }
 }

abstract-factory/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/abstractfactory/OrcKing.java

@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ package com.iluwatar.abstractfactory;
  */
 public class OrcKing implements King {
 
-static final String DESCRIPTION = "This is the Orc king!";
-	
-	@Override
-	public String getDescription() {
-		return DESCRIPTION;
-	}
+  static final String DESCRIPTION = "This is the Orc king!";
+
+  @Override
+  public String getDescription() {
+    return DESCRIPTION;
+  }
 }

abstract-factory/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/abstractfactory/OrcKingdomFactory.java

@@ -7,16 +7,15 @@ package com.iluwatar.abstractfactory;
  */
 public class OrcKingdomFactory implements KingdomFactory {
 
-	public Castle createCastle() {
-		return new OrcCastle();
-	}
+  public Castle createCastle() {
+    return new OrcCastle();
+  }
 
-	public King createKing() {
-		return new OrcKing();
-	}
-
-	public Army createArmy() {
-		return new OrcArmy();
-	}
+  public King createKing() {
+    return new OrcKing();
+  }
 
+  public Army createArmy() {
+    return new OrcArmy();
+  }
 }

abstract-factory/src/test/java/com/iluwatar/abstractfactory/AppTest.java

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 package com.iluwatar.abstractfactory;
+
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 
@@ -7,71 +8,71 @@ import org.junit.Test;
 
 public class AppTest {
 
-	private App app = new App();
-	private KingdomFactory elfFactory;
-	private KingdomFactory orcFactory;
-	
-	@Before
-	public void setUp() {
-		elfFactory = app.getElfKingdomFactory();
-		orcFactory = app.getOrcKingdomFactory();
-	}
-	
-	@Test
-	public void king() {
-		final King elfKing = app.getKing(elfFactory);
-		assertTrue(elfKing instanceof ElfKing);
-		assertEquals(ElfKing.DESCRIPTION, elfKing.getDescription());
-		final King orcKing = app.getKing(orcFactory);
-		assertTrue(orcKing instanceof OrcKing);
-		assertEquals(OrcKing.DESCRIPTION, orcKing.getDescription());
-	}
-	
-	@Test
-	public void castle() {
-		final Castle elfCastle = app.getCastle(elfFactory);
-		assertTrue(elfCastle instanceof ElfCastle);
-		assertEquals(ElfCastle.DESCRIPTION, elfCastle.getDescription());
-		final Castle orcCastle = app.getCastle(orcFactory);
-		assertTrue(orcCastle instanceof OrcCastle);
-		assertEquals(OrcCastle.DESCRIPTION, orcCastle.getDescription());
-	}
-	
-	@Test
-	public void army() {
-		final Army elfArmy = app.getArmy(elfFactory);
-		assertTrue(elfArmy instanceof ElfArmy);
-		assertEquals(ElfArmy.DESCRIPTION, elfArmy.getDescription());
-		final Army orcArmy = app.getArmy(orcFactory);
-		assertTrue(orcArmy instanceof OrcArmy);
-		assertEquals(OrcArmy.DESCRIPTION, orcArmy.getDescription());
-	}
-	
-	@Test
-	public void createElfKingdom() {
-		app.createKingdom(elfFactory);
-		final King king = app.getKing();
-		final Castle castle = app.getCastle();
-		final Army army = app.getArmy();
-		assertTrue(king instanceof ElfKing);
-		assertEquals(ElfKing.DESCRIPTION, king.getDescription());
-		assertTrue(castle instanceof ElfCastle);
-		assertEquals(ElfCastle.DESCRIPTION, castle.getDescription());
-		assertTrue(army instanceof ElfArmy);
-		assertEquals(ElfArmy.DESCRIPTION, army.getDescription());
-	}
-	
-	@Test
-	public void createOrcKingdom() {
-		app.createKingdom(orcFactory);
-		final King king = app.getKing();
-		final Castle castle = app.getCastle();
-		final Army army = app.getArmy();
-		assertTrue(king instanceof OrcKing);
-		assertEquals(OrcKing.DESCRIPTION, king.getDescription());
-		assertTrue(castle instanceof OrcCastle);
-		assertEquals(OrcCastle.DESCRIPTION, castle.getDescription());
-		assertTrue(army instanceof OrcArmy);
-		assertEquals(OrcArmy.DESCRIPTION, army.getDescription());
-	}
+  private App app = new App();
+  private KingdomFactory elfFactory;
+  private KingdomFactory orcFactory;
+
+  @Before
+  public void setUp() {
+    elfFactory = app.getElfKingdomFactory();
+    orcFactory = app.getOrcKingdomFactory();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void king() {
+    final King elfKing = app.getKing(elfFactory);
+    assertTrue(elfKing instanceof ElfKing);
+    assertEquals(ElfKing.DESCRIPTION, elfKing.getDescription());
+    final King orcKing = app.getKing(orcFactory);
+    assertTrue(orcKing instanceof OrcKing);
+    assertEquals(OrcKing.DESCRIPTION, orcKing.getDescription());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void castle() {
+    final Castle elfCastle = app.getCastle(elfFactory);
+    assertTrue(elfCastle instanceof ElfCastle);
+    assertEquals(ElfCastle.DESCRIPTION, elfCastle.getDescription());
+    final Castle orcCastle = app.getCastle(orcFactory);
+    assertTrue(orcCastle instanceof OrcCastle);
+    assertEquals(OrcCastle.DESCRIPTION, orcCastle.getDescription());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void army() {
+    final Army elfArmy = app.getArmy(elfFactory);
+    assertTrue(elfArmy instanceof ElfArmy);
+    assertEquals(ElfArmy.DESCRIPTION, elfArmy.getDescription());
+    final Army orcArmy = app.getArmy(orcFactory);
+    assertTrue(orcArmy instanceof OrcArmy);
+    assertEquals(OrcArmy.DESCRIPTION, orcArmy.getDescription());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void createElfKingdom() {
+    app.createKingdom(elfFactory);
+    final King king = app.getKing();
+    final Castle castle = app.getCastle();
+    final Army army = app.getArmy();
+    assertTrue(king instanceof ElfKing);
+    assertEquals(ElfKing.DESCRIPTION, king.getDescription());
+    assertTrue(castle instanceof ElfCastle);
+    assertEquals(ElfCastle.DESCRIPTION, castle.getDescription());
+    assertTrue(army instanceof ElfArmy);
+    assertEquals(ElfArmy.DESCRIPTION, army.getDescription());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void createOrcKingdom() {
+    app.createKingdom(orcFactory);
+    final King king = app.getKing();
+    final Castle castle = app.getCastle();
+    final Army army = app.getArmy();
+    assertTrue(king instanceof OrcKing);
+    assertEquals(OrcKing.DESCRIPTION, king.getDescription());
+    assertTrue(castle instanceof OrcCastle);
+    assertEquals(OrcCastle.DESCRIPTION, castle.getDescription());
+    assertTrue(army instanceof OrcArmy);
+    assertEquals(OrcArmy.DESCRIPTION, army.getDescription());
+  }
 }

adapter/index.md

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ tags:
  - Gang Of Four
 ---
 
+**Also known as:** Wrapper
+
 **Intent:** Convert the interface of a class into another interface the clients
 expect. Adapter lets classes work together that couldn't otherwise because of
 incompatible interfaces.

adapter/pom.xml

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
   <parent>
     <groupId>com.iluwatar</groupId>
     <artifactId>java-design-patterns</artifactId>
-    <version>1.7.0</version>
+    <version>1.8.0</version>
   </parent>
   <artifactId>adapter</artifactId>
   <dependencies>
@@ -14,5 +14,10 @@
       <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
       <scope>test</scope>
     </dependency>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.mockito</groupId>
+      <artifactId>mockito-core</artifactId>
+      <scope>test</scope>
+    </dependency>
   </dependencies>
 </project>

adapter/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/adapter/App.java

@@ -1,31 +1,28 @@
 package com.iluwatar.adapter;
 
 /**
- *
- * An adapter helps two incompatible interfaces to work together. This is the real 
- * world definition for an adapter. Interfaces may be incompatible but the inner 
- * functionality should suit the need. The Adapter design pattern allows otherwise 
- * incompatible classes to work together by converting the interface of one class 
- * into an interface expected by the clients.
- * <p>
- * There are two variations of the Adapter pattern: The class adapter implements
- * the adaptee's interface whereas the object adapter uses composition to
- * contain the adaptee in the adapter object. This example uses the object
- * adapter approach.
- * <p>
- * The Adapter ({@link GnomeEngineer}) converts the interface of the target class
- * ({@link GoblinGlider}) into a suitable one expected by the client
- * ({@link GnomeEngineeringManager}).
+ * An adapter helps two incompatible interfaces to work together. This is the real world definition
+ * for an adapter. Interfaces may be incompatible but the inner functionality should suit the need.
+ * The Adapter design pattern allows otherwise incompatible classes to work together by converting
+ * the interface of one class into an interface expected by the clients.
  * 
+ * <p>There are two variations of the Adapter pattern: The class adapter implements the adaptee's
+ * interface whereas the object adapter uses composition to contain the adaptee in the adapter
+ * object. This example uses the object adapter approach.
+ * 
+ * <p>The Adapter ({@link GnomeEngineer}) converts the interface of the target class (
+ * {@link GoblinGlider}) into a suitable one expected by the client ({@link GnomeEngineeringManager}
+ * ).
  */
 public class App {
 
-	/**
-	 * Program entry point
-	 * @param args command line args
-	 */
-	public static void main(String[] args) {
-		Engineer manager = new GnomeEngineeringManager();
-		manager.operateDevice();
-	}
+  /**
+   * Program entry point.
+   *
+   * @param args command line args
+   */
+  public static void main(String[] args) {
+    Engineer manager = new GnomeEngineeringManager(new GnomeEngineer());
+    manager.operateDevice();
+  }
 }

adapter/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/adapter/Engineer.java

@@ -7,6 +7,5 @@ package com.iluwatar.adapter;
  */
 public interface Engineer {
 
-	void operateDevice();
-
+  void operateDevice();
 }

adapter/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/adapter/GnomeEngineer.java

@@ -2,23 +2,22 @@ package com.iluwatar.adapter;
 
 /**
  * 
- * Adapter class. Adapts the interface of the device ({@link GoblinGlider}) into
- * {@link Engineer} interface expected by the client ({@link GnomeEngineeringManager}).
+ * Adapter class. Adapts the interface of the device ({@link GoblinGlider}) into {@link Engineer}
+ * interface expected by the client ({@link GnomeEngineeringManager}).
  * 
  */
 public class GnomeEngineer implements Engineer {
 
-	private GoblinGlider glider;
+  private GoblinGlider glider;
 
-	public GnomeEngineer() {
-		glider = new GoblinGlider();
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void operateDevice() {
-		glider.attachGlider();
-		glider.gainSpeed();
-		glider.takeOff();
-	}
+  public GnomeEngineer() {
+    glider = new GoblinGlider();
+  }
 
+  @Override
+  public void operateDevice() {
+    glider.attachGlider();
+    glider.gainSpeed();
+    glider.takeOff();
+  }
 }

adapter/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/adapter/GnomeEngineeringManager.java

@@ -1,20 +1,26 @@
 package com.iluwatar.adapter;
 
 /**
- * 
  * GnomeEngineering manager uses {@link Engineer} to operate devices.
- * 
  */
 public class GnomeEngineeringManager implements Engineer {
 
-	private Engineer engineer;
+  private Engineer engineer;
 
-	public GnomeEngineeringManager() {
-		engineer = new GnomeEngineer();
-	}
+  public GnomeEngineeringManager() {
 
-	@Override
-	public void operateDevice() {
-		engineer.operateDevice();
-	}
+  }
+
+  public GnomeEngineeringManager(Engineer engineer) {
+    this.engineer = engineer;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void operateDevice() {
+    engineer.operateDevice();
+  }
+
+  public void setEngineer(Engineer engineer) {
+    this.engineer = engineer;
+  }
 }

adapter/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/adapter/GoblinGlider.java

@@ -7,15 +7,15 @@ package com.iluwatar.adapter;
  */
 public class GoblinGlider {
 
-	public void attachGlider() {
-		System.out.println("Glider attached.");
-	}
+  public void attachGlider() {
+    System.out.println("Glider attached.");
+  }
 
-	public void gainSpeed() {
-		System.out.println("Gaining speed.");
-	}
+  public void gainSpeed() {
+    System.out.println("Gaining speed.");
+  }
 
-	public void takeOff() {
-		System.out.println("Lift-off!");
-	}
+  public void takeOff() {
+    System.out.println("Lift-off!");
+  }
 }

adapter/src/test/java/com/iluwatar/adapter/AdapterPatternTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+package com.iluwatar.adapter;
+
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * An adapter helps two incompatible interfaces to work together. This is the real world definition
+ * for an adapter. Interfaces may be incompatible but the inner functionality should suit the need.
+ * The Adapter design pattern allows otherwise incompatible classes to work together by converting
+ * the interface of one class into an interface expected by the clients.
+ * 
+ * <p>There are two variations of the Adapter pattern: 
+ * The class adapter implements the adaptee's
+ * interface whereas the object adapter uses composition to contain the adaptee in the adapter
+ * object. This example uses the object adapter approach.
+ * 
+ * <p>The Adapter ({@link GnomeEngineer}) converts the interface 
+ * of the target class ({@link GoblinGlider}) into a suitable one expected by 
+ * the client ({@link GnomeEngineeringManager}
+ * ).
+ */
+public class AdapterPatternTest {
+
+  private Map<String, Object> beans;
+
+  private static final String ENGINEER_BEAN = "engineer";
+
+  private static final String MANAGER_BEAN = "manager";
+
+  /**
+   * This method runs before the test execution and sets the bean objects in the beans Map.
+   */
+  @Before
+  public void setup() {
+    beans = new HashMap<>();
+
+    GnomeEngineer gnomeEngineer = spy(new GnomeEngineer());
+    beans.put(ENGINEER_BEAN, gnomeEngineer);
+
+    GnomeEngineeringManager manager = new GnomeEngineeringManager();
+    manager.setEngineer((GnomeEngineer) beans.get(ENGINEER_BEAN));
+    beans.put(MANAGER_BEAN, manager);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This test asserts that when we call operateDevice() method on a manager bean, it is internally
+   * calling operateDevice method on the engineer object. The Adapter ({@link GnomeEngineer})
+   * converts the interface of the target class ( {@link GoblinGlider}) into a suitable one expected
+   * by the client ({@link GnomeEngineeringManager} ).
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testAdapter() {
+    Engineer manager = (Engineer) beans.get(MANAGER_BEAN);
+
+    // when manager is asked to operate device
+    manager.operateDevice();
+
+    // Manager internally calls the engineer object to operateDevice
+    Engineer engineer = (Engineer) beans.get(ENGINEER_BEAN);
+    verify(engineer).operateDevice();
+  }
+}

adapter/src/test/java/com/iluwatar/adapter/AppTest.java

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-package com.iluwatar.adapter;
-
-import org.junit.Test;
-
-import com.iluwatar.adapter.App;
-
-/**
- * 
- * Application test
- *
- */
-public class AppTest {
-
-	@Test
-	public void test() {
-		String[] args = {};
-		App.main(args);
-	}
-}

async-method-invocation/pom.xml

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
   <parent>
     <groupId>com.iluwatar</groupId>
     <artifactId>java-design-patterns</artifactId>
-    <version>1.7.0</version>
+    <version>1.8.0</version>
   </parent>
   <artifactId>async-method-invocation</artifactId>
   <dependencies>

async-method-invocation/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/async/method/invocation/App.java

@@ -4,23 +4,24 @@ import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
 
 /**
  * This application demonstrates the async method invocation pattern. Key parts of the pattern are
- * <code>AsyncResult</code> which is an intermediate container for an asynchronously evaluated value,
- * <code>AsyncCallback</code> which can be provided to be executed on task completion and
+ * <code>AsyncResult</code> which is an intermediate container for an asynchronously evaluated
+ * value, <code>AsyncCallback</code> which can be provided to be executed on task completion and
  * <code>AsyncExecutor</code> that manages the execution of the async tasks.
  * <p>
- * The main method shows example flow of async invocations. The main thread starts multiple tasks with
- * variable durations and then continues its own work. When the main thread has done it's job it collects
- * the results of the async tasks. Two of the tasks are handled with callbacks, meaning the callbacks are
- * executed immediately when the tasks complete.
+ * The main method shows example flow of async invocations. The main thread starts multiple tasks
+ * with variable durations and then continues its own work. When the main thread has done it's job
+ * it collects the results of the async tasks. Two of the tasks are handled with callbacks, meaning
+ * the callbacks are executed immediately when the tasks complete.
  * <p>
- * Noteworthy difference of thread usage between the async results and callbacks is that the async results
- * are collected in the main thread but the callbacks are executed within the worker threads. This should be
- * noted when working with thread pools.
+ * Noteworthy difference of thread usage between the async results and callbacks is that the async
+ * results are collected in the main thread but the callbacks are executed within the worker
+ * threads. This should be noted when working with thread pools.
  * <p>
- * Java provides its own implementations of async method invocation pattern. FutureTask, CompletableFuture
- * and ExecutorService are the real world implementations of this pattern. But due to the nature of parallel
- * programming, the implementations are not trivial. This example does not take all possible scenarios into
- * account but rather provides a simple version that helps to understand the pattern.
+ * Java provides its own implementations of async method invocation pattern. FutureTask,
+ * CompletableFuture and ExecutorService are the real world implementations of this pattern. But due
+ * to the nature of parallel programming, the implementations are not trivial. This example does not
+ * take all possible scenarios into account but rather provides a simple version that helps to
+ * understand the pattern.
  *
  * @see AsyncResult
  * @see AsyncCallback
@@ -32,66 +33,68 @@ import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
  */
 public class App {
 
-	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
-		// construct a new executor that will run async tasks
-		AsyncExecutor executor = new ThreadAsyncExecutor();
+  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+    // construct a new executor that will run async tasks
+    AsyncExecutor executor = new ThreadAsyncExecutor();
 
-		// start few async tasks with varying processing times, two last with callback handlers
-		AsyncResult<Integer> asyncResult1 = executor.startProcess(lazyval(10, 500));
-		AsyncResult<String> asyncResult2 = executor.startProcess(lazyval("test", 300));
-		AsyncResult<Long> asyncResult3 = executor.startProcess(lazyval(50L, 700));
-		AsyncResult<Integer> asyncResult4 = executor.startProcess(lazyval(20, 400), callback("Callback result 4"));
-		AsyncResult<String> asyncResult5 = executor.startProcess(lazyval("callback", 600), callback("Callback result 5"));
+    // start few async tasks with varying processing times, two last with callback handlers
+    AsyncResult<Integer> asyncResult1 = executor.startProcess(lazyval(10, 500));
+    AsyncResult<String> asyncResult2 = executor.startProcess(lazyval("test", 300));
+    AsyncResult<Long> asyncResult3 = executor.startProcess(lazyval(50L, 700));
+    AsyncResult<Integer> asyncResult4 =
+        executor.startProcess(lazyval(20, 400), callback("Callback result 4"));
+    AsyncResult<String> asyncResult5 =
+        executor.startProcess(lazyval("callback", 600), callback("Callback result 5"));
 
-		// emulate processing in the current thread while async tasks are running in their own threads
-		Thread.sleep(350); // Oh boy I'm working hard here
-		log("Some hard work done");
+    // emulate processing in the current thread while async tasks are running in their own threads
+    Thread.sleep(350); // Oh boy I'm working hard here
+    log("Some hard work done");
 
-		// wait for completion of the tasks
-		Integer result1 = executor.endProcess(asyncResult1);
-		String result2 = executor.endProcess(asyncResult2);
-		Long result3 = executor.endProcess(asyncResult3);
-		asyncResult4.await();
-		asyncResult5.await();
+    // wait for completion of the tasks
+    Integer result1 = executor.endProcess(asyncResult1);
+    String result2 = executor.endProcess(asyncResult2);
+    Long result3 = executor.endProcess(asyncResult3);
+    asyncResult4.await();
+    asyncResult5.await();
 
-		// log the results of the tasks, callbacks log immediately when complete
-		log("Result 1: " + result1);
-		log("Result 2: " + result2);
-		log("Result 3: " + result3);
-	}
+    // log the results of the tasks, callbacks log immediately when complete
+    log("Result 1: " + result1);
+    log("Result 2: " + result2);
+    log("Result 3: " + result3);
+  }
 
-	/**
-	 * Creates a callable that lazily evaluates to given value with artificial delay.
-	 *
-	 * @param value value to evaluate
-	 * @param delayMillis artificial delay in milliseconds
-	 * @return new callable for lazy evaluation
-	 */
-	private static <T> Callable<T> lazyval(T value, long delayMillis) {
-		return () -> {
-			Thread.sleep(delayMillis);
-			log("Task completed with: " + value);
-			return value;
-		};
-	}
+  /**
+   * Creates a callable that lazily evaluates to given value with artificial delay.
+   *
+   * @param value value to evaluate
+   * @param delayMillis artificial delay in milliseconds
+   * @return new callable for lazy evaluation
+   */
+  private static <T> Callable<T> lazyval(T value, long delayMillis) {
+    return () -> {
+      Thread.sleep(delayMillis);
+      log("Task completed with: " + value);
+      return value;
+    };
+  }
 
-	/**
-	 * Creates a simple callback that logs the complete status of the async result.
-	 *
-	 * @param name callback name
-	 * @return new async callback
-	 */
-	private static <T> AsyncCallback<T> callback(String name) {
-		return (value, ex) -> {
-			if (ex.isPresent()) {
-				log(name + " failed: " + ex.map(Exception::getMessage).orElse(""));
-			} else {
-				log(name + ": " + value);
-			}
-		};
-	}
+  /**
+   * Creates a simple callback that logs the complete status of the async result.
+   *
+   * @param name callback name
+   * @return new async callback
+   */
+  private static <T> AsyncCallback<T> callback(String name) {
+    return (value, ex) -> {
+      if (ex.isPresent()) {
+        log(name + " failed: " + ex.map(Exception::getMessage).orElse(""));
+      } else {
+        log(name + ": " + value);
+      }
+    };
+  }
 
-	private static void log(String msg) {
-		System.out.println(String.format("[%1$-10s] - %2$s", Thread.currentThread().getName(), msg));
-	}
+  private static void log(String msg) {
+    System.out.println(String.format("[%1$-10s] - %2$s", Thread.currentThread().getName(), msg));
+  }
 }

async-method-invocation/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/async/method/invocation/AsyncCallback.java

@@ -11,12 +11,11 @@ import java.util.Optional;
  */
 public interface AsyncCallback<T> {
 
-	/**
-	 * Complete handler which is executed when async task is completed or fails execution.
-	 *
-	 * @param value the evaluated value from async task, undefined when execution fails
-	 * @param ex empty value if execution succeeds, some exception if executions fails
-	 */
-	void onComplete(T value, Optional<Exception> ex);
-
+  /**
+   * Complete handler which is executed when async task is completed or fails execution.
+   *
+   * @param value the evaluated value from async task, undefined when execution fails
+   * @param ex empty value if execution succeeds, some exception if executions fails
+   */
+  void onComplete(T value, Optional<Exception> ex);
 }

async-method-invocation/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/async/method/invocation/AsyncExecutor.java

@@ -10,33 +10,32 @@ import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
  */
 public interface AsyncExecutor {
 
-	/**
-	 * Starts processing of an async task. Returns immediately with async result.
-	 *
-	 * @param task task to be executed asynchronously
-	 * @return async result for the task
-	 */
-	<T> AsyncResult<T> startProcess(Callable<T> task);
+  /**
+   * Starts processing of an async task. Returns immediately with async result.
+   *
+   * @param task task to be executed asynchronously
+   * @return async result for the task
+   */
+  <T> AsyncResult<T> startProcess(Callable<T> task);
 
-	/**
-	 * Starts processing of an async task. Returns immediately with async result. Executes callback
-	 * when the task is completed.
-	 *
-	 * @param task task to be executed asynchronously
-	 * @param callback callback to be executed on task completion
-	 * @return async result for the task
-	 */
-	<T> AsyncResult<T> startProcess(Callable<T> task, AsyncCallback<T> callback);
-
-	/**
-	 * Ends processing of an async task. Blocks the current thread if necessary and returns the
-	 * evaluated value of the completed task.
-	 *
-	 * @param asyncResult async result of a task
-	 * @return evaluated value of the completed task
-	 * @throws ExecutionException if execution has failed, containing the root cause
-	 * @throws InterruptedException if the execution is interrupted
-	 */
-	<T> T endProcess(AsyncResult<T> asyncResult) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException;
+  /**
+   * Starts processing of an async task. Returns immediately with async result. Executes callback
+   * when the task is completed.
+   *
+   * @param task task to be executed asynchronously
+   * @param callback callback to be executed on task completion
+   * @return async result for the task
+   */
+  <T> AsyncResult<T> startProcess(Callable<T> task, AsyncCallback<T> callback);
 
+  /**
+   * Ends processing of an async task. Blocks the current thread if necessary and returns the
+   * evaluated value of the completed task.
+   *
+   * @param asyncResult async result of a task
+   * @return evaluated value of the completed task
+   * @throws ExecutionException if execution has failed, containing the root cause
+   * @throws InterruptedException if the execution is interrupted
+   */
+  <T> T endProcess(AsyncResult<T> asyncResult) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException;
 }

async-method-invocation/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/async/method/invocation/AsyncResult.java

@@ -10,26 +10,26 @@ import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
  */
 public interface AsyncResult<T> {
 
-	/**
-	 * Status of the async task execution.
-	 *
-	 * @return <code>true</code> if execution is completed or failed
-	 */
-	boolean isCompleted();
+  /**
+   * Status of the async task execution.
+   *
+   * @return <code>true</code> if execution is completed or failed
+   */
+  boolean isCompleted();
 
-	/**
-	 * Gets the value of completed async task.
-	 *
-	 * @return evaluated value or throws ExecutionException if execution has failed
-	 * @throws ExecutionException if execution has failed, containing the root cause
-	 * @throws IllegalStateException if execution is not completed
-	 */
-	T getValue() throws ExecutionException;
+  /**
+   * Gets the value of completed async task.
+   *
+   * @return evaluated value or throws ExecutionException if execution has failed
+   * @throws ExecutionException if execution has failed, containing the root cause
+   * @throws IllegalStateException if execution is not completed
+   */
+  T getValue() throws ExecutionException;
 
-	/**
-	 * Blocks the current thread until the async task is completed.
-	 *
-	 * @throws InterruptedException if the execution is interrupted
-	 */
-	void await() throws InterruptedException;
+  /**
+   * Blocks the current thread until the async task is completed.
+   *
+   * @throws InterruptedException if the execution is interrupted
+   */
+  void await() throws InterruptedException;
 }

async-method-invocation/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/async/method/invocation/ThreadAsyncExecutor.java

@@ -12,116 +12,117 @@ import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
  */
 public class ThreadAsyncExecutor implements AsyncExecutor {
 
-	/** Index for thread naming */
-	private final AtomicInteger idx = new AtomicInteger(0);
+  /** Index for thread naming */
+  private final AtomicInteger idx = new AtomicInteger(0);
 
-	@Override
-	public <T> AsyncResult<T> startProcess(Callable<T> task) {
-		return startProcess(task, null);
-	}
+  @Override
+  public <T> AsyncResult<T> startProcess(Callable<T> task) {
+    return startProcess(task, null);
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public <T> AsyncResult<T> startProcess(Callable<T> task, AsyncCallback<T> callback) {
-		CompletableResult<T> result = new CompletableResult<>(callback);
-		new Thread(() -> {
-			try {
-				result.setValue(task.call());
-			} catch (Exception ex) {
-				result.setException(ex);
-			}
-		}, "executor-" + idx.incrementAndGet()).start();
-		return result;
-	}
+  @Override
+  public <T> AsyncResult<T> startProcess(Callable<T> task, AsyncCallback<T> callback) {
+    CompletableResult<T> result = new CompletableResult<>(callback);
+    new Thread(() -> {
+      try {
+        result.setValue(task.call());
+      } catch (Exception ex) {
+        result.setException(ex);
+      }
+    }, "executor-" + idx.incrementAndGet()).start();
+    return result;
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public <T> T endProcess(AsyncResult<T> asyncResult) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
-		if (asyncResult.isCompleted()) {
-			return asyncResult.getValue();
-		} else {
-			asyncResult.await();
-			return asyncResult.getValue();
-		}
-	}
+  @Override
+  public <T> T endProcess(AsyncResult<T> asyncResult) throws ExecutionException,
+      InterruptedException {
+    if (asyncResult.isCompleted()) {
+      return asyncResult.getValue();
+    } else {
+      asyncResult.await();
+      return asyncResult.getValue();
+    }
+  }
 
-	/**
-	 * Simple implementation of async result that allows completing it successfully with a value
-	 * or exceptionally with an exception. A really simplified version from its real life cousins
-	 * FutureTask and CompletableFuture.
-	 *
-	 * @see java.util.concurrent.FutureTask
-	 * @see java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture
-	 */
-	private static class CompletableResult<T> implements AsyncResult<T> {
+  /**
+   * Simple implementation of async result that allows completing it successfully with a value or
+   * exceptionally with an exception. A really simplified version from its real life cousins
+   * FutureTask and CompletableFuture.
+   *
+   * @see java.util.concurrent.FutureTask
+   * @see java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture
+   */
+  private static class CompletableResult<T> implements AsyncResult<T> {
 
-		static final int RUNNING = 1;
-		static final int FAILED = 2;
-		static final int COMPLETED = 3;
+    static final int RUNNING = 1;
+    static final int FAILED = 2;
+    static final int COMPLETED = 3;
 
-		final Object lock;
-		final Optional<AsyncCallback<T>> callback;
+    final Object lock;
+    final Optional<AsyncCallback<T>> callback;
 
-		volatile int state = RUNNING;
-		T value;
-		Exception exception;
+    volatile int state = RUNNING;
+    T value;
+    Exception exception;
 
-		CompletableResult(AsyncCallback<T> callback) {
-			this.lock = new Object();
-			this.callback = Optional.ofNullable(callback);
-		}
+    CompletableResult(AsyncCallback<T> callback) {
+      this.lock = new Object();
+      this.callback = Optional.ofNullable(callback);
+    }
 
-		/**
-		 * Sets the value from successful execution and executes callback if available. Notifies
-		 * any thread waiting for completion.
-		 *
-		 * @param value value of the evaluated task
-		 */
-		void setValue(T value) {
-			this.value = value;
-			this.state = COMPLETED;
-			this.callback.ifPresent(ac -> ac.onComplete(value, Optional.<Exception>empty()));
-			synchronized (lock) {
-				lock.notifyAll();
-			}
-		}
+    /**
+     * Sets the value from successful execution and executes callback if available. Notifies any
+     * thread waiting for completion.
+     *
+     * @param value value of the evaluated task
+     */
+    void setValue(T value) {
+      this.value = value;
+      this.state = COMPLETED;
+      this.callback.ifPresent(ac -> ac.onComplete(value, Optional.<Exception>empty()));
+      synchronized (lock) {
+        lock.notifyAll();
+      }
+    }
 
-		/**
-		 * Sets the exception from failed execution and executes callback if available. Notifies
-		 * any thread waiting for completion.
-		 *
-		 * @param exception exception of the failed task
-		 */
-		void setException(Exception exception) {
-			this.exception = exception;
-			this.state = FAILED;
-			this.callback.ifPresent(ac -> ac.onComplete(null, Optional.of(exception)));
-			synchronized (lock) {
-				lock.notifyAll();
-			}
-		}
+    /**
+     * Sets the exception from failed execution and executes callback if available. Notifies any
+     * thread waiting for completion.
+     *
+     * @param exception exception of the failed task
+     */
+    void setException(Exception exception) {
+      this.exception = exception;
+      this.state = FAILED;
+      this.callback.ifPresent(ac -> ac.onComplete(null, Optional.of(exception)));
+      synchronized (lock) {
+        lock.notifyAll();
+      }
+    }
 
-		@Override
-		public boolean isCompleted() {
-			return (state > RUNNING);
-		}
+    @Override
+    public boolean isCompleted() {
+      return (state > RUNNING);
+    }
 
-		@Override
-		public T getValue() throws ExecutionException {
-			if (state == COMPLETED) {
-				return value;
-			} else if (state == FAILED) {
-				throw new ExecutionException(exception);
-			} else {
-				throw new IllegalStateException("Execution not completed yet");
-			}
-		}
+    @Override
+    public T getValue() throws ExecutionException {
+      if (state == COMPLETED) {
+        return value;
+      } else if (state == FAILED) {
+        throw new ExecutionException(exception);
+      } else {
+        throw new IllegalStateException("Execution not completed yet");
+      }
+    }
 
-		@Override
-		public void await() throws InterruptedException {
-			synchronized (lock) {
-				if (!isCompleted()) {
-					lock.wait();
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
+    @Override
+    public void await() throws InterruptedException {
+      synchronized (lock) {
+        if (!isCompleted()) {
+          lock.wait();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
 }

async-method-invocation/src/test/java/com/iluwatar/async/method/invocation/AppTest.java

@@ -9,10 +9,9 @@ import org.junit.Test;
  */
 public class AppTest {
 
-	@Test
-	public void test() throws Exception {
-		String[] args = {};
-		App.main(args);
-	}
-
+  @Test
+  public void test() throws Exception {
+    String[] args = {};
+    App.main(args);
+  }
 }

bridge/index.md

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ tags:
  - Gang Of Four
 ---
 
+**Also known as:** Handle/Body
+
 **Intent:** Decouple an abstraction from its implementation so that the two can
 vary independently.
 

bridge/pom.xml

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
   <parent>
     <groupId>com.iluwatar</groupId>
     <artifactId>java-design-patterns</artifactId>
-    <version>1.7.0</version>
+    <version>1.8.0</version>
   </parent>
   <artifactId>bridge</artifactId>
   <dependencies>

bridge/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/bridge/App.java

@@ -2,41 +2,38 @@ package com.iluwatar.bridge;
 
 /**
  * 
- * The Bridge pattern can also be thought of as two layers of abstraction. With Bridge, 
- * you can decouple an abstraction from its implementation so that the two can vary independently.
+ * The Bridge pattern can also be thought of as two layers of abstraction. With Bridge, you can
+ * decouple an abstraction from its implementation so that the two can vary independently.
  * <p>
- * In Bridge pattern both abstraction ({@link MagicWeapon}) and implementation
- * ({@link MagicWeaponImpl}) have their own class hierarchies. The interface of the
- * implementations can be changed without affecting the clients.
+ * In Bridge pattern both abstraction ({@link MagicWeapon}) and implementation (
+ * {@link MagicWeaponImpl}) have their own class hierarchies. The interface of the implementations
+ * can be changed without affecting the clients.
  * 
  */
 public class App {
 
-	/**
-	 * Program entry point
-	 * @param args command line args
-	 */
-	public static void main(String[] args) {
-		BlindingMagicWeapon blindingMagicWeapon = new BlindingMagicWeapon(
-				new Excalibur());
-		blindingMagicWeapon.wield();
-		blindingMagicWeapon.blind();
-		blindingMagicWeapon.swing();
-		blindingMagicWeapon.unwield();
+  /**
+   * Program entry point
+   * 
+   * @param args command line args
+   */
+  public static void main(String[] args) {
+    BlindingMagicWeapon blindingMagicWeapon = new BlindingMagicWeapon(new Excalibur());
+    blindingMagicWeapon.wield();
+    blindingMagicWeapon.blind();
+    blindingMagicWeapon.swing();
+    blindingMagicWeapon.unwield();
 
-		FlyingMagicWeapon flyingMagicWeapon = new FlyingMagicWeapon(
-				new Mjollnir());
-		flyingMagicWeapon.wield();
-		flyingMagicWeapon.fly();
-		flyingMagicWeapon.swing();
-		flyingMagicWeapon.unwield();
+    FlyingMagicWeapon flyingMagicWeapon = new FlyingMagicWeapon(new Mjollnir());
+    flyingMagicWeapon.wield();
+    flyingMagicWeapon.fly();
+    flyingMagicWeapon.swing();
+    flyingMagicWeapon.unwield();
 
-		SoulEatingMagicWeapon soulEatingMagicWeapon = new SoulEatingMagicWeapon(
-				new Stormbringer());
-		soulEatingMagicWeapon.wield();
-		soulEatingMagicWeapon.swing();
-		soulEatingMagicWeapon.eatSoul();
-		soulEatingMagicWeapon.unwield();
-
-	}
+    SoulEatingMagicWeapon soulEatingMagicWeapon = new SoulEatingMagicWeapon(new Stormbringer());
+    soulEatingMagicWeapon.wield();
+    soulEatingMagicWeapon.swing();
+    soulEatingMagicWeapon.eatSoul();
+    soulEatingMagicWeapon.unwield();
+  }
 }

bridge/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/bridge/BlindingMagicWeapon.java

@@ -7,32 +7,31 @@ package com.iluwatar.bridge;
  */
 public class BlindingMagicWeapon extends MagicWeapon {
 
-	public BlindingMagicWeapon(BlindingMagicWeaponImpl imp) {
-		super(imp);
-	}
+  public BlindingMagicWeapon(BlindingMagicWeaponImpl imp) {
+    super(imp);
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public BlindingMagicWeaponImpl getImp() {
-		return (BlindingMagicWeaponImpl) imp;
-	}
+  @Override
+  public BlindingMagicWeaponImpl getImp() {
+    return (BlindingMagicWeaponImpl) imp;
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public void wield() {
-		getImp().wieldImp();
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void wield() {
+    getImp().wieldImp();
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public void swing() {
-		getImp().swingImp();
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void swing() {
+    getImp().swingImp();
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public void unwield() {
-		getImp().unwieldImp();
-	}
-
-	public void blind() {
-		getImp().blindImp();
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void unwield() {
+    getImp().unwieldImp();
+  }
 
+  public void blind() {
+    getImp().blindImp();
+  }
 }

bridge/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/bridge/BlindingMagicWeaponImpl.java

@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ package com.iluwatar.bridge;
  */
 public abstract class BlindingMagicWeaponImpl extends MagicWeaponImpl {
 
-	public abstract void blindImp();
+  public abstract void blindImp();
 
 }

bridge/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/bridge/Excalibur.java

@@ -7,25 +7,23 @@ package com.iluwatar.bridge;
  */
 public class Excalibur extends BlindingMagicWeaponImpl {
 
-	@Override
-	public void wieldImp() {
-		System.out.println("wielding Excalibur");
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void wieldImp() {
+    System.out.println("wielding Excalibur");
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public void swingImp() {
-		System.out.println("swinging Excalibur");
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void swingImp() {
+    System.out.println("swinging Excalibur");
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public void unwieldImp() {
-		System.out.println("unwielding Excalibur");
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void blindImp() {
-		System.out
-				.println("bright light streams from Excalibur blinding the enemy");
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void unwieldImp() {
+    System.out.println("unwielding Excalibur");
+  }
 
+  @Override
+  public void blindImp() {
+    System.out.println("bright light streams from Excalibur blinding the enemy");
+  }
 }

bridge/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/bridge/FlyingMagicWeapon.java

@@ -7,31 +7,31 @@ package com.iluwatar.bridge;
  */
 public class FlyingMagicWeapon extends MagicWeapon {
 
-	public FlyingMagicWeapon(FlyingMagicWeaponImpl imp) {
-		super(imp);
-	}
+  public FlyingMagicWeapon(FlyingMagicWeaponImpl imp) {
+    super(imp);
+  }
 
-	public FlyingMagicWeaponImpl getImp() {
-		return (FlyingMagicWeaponImpl) imp;
-	}
+  public FlyingMagicWeaponImpl getImp() {
+    return (FlyingMagicWeaponImpl) imp;
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public void wield() {
-		getImp().wieldImp();
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void wield() {
+    getImp().wieldImp();
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public void swing() {
-		getImp().swingImp();
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void swing() {
+    getImp().swingImp();
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public void unwield() {
-		getImp().unwieldImp();
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void unwield() {
+    getImp().unwieldImp();
+  }
 
-	public void fly() {
-		getImp().flyImp();
-	}
+  public void fly() {
+    getImp().flyImp();
+  }
 
 }

bridge/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/bridge/FlyingMagicWeaponImpl.java

@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ package com.iluwatar.bridge;
  */
 public abstract class FlyingMagicWeaponImpl extends MagicWeaponImpl {
 
-	public abstract void flyImp();
+  public abstract void flyImp();
 
 }

bridge/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/bridge/MagicWeapon.java

@@ -7,20 +7,19 @@ package com.iluwatar.bridge;
  */
 public abstract class MagicWeapon {
 
-	protected MagicWeaponImpl imp;
+  protected MagicWeaponImpl imp;
 
-	public MagicWeapon(MagicWeaponImpl imp) {
-		this.imp = imp;
-	}
+  public MagicWeapon(MagicWeaponImpl imp) {
+    this.imp = imp;
+  }
 
-	public abstract void wield();
+  public abstract void wield();
 
-	public abstract void swing();
+  public abstract void swing();
 
-	public abstract void unwield();
-
-	public MagicWeaponImpl getImp() {
-		return imp;
-	}
+  public abstract void unwield();
 
+  public MagicWeaponImpl getImp() {
+    return imp;
+  }
 }

bridge/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/bridge/MagicWeaponImpl.java

@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ package com.iluwatar.bridge;
  */
 public abstract class MagicWeaponImpl {
 
-	public abstract void wieldImp();
+  public abstract void wieldImp();
 
-	public abstract void swingImp();
+  public abstract void swingImp();
 
-	public abstract void unwieldImp();
+  public abstract void unwieldImp();
 
 }

bridge/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/bridge/Mjollnir.java

@@ -7,25 +7,23 @@ package com.iluwatar.bridge;
  */
 public class Mjollnir extends FlyingMagicWeaponImpl {
 
-	@Override
-	public void wieldImp() {
-		System.out.println("wielding Mjollnir");
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void wieldImp() {
+    System.out.println("wielding Mjollnir");
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public void swingImp() {
-		System.out.println("swinging Mjollnir");
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void swingImp() {
+    System.out.println("swinging Mjollnir");
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public void unwieldImp() {
-		System.out.println("unwielding Mjollnir");
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void flyImp() {
-		System.out
-				.println("Mjollnir hits the enemy in the air and returns back to the owner's hand");
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void unwieldImp() {
+    System.out.println("unwielding Mjollnir");
+  }
 
+  @Override
+  public void flyImp() {
+    System.out.println("Mjollnir hits the enemy in the air and returns back to the owner's hand");
+  }
 }

bridge/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/bridge/SoulEatingMagicWeapon.java

@@ -7,32 +7,32 @@ package com.iluwatar.bridge;
  */
 public class SoulEatingMagicWeapon extends MagicWeapon {
 
-	public SoulEatingMagicWeapon(SoulEatingMagicWeaponImpl imp) {
-		super(imp);
-	}
+  public SoulEatingMagicWeapon(SoulEatingMagicWeaponImpl imp) {
+    super(imp);
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public SoulEatingMagicWeaponImpl getImp() {
-		return (SoulEatingMagicWeaponImpl) imp;
-	}
+  @Override
+  public SoulEatingMagicWeaponImpl getImp() {
+    return (SoulEatingMagicWeaponImpl) imp;
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public void wield() {
-		getImp().wieldImp();
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void wield() {
+    getImp().wieldImp();
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public void swing() {
-		getImp().swingImp();
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void swing() {
+    getImp().swingImp();
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public void unwield() {
-		getImp().unwieldImp();
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void unwield() {
+    getImp().unwieldImp();
+  }
 
-	public void eatSoul() {
-		getImp().eatSoulImp();
-	}
+  public void eatSoul() {
+    getImp().eatSoulImp();
+  }
 
 }

bridge/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/bridge/SoulEatingMagicWeaponImpl.java

@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ package com.iluwatar.bridge;
  */
 public abstract class SoulEatingMagicWeaponImpl extends MagicWeaponImpl {
 
-	public abstract void eatSoulImp();
+  public abstract void eatSoulImp();
 
 }

bridge/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/bridge/Stormbringer.java

@@ -7,24 +7,23 @@ package com.iluwatar.bridge;
  */
 public class Stormbringer extends SoulEatingMagicWeaponImpl {
 
-	@Override
-	public void wieldImp() {
-		System.out.println("wielding Stormbringer");
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void wieldImp() {
+    System.out.println("wielding Stormbringer");
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public void swingImp() {
-		System.out.println("swinging Stormbringer");
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void swingImp() {
+    System.out.println("swinging Stormbringer");
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public void unwieldImp() {
-		System.out.println("unwielding Stormbringer");
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void eatSoulImp() {
-		System.out.println("Stormbringer devours the enemy's soul");
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void unwieldImp() {
+    System.out.println("unwielding Stormbringer");
+  }
 
+  @Override
+  public void eatSoulImp() {
+    System.out.println("Stormbringer devours the enemy's soul");
+  }
 }

bridge/src/test/java/com/iluwatar/bridge/AppTest.java

@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ import com.iluwatar.bridge.App;
  */
 public class AppTest {
 
-	@Test
-	public void test() {
-		String[] args = {};
-		App.main(args);
-	}
+  @Test
+  public void test() {
+    String[] args = {};
+    App.main(args);
+  }
 }

builder/pom.xml

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
   <parent>
     <groupId>com.iluwatar</groupId>
     <artifactId>java-design-patterns</artifactId>
-    <version>1.7.0</version>
+    <version>1.8.0</version>
   </parent>
   <artifactId>builder</artifactId>
   <dependencies>

builder/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/builder/App.java

@@ -1,55 +1,55 @@
 package com.iluwatar.builder;
 
-import com.iluwatar. builder.Hero.HeroBuilder;
+import com.iluwatar.builder.Hero.HeroBuilder;
 
 /**
  * 
- * The intention of the Builder pattern is to find a solution to the telescoping 
- * constructor anti-pattern. The telescoping constructor anti-pattern occurs when the 
- * increase of object constructor parameter combination leads to an exponential list 
- * of constructors. Instead of using numerous constructors, the builder pattern uses 
- * another object, a builder, that receives each initialization parameter step by step 
- * and then returns the resulting constructed object at once.
+ * The intention of the Builder pattern is to find a solution to the telescoping constructor
+ * anti-pattern. The telescoping constructor anti-pattern occurs when the increase of object
+ * constructor parameter combination leads to an exponential list of constructors. Instead of using
+ * numerous constructors, the builder pattern uses another object, a builder, that receives each
+ * initialization parameter step by step and then returns the resulting constructed object at once.
  * <p>
- * The Builder pattern has another benefit. It can be used for objects that contain 
- * flat data (html code, SQL query, X.509 certificate...), that is to say, data that 
- * can't be easily edited. This type of data cannot be edited step by step and must 
- * be edited at once. The best way to construct such an object is to use a builder 
- * class.
+ * The Builder pattern has another benefit. It can be used for objects that contain flat data (html
+ * code, SQL query, X.509 certificate...), that is to say, data that can't be easily edited. This
+ * type of data cannot be edited step by step and must be edited at once. The best way to construct
+ * such an object is to use a builder class.
  * <p>
- * In this example we have the Builder pattern variation as described by Joshua Bloch in
- * Effective Java 2nd Edition.
+ * In this example we have the Builder pattern variation as described by Joshua Bloch in Effective
+ * Java 2nd Edition.
  * <p>
- * We want to build {@link Hero} objects, but its construction is complex because of the
- * many parameters needed. To aid the user we introduce {@link HeroBuilder} class.
- * {@link HeroBuilder} takes the minimum parameters to build {@link Hero} object in its
- * constructor. After that additional configuration for the {@link Hero} object can be
- * done using the fluent {@link HeroBuilder} interface. When configuration is ready the
- * build method is called to receive the final {@link Hero} object.
+ * We want to build {@link Hero} objects, but its construction is complex because of the many
+ * parameters needed. To aid the user we introduce {@link HeroBuilder} class. {@link HeroBuilder}
+ * takes the minimum parameters to build {@link Hero} object in its constructor. After that
+ * additional configuration for the {@link Hero} object can be done using the fluent
+ * {@link HeroBuilder} interface. When configuration is ready the build method is called to receive
+ * the final {@link Hero} object.
  * 
  */
 public class App {
 
-	/**
-	 * Program entry point
-	 * @param args command line args
-	 */
-	public static void main(String[] args) {
+  /**
+   * Program entry point
+   * 
+   * @param args command line args
+   */
+  public static void main(String[] args) {
 
-		Hero mage = new HeroBuilder(Profession.MAGE, "Riobard")
-				.withHairColor(HairColor.BLACK).withWeapon(Weapon.DAGGER)
-				.build();
-		System.out.println(mage);
+    Hero mage =
+        new HeroBuilder(Profession.MAGE, "Riobard").withHairColor(HairColor.BLACK)
+            .withWeapon(Weapon.DAGGER).build();
+    System.out.println(mage);
 
-		Hero warrior = new HeroBuilder(Profession.WARRIOR, "Amberjill")
-				.withHairColor(HairColor.BLOND)
-				.withHairType(HairType.LONG_CURLY).withArmor(Armor.CHAIN_MAIL)
-				.withWeapon(Weapon.SWORD).build();
-		System.out.println(warrior);
+    Hero warrior =
+        new HeroBuilder(Profession.WARRIOR, "Amberjill").withHairColor(HairColor.BLOND)
+            .withHairType(HairType.LONG_CURLY).withArmor(Armor.CHAIN_MAIL).withWeapon(Weapon.SWORD)
+            .build();
+    System.out.println(warrior);
 
-		Hero thief = new HeroBuilder(Profession.THIEF, "Desmond")
-				.withHairType(HairType.BALD).withWeapon(Weapon.BOW).build();
-		System.out.println(thief);
+    Hero thief =
+        new HeroBuilder(Profession.THIEF, "Desmond").withHairType(HairType.BALD)
+            .withWeapon(Weapon.BOW).build();
+    System.out.println(thief);
 
-	}
+  }
 }

builder/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/builder/Armor.java

@@ -7,16 +7,16 @@ package com.iluwatar.builder;
  */
 public enum Armor {
 
-	CLOTHES("clothes"), LEATHER("leather"), CHAIN_MAIL("chain mail"), PLATE_MAIL("plate mail");
+  CLOTHES("clothes"), LEATHER("leather"), CHAIN_MAIL("chain mail"), PLATE_MAIL("plate mail");
 
-    private String title;
+  private String title;
 
-    Armor(String title) {
-        this.title = title;
-    }
+  Armor(String title) {
+    this.title = title;
+  }
 
-    @Override
-	public String toString() {
-		return title;
-	}
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
+    return title;
+  }
 }

builder/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/builder/HairColor.java

@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ package com.iluwatar.builder;
  */
 public enum HairColor {
 
-	WHITE, BLOND, RED, BROWN, BLACK;
+  WHITE, BLOND, RED, BROWN, BLACK;
 
-	@Override
-	public String toString() {
-		return name().toLowerCase();
-	}
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
+    return name().toLowerCase();
+  }
 
 }

builder/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/builder/HairType.java

@@ -7,16 +7,17 @@ package com.iluwatar.builder;
  */
 public enum HairType {
 
-	BALD("bald"), SHORT("short"), CURLY("curly"), LONG_STRAIGHT("long straight"), LONG_CURLY("long curly");
+  BALD("bald"), SHORT("short"), CURLY("curly"), LONG_STRAIGHT("long straight"), LONG_CURLY(
+      "long curly");
 
-    private String title;
+  private String title;
 
-    HairType(String title) {
-        this.title = title;
-    }
+  HairType(String title) {
+    this.title = title;
+  }
 
-    @Override
-	public String toString() {
-		return title;
-	}
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
+    return title;
+  }
 }

builder/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/builder/Hero.java

@@ -7,123 +7,122 @@ package com.iluwatar.builder;
  */
 public class Hero {
 
-	private final Profession profession;
-	private final String name;
-	private final HairType hairType;
-	private final HairColor hairColor;
-	private final Armor armor;
-	private final Weapon weapon;
+  private final Profession profession;
+  private final String name;
+  private final HairType hairType;
+  private final HairColor hairColor;
+  private final Armor armor;
+  private final Weapon weapon;
 
-	public Profession getProfession() {
-		return profession;
-	}
+  public Profession getProfession() {
+    return profession;
+  }
 
-	public String getName() {
-		return name;
-	}
+  public String getName() {
+    return name;
+  }
 
-	public HairType getHairType() {
-		return hairType;
-	}
+  public HairType getHairType() {
+    return hairType;
+  }
 
-	public HairColor getHairColor() {
-		return hairColor;
-	}
+  public HairColor getHairColor() {
+    return hairColor;
+  }
 
-	public Armor getArmor() {
-		return armor;
-	}
+  public Armor getArmor() {
+    return armor;
+  }
 
-	public Weapon getWeapon() {
-		return weapon;
-	}
+  public Weapon getWeapon() {
+    return weapon;
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public String toString() {
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
 
-		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
-		sb.append("This is a ");
-		sb.append(profession);
-		sb.append(" named ");
-		sb.append(name);
-		if (hairColor != null || hairType != null) {
-			sb.append(" with ");
-			if (hairColor != null) {
-				sb.append(hairColor);
-				sb.append(" ");
-			}
-			if (hairType != null) {
-				sb.append(hairType);
-				sb.append(" ");
-			}
-			sb.append(hairType != HairType.BALD ? "hair" : "head");
-		}
-		if (armor != null) {
-			sb.append(" wearing ");
-			sb.append(armor);
-		}
-		if (weapon != null) {
-			sb.append(" and wielding a ");
-			sb.append(weapon);
-		}
-		sb.append(".");
-		return sb.toString();
-	}
+    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+    sb.append("This is a ");
+    sb.append(profession);
+    sb.append(" named ");
+    sb.append(name);
+    if (hairColor != null || hairType != null) {
+      sb.append(" with ");
+      if (hairColor != null) {
+        sb.append(hairColor);
+        sb.append(" ");
+      }
+      if (hairType != null) {
+        sb.append(hairType);
+        sb.append(" ");
+      }
+      sb.append(hairType != HairType.BALD ? "hair" : "head");
+    }
+    if (armor != null) {
+      sb.append(" wearing ");
+      sb.append(armor);
+    }
+    if (weapon != null) {
+      sb.append(" and wielding a ");
+      sb.append(weapon);
+    }
+    sb.append(".");
+    return sb.toString();
+  }
 
-	private Hero(HeroBuilder builder) {
-		this.profession = builder.profession;
-		this.name = builder.name;
-		this.hairColor = builder.hairColor;
-		this.hairType = builder.hairType;
-		this.weapon = builder.weapon;
-		this.armor = builder.armor;
-	}
+  private Hero(HeroBuilder builder) {
+    this.profession = builder.profession;
+    this.name = builder.name;
+    this.hairColor = builder.hairColor;
+    this.hairType = builder.hairType;
+    this.weapon = builder.weapon;
+    this.armor = builder.armor;
+  }
 
-	/**
-	 * 
-	 * The builder class.
-	 * 
-	 */
-	public static class HeroBuilder {
+  /**
+   * 
+   * The builder class.
+   * 
+   */
+  public static class HeroBuilder {
 
-		private final Profession profession;
-		private final String name;
-		private HairType hairType;
-		private HairColor hairColor;
-		private Armor armor;
-		private Weapon weapon;
+    private final Profession profession;
+    private final String name;
+    private HairType hairType;
+    private HairColor hairColor;
+    private Armor armor;
+    private Weapon weapon;
 
-		public HeroBuilder(Profession profession, String name) {
-			if (profession == null || name == null) {
-				throw new IllegalArgumentException(
-						"profession and name can not be null");
-			}
-			this.profession = profession;
-			this.name = name;
-		}
+    public HeroBuilder(Profession profession, String name) {
+      if (profession == null || name == null) {
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("profession and name can not be null");
+      }
+      this.profession = profession;
+      this.name = name;
+    }
 
-		public HeroBuilder withHairType(HairType hairType) {
-			this.hairType = hairType;
-			return this;
-		}
+    public HeroBuilder withHairType(HairType hairType) {
+      this.hairType = hairType;
+      return this;
+    }
 
-		public HeroBuilder withHairColor(HairColor hairColor) {
-			this.hairColor = hairColor;
-			return this;
-		}
+    public HeroBuilder withHairColor(HairColor hairColor) {
+      this.hairColor = hairColor;
+      return this;
+    }
 
-		public HeroBuilder withArmor(Armor armor) {
-			this.armor = armor;
-			return this;
-		}
+    public HeroBuilder withArmor(Armor armor) {
+      this.armor = armor;
+      return this;
+    }
 
-		public HeroBuilder withWeapon(Weapon weapon) {
-			this.weapon = weapon;
-			return this;
-		}
+    public HeroBuilder withWeapon(Weapon weapon) {
+      this.weapon = weapon;
+      return this;
+    }
 
-		public Hero build() {
-			return new Hero(this);
-		}
-	}
+    public Hero build() {
+      return new Hero(this);
+    }
+  }
 }

builder/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/builder/Profession.java

@@ -7,11 +7,10 @@ package com.iluwatar.builder;
  */
 public enum Profession {
 
-	WARRIOR, THIEF, MAGE, PRIEST;
-
-	@Override
-	public String toString() {
-		return name().toLowerCase();
-	}
+  WARRIOR, THIEF, MAGE, PRIEST;
 
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
+    return name().toLowerCase();
+  }
 }

builder/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/builder/Weapon.java

@@ -7,11 +7,10 @@ package com.iluwatar.builder;
  */
 public enum Weapon {
 
-	DAGGER, SWORD, AXE, WARHAMMER, BOW;
-
-	@Override
-	public String toString() {
-		return name().toLowerCase();
-	}
+  DAGGER, SWORD, AXE, WARHAMMER, BOW;
 
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
+    return name().toLowerCase();
+  }
 }

builder/src/test/java/com/iluwatar/builder/AppTest.java

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package com.iluwatar.builder;
 
 import org.junit.Test;
 
-import com.iluwatar. builder.App;
+import com.iluwatar.builder.App;
 
 /**
  * 
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ import com.iluwatar. builder.App;
  */
 public class AppTest {
 
-	@Test
-	public void test() {
-		String[] args = {};
-		App.main(args);
-	}
+  @Test
+  public void test() {
+    String[] args = {};
+    App.main(args);
+  }
 }

business-delegate/pom.xml

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 	<parent>
 		<groupId>com.iluwatar</groupId>
 		<artifactId>java-design-patterns</artifactId>
-		<version>1.7.0</version>
+		<version>1.8.0</version>
 	</parent>
 	<artifactId>business-delegate</artifactId>
 	<dependencies>
@@ -15,5 +15,10 @@
 			<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
 			<scope>test</scope>
 		</dependency>
+		<dependency>
+			<groupId>org.mockito</groupId>
+			<artifactId>mockito-core</artifactId>
+			<scope>test</scope>
+		</dependency>
 	</dependencies>
 </project>

business-delegate/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/business/delegate/App.java

@@ -1,35 +1,40 @@
 package com.iluwatar.business.delegate;
 
 /**
+ * The Business Delegate pattern adds an abstraction layer between the presentation and business
+ * tiers. By using the pattern we gain loose coupling between the tiers. The Business Delegate
+ * encapsulates knowledge about how to locate, connect to, and interact with the business objects
+ * that make up the application.
  * 
- * The Business Delegate pattern adds an abstraction layer between the presentation and business tiers.
- * By using the pattern we gain loose coupling between the tiers. The Business Delegate encapsulates
- * knowledge about how to locate, connect to, and interact with the business objects that make up
- * the application.
- * <p>
- * Some of the services the Business Delegate uses are instantiated directly, and some can be retrieved
- * through service lookups. The Business Delegate itself may contain business logic too potentially tying
- * together multiple service calls, exception handling, retrying etc.
- * <p>
- * In this example the client ({@link Client}) utilizes a business delegate ({@link BusinessDelegate}) to execute a task.
- * The Business Delegate then selects the appropriate service and makes the service call.
- *
+ * <p>Some of the services the Business Delegate uses are instantiated directly, and some can be
+ * retrieved through service lookups. The Business Delegate itself may contain business logic too
+ * potentially tying together multiple service calls, exception handling, retrying etc.
+ * 
+ * <p>In this example the client ({@link Client}) utilizes a business delegate (
+ * {@link BusinessDelegate}) to execute a task. The Business Delegate then selects the appropriate
+ * service and makes the service call.
  */
 public class App {
-	
-	/**
-	 * Program entry point
-	 * @param args command line args
-	 */
-	public static void main(String[] args) {
-		
-		BusinessDelegate businessDelegate = new BusinessDelegate();
-		businessDelegate.setServiceType(ServiceType.EJB);
 
-		Client client = new Client(businessDelegate);
-		client.doTask();
+  /**
+   * Program entry point.
+   *
+   * @param args command line args
+   */
+  public static void main(String[] args) {
 
-		businessDelegate.setServiceType(ServiceType.JMS);
-		client.doTask();
-	}
+    BusinessDelegate businessDelegate = new BusinessDelegate();
+    BusinessLookup businessLookup = new BusinessLookup();
+    businessLookup.setEjbService(new EjbService());
+    businessLookup.setJmsService(new JmsService());
+
+    businessDelegate.setLookupService(businessLookup);
+    businessDelegate.setServiceType(ServiceType.EJB);
+
+    Client client = new Client(businessDelegate);
+    client.doTask();
+
+    businessDelegate.setServiceType(ServiceType.JMS);
+    client.doTask();
+  }
 }

business-delegate/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/business/delegate/BusinessDelegate.java

@@ -1,22 +1,24 @@
 package com.iluwatar.business.delegate;
 
 /**
- * 
  * BusinessDelegate separates the presentation and business tiers
- *
  */
 public class BusinessDelegate {
-	
-	private BusinessLookup lookupService = new BusinessLookup();
-	private BusinessService businessService;
-	private ServiceType serviceType;
 
-	public void setServiceType(ServiceType serviceType) {
-		this.serviceType = serviceType;
-	}
+    private BusinessLookup lookupService;
+    private BusinessService businessService;
+    private ServiceType serviceType;
 
-	public void doTask() {
-		businessService = lookupService.getBusinessService(serviceType);
-		businessService.doProcessing();
-	}
+    public void setLookupService(BusinessLookup businessLookup) {
+        this.lookupService = businessLookup;
+    }
+
+    public void setServiceType(ServiceType serviceType) {
+        this.serviceType = serviceType;
+    }
+
+    public void doTask() {
+        businessService = lookupService.getBusinessService(serviceType);
+        businessService.doProcessing();
+    }
 }

business-delegate/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/business/delegate/BusinessLookup.java

@@ -1,17 +1,31 @@
 package com.iluwatar.business.delegate;
 
 /**
- * 
- * Class for performing service lookups
- *
+ * Class for performing service lookups.
  */
 public class BusinessLookup {
 
-	public BusinessService getBusinessService(ServiceType serviceType) {
-		if (serviceType.equals(ServiceType.EJB)) {
-			return new EjbService();
-		} else {
-			return new JmsService();
-		}
-	}
+  private EjbService ejbService;
+
+  private JmsService jmsService;
+
+  /**
+   * @param serviceType Type of service instance to be returned.
+   * @return Service instance.
+   */
+  public BusinessService getBusinessService(ServiceType serviceType) {
+    if (serviceType.equals(ServiceType.EJB)) {
+      return ejbService;
+    } else {
+      return jmsService;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void setJmsService(JmsService jmsService) {
+    this.jmsService = jmsService;
+  }
+
+  public void setEjbService(EjbService ejbService) {
+    this.ejbService = ejbService;
+  }
 }

business-delegate/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/business/delegate/BusinessService.java

@@ -7,5 +7,5 @@ package com.iluwatar.business.delegate;
  */
 public interface BusinessService {
 
-	void doProcessing();
+  void doProcessing();
 }

business-delegate/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/business/delegate/Client.java

@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ package com.iluwatar.business.delegate;
  */
 public class Client {
 
-	private BusinessDelegate businessDelegate;
+  private BusinessDelegate businessDelegate;
 
-	public Client(BusinessDelegate businessDelegate) {
-		this.businessDelegate = businessDelegate;
-	}
+  public Client(BusinessDelegate businessDelegate) {
+    this.businessDelegate = businessDelegate;
+  }
 
-	public void doTask() {
-		businessDelegate.doTask();
-	}
+  public void doTask() {
+    businessDelegate.doTask();
+  }
 }

business-delegate/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/business/delegate/EjbService.java

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ package com.iluwatar.business.delegate;
  */
 public class EjbService implements BusinessService {
 
-	@Override
-	public void doProcessing() {
-		System.out.println("EjbService is now processing");
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void doProcessing() {
+    System.out.println("EjbService is now processing");
+  }
 }

business-delegate/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/business/delegate/JmsService.java

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ package com.iluwatar.business.delegate;
  */
 public class JmsService implements BusinessService {
 
-	@Override
-	public void doProcessing() {
-		System.out.println("JmsService is now processing");
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void doProcessing() {
+    System.out.println("JmsService is now processing");
+  }
 }

business-delegate/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/business/delegate/ServiceType.java

@@ -6,6 +6,6 @@ package com.iluwatar.business.delegate;
  *
  */
 public enum ServiceType {
-	
-	EJB, JMS;
+
+  EJB, JMS;
 }

business-delegate/src/test/java/com/iluwatar/business/delegate/AppTest.java

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-package com.iluwatar.business.delegate;
-
-import org.junit.Test;
-
-import com.iluwatar.business.delegate.App;
-
-/**
- * 
- * Application test
- *
- */
-public class AppTest {
-	
-	@Test
-	public void test() {
-		String[] args = {};
-		App.main(args);
-	}
-}

business-delegate/src/test/java/com/iluwatar/business/delegate/BusinessDelegateTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+package com.iluwatar.business.delegate;
+
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * The Business Delegate pattern adds an abstraction layer between the presentation and business
+ * tiers. By using the pattern we gain loose coupling between the tiers. The Business Delegate
+ * encapsulates knowledge about how to locate, connect to, and interact with the business objects
+ * that make up the application.
+ * 
+ * <p>Some of the services the Business Delegate uses are instantiated directly, and some can be
+ * retrieved through service lookups. The Business Delegate itself may contain business logic too
+ * potentially tying together multiple service calls, exception handling, retrying etc.
+ */
+public class BusinessDelegateTest {
+
+  private EjbService ejbService;
+
+  private JmsService jmsService;
+
+  private BusinessLookup businessLookup;
+
+  private BusinessDelegate businessDelegate;
+
+  /**
+   * This method sets up the instance variables of this test class. It is executed before the
+   * execution of every test.
+   */
+  @Before
+  public void setup() {
+    ejbService = spy(new EjbService());
+    jmsService = spy(new JmsService());
+
+    businessLookup = spy(new BusinessLookup());
+    businessLookup.setEjbService(ejbService);
+    businessLookup.setJmsService(jmsService);
+
+    businessDelegate = spy(new BusinessDelegate());
+    businessDelegate.setLookupService(businessLookup);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * In this example the client ({@link Client}) utilizes a business delegate (
+   * {@link BusinessDelegate}) to execute a task. The Business Delegate then selects the appropriate
+   * service and makes the service call.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testBusinessDelegate() {
+
+    // setup a client object
+    Client client = new Client(businessDelegate);
+
+    // set the service type
+    businessDelegate.setServiceType(ServiceType.EJB);
+
+    // action
+    client.doTask();
+
+    // verifying that the businessDelegate was used by client during doTask() method.
+    verify(businessDelegate).doTask();
+    verify(ejbService).doProcessing();
+
+    // set the service type
+    businessDelegate.setServiceType(ServiceType.JMS);
+
+    // action
+    client.doTask();
+
+    // verifying that the businessDelegate was used by client during doTask() method.
+    verify(businessDelegate, times(2)).doTask();
+    verify(jmsService).doProcessing();
+  }
+}

caching/pom.xml

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
   <parent>
     <groupId>com.iluwatar</groupId>
     <artifactId>java-design-patterns</artifactId>
-    <version>1.7.0</version>
+    <version>1.8.0</version>
   </parent>
   <artifactId>caching</artifactId>
   <dependencies>

callback/pom.xml

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
   <parent>
     <groupId>com.iluwatar</groupId>
     <artifactId>java-design-patterns</artifactId>
-    <version>1.7.0</version>
+    <version>1.8.0</version>
   </parent>
   <artifactId>callback</artifactId>
   <dependencies>

callback/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/callback/App.java

@@ -2,20 +2,21 @@ package com.iluwatar.callback;
 
 /**
  * 
- * Callback pattern is more native for functional languages where functions are treated as first-class citizens.
- * Prior to Java 8 callbacks can be simulated using simple (alike command) interfaces.
+ * Callback pattern is more native for functional languages where functions are treated as
+ * first-class citizens. Prior to Java 8 callbacks can be simulated using simple (alike command)
+ * interfaces.
  * 
  */
 public class App {
 
-	public static void main(String[] args) {
-		Task task = new SimpleTask();
-		Callback callback = new Callback() {
-			@Override
-			public void call() {
-				System.out.println("I'm done now.");
-			}
-		};
-		task.executeWith(callback);
-	}
+  public static void main(String[] args) {
+    Task task = new SimpleTask();
+    Callback callback = new Callback() {
+      @Override
+      public void call() {
+        System.out.println("I'm done now.");
+      }
+    };
+    task.executeWith(callback);
+  }
 }

callback/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/callback/Callback.java

@@ -7,5 +7,5 @@ package com.iluwatar.callback;
  */
 public interface Callback {
 
-	public void call();
+  public void call();
 }

callback/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/callback/SimpleTask.java

@@ -7,9 +7,8 @@ package com.iluwatar.callback;
  */
 public class SimpleTask extends Task {
 
-	@Override
-	public void execute() {
-		System.out.println("Perform some important activity and after call the callback method.");
-	}
-
+  @Override
+  public void execute() {
+    System.out.println("Perform some important activity and after call the callback method.");
+  }
 }

callback/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/callback/Task.java

@@ -7,12 +7,12 @@ package com.iluwatar.callback;
  */
 public abstract class Task {
 
-	public final void executeWith(Callback callback) {
-		execute();
-		if (callback != null) {
-			callback.call();
-		}
-	}
+  public final void executeWith(Callback callback) {
+    execute();
+    if (callback != null) {
+      callback.call();
+    }
+  }
 
-	public abstract void execute();
+  public abstract void execute();
 }

callback/src/test/java/com/iluwatar/callback/AppTest.java

@@ -5,35 +5,35 @@ import org.junit.Test;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 
 /**
- * Add a field as a counter. Every time the callback method is called increment this
- * field. Unit test checks that the field is being incremented.
+ * Add a field as a counter. Every time the callback method is called increment this field. Unit
+ * test checks that the field is being incremented.
  *
  * Could be done with mock objects as well where the call method call is verified.
  */
 public class AppTest {
 
-    private Integer callingCount = 0;
+  private Integer callingCount = 0;
 
-	@Test
-	public void test() {
-        Callback callback = new Callback() {
-            @Override
-            public void call() {
-                callingCount++;
-            }
-        };
+  @Test
+  public void test() {
+    Callback callback = new Callback() {
+      @Override
+      public void call() {
+        callingCount++;
+      }
+    };
 
-        Task task = new SimpleTask();
+    Task task = new SimpleTask();
 
-        assertEquals("Initial calling count of 0", new Integer(0), callingCount);
+    assertEquals("Initial calling count of 0", new Integer(0), callingCount);
 
-        task.executeWith(callback);
+    task.executeWith(callback);
 
-        assertEquals("Callback called once", new Integer(1), callingCount);
+    assertEquals("Callback called once", new Integer(1), callingCount);
 
-        task.executeWith(callback);
+    task.executeWith(callback);
 
-        assertEquals("Callback called twice", new Integer(2), callingCount);
+    assertEquals("Callback called twice", new Integer(2), callingCount);
 
-	}
+  }
 }

chain/pom.xml

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
   <parent>
     <groupId>com.iluwatar</groupId>
     <artifactId>java-design-patterns</artifactId>
-    <version>1.7.0</version>
+    <version>1.8.0</version>
   </parent>
   <artifactId>chain</artifactId>
   <dependencies>

chain/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/chain/App.java

@@ -2,31 +2,30 @@ package com.iluwatar.chain;
 
 /**
  * 
- * The Chain of Responsibility pattern is a design pattern consisting of command 
- * objects and a series of processing objects. Each processing object contains 
- * logic that defines the types of command objects that it can handle; the rest are 
- * passed to the next processing object in the chain. A mechanism also exists for 
- * adding new processing objects to the end of this chain.
+ * The Chain of Responsibility pattern is a design pattern consisting of command objects and a
+ * series of processing objects. Each processing object contains logic that defines the types of
+ * command objects that it can handle; the rest are passed to the next processing object in the
+ * chain. A mechanism also exists for adding new processing objects to the end of this chain.
  * <p>
- * In this example we organize the request handlers ({@link RequestHandler}) into a
- * chain where each handler has a chance to act on the request on its turn. Here
- * the king ({@link OrcKing}) makes requests and the military orcs ({@link OrcCommander}, 
- * {@link OrcOfficer}, {@link OrcSoldier}) form the handler chain.
+ * In this example we organize the request handlers ({@link RequestHandler}) into a chain where each
+ * handler has a chance to act on the request on its turn. Here the king ({@link OrcKing}) makes
+ * requests and the military orcs ({@link OrcCommander}, {@link OrcOfficer}, {@link OrcSoldier})
+ * form the handler chain.
  * 
  */
 public class App {
 
-	/**
-	 * Program entry point
-	 * @param args command line args
-	 */
-	public static void main(String[] args) {
+  /**
+   * Program entry point
+   * 
+   * @param args command line args
+   */
+  public static void main(String[] args) {
 
-		OrcKing king = new OrcKing();
-		king.makeRequest(new Request(RequestType.DEFEND_CASTLE, "defend castle"));
-		king.makeRequest(new Request(RequestType.TORTURE_PRISONER,
-				"torture prisoner"));
-		king.makeRequest(new Request(RequestType.COLLECT_TAX, "collect tax"));
+    OrcKing king = new OrcKing();
+    king.makeRequest(new Request(RequestType.DEFEND_CASTLE, "defend castle"));
+    king.makeRequest(new Request(RequestType.TORTURE_PRISONER, "torture prisoner"));
+    king.makeRequest(new Request(RequestType.COLLECT_TAX, "collect tax"));
 
-	}
+  }
 }

chain/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/chain/OrcCommander.java

@@ -7,21 +7,21 @@ package com.iluwatar.chain;
  */
 public class OrcCommander extends RequestHandler {
 
-	public OrcCommander(RequestHandler handler) {
-		super(handler);
-	}
+  public OrcCommander(RequestHandler handler) {
+    super(handler);
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public void handleRequest(Request req) {
-		if (req.getRequestType().equals(RequestType.DEFEND_CASTLE)) {
-			printHandling(req);
-		} else {
-			super.handleRequest(req);
-		}
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void handleRequest(Request req) {
+    if (req.getRequestType().equals(RequestType.DEFEND_CASTLE)) {
+      printHandling(req);
+    } else {
+      super.handleRequest(req);
+    }
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public String toString() {
-		return "Orc commander";
-	}
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
+    return "Orc commander";
+  }
 }

chain/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/chain/OrcKing.java

@@ -7,18 +7,18 @@ package com.iluwatar.chain;
  */
 public class OrcKing {
 
-	RequestHandler chain;
+  RequestHandler chain;
 
-	public OrcKing() {
-		buildChain();
-	}
+  public OrcKing() {
+    buildChain();
+  }
 
-	private void buildChain() {
-		chain = new OrcCommander(new OrcOfficer(new OrcSoldier(null)));
-	}
+  private void buildChain() {
+    chain = new OrcCommander(new OrcOfficer(new OrcSoldier(null)));
+  }
 
-	public void makeRequest(Request req) {
-		chain.handleRequest(req);
-	}
+  public void makeRequest(Request req) {
+    chain.handleRequest(req);
+  }
 
 }

chain/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/chain/OrcOfficer.java

@@ -7,22 +7,22 @@ package com.iluwatar.chain;
  */
 public class OrcOfficer extends RequestHandler {
 
-	public OrcOfficer(RequestHandler handler) {
-		super(handler);
-	}
+  public OrcOfficer(RequestHandler handler) {
+    super(handler);
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public void handleRequest(Request req) {
-		if (req.getRequestType().equals(RequestType.TORTURE_PRISONER)) {
-			printHandling(req);
-		} else {
-			super.handleRequest(req);
-		}
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void handleRequest(Request req) {
+    if (req.getRequestType().equals(RequestType.TORTURE_PRISONER)) {
+      printHandling(req);
+    } else {
+      super.handleRequest(req);
+    }
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public String toString() {
-		return "Orc officer";
-	}
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
+    return "Orc officer";
+  }
 
 }

chain/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/chain/OrcSoldier.java

@@ -7,21 +7,21 @@ package com.iluwatar.chain;
  */
 public class OrcSoldier extends RequestHandler {
 
-	public OrcSoldier(RequestHandler handler) {
-		super(handler);
-	}
+  public OrcSoldier(RequestHandler handler) {
+    super(handler);
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public void handleRequest(Request req) {
-		if (req.getRequestType().equals(RequestType.COLLECT_TAX)) {
-			printHandling(req);
-		} else {
-			super.handleRequest(req);
-		}
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void handleRequest(Request req) {
+    if (req.getRequestType().equals(RequestType.COLLECT_TAX)) {
+      printHandling(req);
+    } else {
+      super.handleRequest(req);
+    }
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public String toString() {
-		return "Orc soldier";
-	}
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
+    return "Orc soldier";
+  }
 }

chain/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/chain/Request.java

@@ -7,32 +7,32 @@ package com.iluwatar.chain;
  */
 public class Request {
 
-	private String requestDescription;
-	private RequestType requestType;
+  private String requestDescription;
+  private RequestType requestType;
 
-	public Request(RequestType requestType, String requestDescription) {
-		this.setRequestType(requestType);
-		this.setRequestDescription(requestDescription);
-	}
+  public Request(RequestType requestType, String requestDescription) {
+    this.setRequestType(requestType);
+    this.setRequestDescription(requestDescription);
+  }
 
-	public String getRequestDescription() {
-		return requestDescription;
-	}
+  public String getRequestDescription() {
+    return requestDescription;
+  }
 
-	public void setRequestDescription(String requestDescription) {
-		this.requestDescription = requestDescription;
-	}
+  public void setRequestDescription(String requestDescription) {
+    this.requestDescription = requestDescription;
+  }
 
-	public RequestType getRequestType() {
-		return requestType;
-	}
+  public RequestType getRequestType() {
+    return requestType;
+  }
 
-	public void setRequestType(RequestType requestType) {
-		this.requestType = requestType;
-	}
+  public void setRequestType(RequestType requestType) {
+    this.requestType = requestType;
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public String toString() {
-		return getRequestDescription();
-	}
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
+    return getRequestDescription();
+  }
 }

chain/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/chain/RequestHandler.java

@@ -7,22 +7,22 @@ package com.iluwatar.chain;
  */
 public abstract class RequestHandler {
 
-	private RequestHandler next;
+  private RequestHandler next;
 
-	public RequestHandler(RequestHandler next) {
-		this.next = next;
-	}
+  public RequestHandler(RequestHandler next) {
+    this.next = next;
+  }
 
-	public void handleRequest(Request req) {
-		if (next != null) {
-			next.handleRequest(req);
-		}
-	}
+  public void handleRequest(Request req) {
+    if (next != null) {
+      next.handleRequest(req);
+    }
+  }
 
-	protected void printHandling(Request req) {
-		System.out.println(this + " handling request \"" + req + "\"");
-	}
+  protected void printHandling(Request req) {
+    System.out.println(this + " handling request \"" + req + "\"");
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public abstract String toString();
+  @Override
+  public abstract String toString();
 }

chain/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/chain/RequestType.java

@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ package com.iluwatar.chain;
  */
 public enum RequestType {
 
-	DEFEND_CASTLE, TORTURE_PRISONER, COLLECT_TAX
+  DEFEND_CASTLE, TORTURE_PRISONER, COLLECT_TAX
 
 }

chain/src/test/java/com/iluwatar/chain/AppTest.java

@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ import com.iluwatar.chain.App;
  */
 public class AppTest {
 
-	@Test
-	public void test() {
-		String[] args = {};
-		App.main(args);
-	}
+  @Test
+  public void test() {
+    String[] args = {};
+    App.main(args);
+  }
 }

command/index.md

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ tags:
  - Gang Of Four
 ---
 
+**Also known as:** Action, Transaction
+
 **Intent:** Encapsulate a request as an object, thereby letting you
 parameterize clients with different requests, queue or log requests, and
 support undoable operations.

command/pom.xml

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
   <parent>
     <groupId>com.iluwatar</groupId>
     <artifactId>java-design-patterns</artifactId>
-    <version>1.7.0</version>
+    <version>1.8.0</version>
   </parent>
   <artifactId>command</artifactId>
   <dependencies>
@@ -14,5 +14,10 @@
       <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
       <scope>test</scope>
     </dependency>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.mockito</groupId>
+      <artifactId>mockito-core</artifactId>
+      <scope>test</scope>
+    </dependency>
   </dependencies>
 </project>

command/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/command/App.java

@@ -2,52 +2,54 @@ package com.iluwatar.command;
 
 /**
  * 
- * The Command pattern is a behavioral design pattern in which an object is used to encapsulate all information 
- * needed to perform an action or trigger an event at a later time. This information includes the method name, 
- * the object that owns the method and values for the method parameters.
+ * The Command pattern is a behavioral design pattern in which an object is used to encapsulate all
+ * information needed to perform an action or trigger an event at a later time. This information
+ * includes the method name, the object that owns the method and values for the method parameters.
  * <p>
- * Four terms always associated with the command pattern are command, receiver, invoker and client. A command 
- * object (spell) knows about the receiver (target) and invokes a method of the receiver. Values for parameters of 
- * the receiver method are stored in the command. The receiver then does the work. An invoker object (wizard) 
- * knows how to execute a command, and optionally does bookkeeping about the command execution. The invoker 
- * does not know anything about a concrete command, it knows only about command interface. Both an invoker object 
- * and several command objects are held by a client object (app). The client decides which commands to execute at 
- * which points. To execute a command, it passes the command object to the invoker object.
+ * Four terms always associated with the command pattern are command, receiver, invoker and client.
+ * A command object (spell) knows about the receiver (target) and invokes a method of the receiver.
+ * Values for parameters of the receiver method are stored in the command. The receiver then does
+ * the work. An invoker object (wizard) knows how to execute a command, and optionally does
+ * bookkeeping about the command execution. The invoker does not know anything about a concrete
+ * command, it knows only about command interface. Both an invoker object and several command
+ * objects are held by a client object (app). The client decides which commands to execute at which
+ * points. To execute a command, it passes the command object to the invoker object.
  * <p>
- * In other words, in this example the wizard casts spells on the goblin. The wizard keeps track of the previous
- * spells cast, so it is easy to undo them. In addition, the wizard keeps track of the spells undone, so they
- * can be redone.
+ * In other words, in this example the wizard casts spells on the goblin. The wizard keeps track of
+ * the previous spells cast, so it is easy to undo them. In addition, the wizard keeps track of the
+ * spells undone, so they can be redone.
  * 
  * 
  */
 public class App {
 
-	/**
-	 * Program entry point
-	 * @param args command line args
-	 */
-	public static void main(String[] args) {
-		Wizard wizard = new Wizard();
-		Goblin goblin = new Goblin();
+  /**
+   * Program entry point
+   * 
+   * @param args command line args
+   */
+  public static void main(String[] args) {
+    Wizard wizard = new Wizard();
+    Goblin goblin = new Goblin();
 
-		goblin.printStatus();
+    goblin.printStatus();
 
-		wizard.castSpell(new ShrinkSpell(), goblin);
-		goblin.printStatus();
+    wizard.castSpell(new ShrinkSpell(), goblin);
+    goblin.printStatus();
 
-		wizard.castSpell(new InvisibilitySpell(), goblin);
-		goblin.printStatus();
+    wizard.castSpell(new InvisibilitySpell(), goblin);
+    goblin.printStatus();
 
-		wizard.undoLastSpell();
-		goblin.printStatus();
+    wizard.undoLastSpell();
+    goblin.printStatus();
 
-		wizard.undoLastSpell();
-		goblin.printStatus();
+    wizard.undoLastSpell();
+    goblin.printStatus();
 
-		wizard.redoLastSpell();
-		goblin.printStatus();
+    wizard.redoLastSpell();
+    goblin.printStatus();
 
-		wizard.redoLastSpell();
-		goblin.printStatus();
-	}
+    wizard.redoLastSpell();
+    goblin.printStatus();
+  }
 }

command/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/command/Command.java

@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ package com.iluwatar.command;
  */
 public abstract class Command {
 
-	public abstract void execute(Target target);
+  public abstract void execute(Target target);
 
-	public abstract void undo();
+  public abstract void undo();
 
-	public abstract void redo();
+  public abstract void redo();
 
-	@Override
-	public abstract String toString();
+  @Override
+  public abstract String toString();
 
 }

command/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/command/Goblin.java

@@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ package com.iluwatar.command;
  */
 public class Goblin extends Target {
 
-	public Goblin() {
-		setSize(Size.NORMAL);
-		setVisibility(Visibility.VISIBLE);
-	}
+  public Goblin() {
+    setSize(Size.NORMAL);
+    setVisibility(Visibility.VISIBLE);
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public String toString() {
-		return "Goblin";
-	}
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
+    return "Goblin";
+  }
 
 }

command/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/command/InvisibilitySpell.java

@@ -7,30 +7,30 @@ package com.iluwatar.command;
  */
 public class InvisibilitySpell extends Command {
 
-	private Target target;
+  private Target target;
 
-	@Override
-	public void execute(Target target) {
-		target.setVisibility(Visibility.INVISIBLE);
-		this.target = target;
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void execute(Target target) {
+    target.setVisibility(Visibility.INVISIBLE);
+    this.target = target;
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public void undo() {
-		if (target != null) {
-			target.setVisibility(Visibility.VISIBLE);
-		}
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void undo() {
+    if (target != null) {
+      target.setVisibility(Visibility.VISIBLE);
+    }
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public void redo() {
-		if (target != null) {
-			target.setVisibility(Visibility.INVISIBLE);
-		}
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void redo() {
+    if (target != null) {
+      target.setVisibility(Visibility.INVISIBLE);
+    }
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public String toString() {
-		return "Invisibility spell";
-	}
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
+    return "Invisibility spell";
+  }
 }

command/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/command/ShrinkSpell.java

@@ -7,32 +7,32 @@ package com.iluwatar.command;
  */
 public class ShrinkSpell extends Command {
 
-	private Size oldSize;
-	private Target target;
+  private Size oldSize;
+  private Target target;
 
-	@Override
-	public void execute(Target target) {
-		oldSize = target.getSize();
-		target.setSize(Size.SMALL);
-		this.target = target;
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void execute(Target target) {
+    oldSize = target.getSize();
+    target.setSize(Size.SMALL);
+    this.target = target;
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public void undo() {
-		if (oldSize != null && target != null) {
-			Size temp = target.getSize();
-			target.setSize(oldSize);
-			oldSize = temp;
-		}
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void undo() {
+    if (oldSize != null && target != null) {
+      Size temp = target.getSize();
+      target.setSize(oldSize);
+      oldSize = temp;
+    }
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public void redo() {
-		undo();
-	}
+  @Override
+  public void redo() {
+    undo();
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public String toString() {
-		return "Shrink spell";
-	}
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
+    return "Shrink spell";
+  }
 }

command/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/command/Size.java

@@ -7,16 +7,16 @@ package com.iluwatar.command;
  */
 public enum Size {
 
-    SMALL("small"), NORMAL("normal"), LARGE("large"), UNDEFINED("");
-    
-    private String title;
+  SMALL("small"), NORMAL("normal"), LARGE("large"), UNDEFINED("");
 
-    Size(String title) {
-        this.title = title;
-    }
+  private String title;
 
-    @Override
-	public String toString() {
-        return title;
-	}
+  Size(String title) {
+    this.title = title;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
+    return title;
+  }
 }

command/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/command/Target.java

@@ -7,32 +7,32 @@ package com.iluwatar.command;
  */
 public abstract class Target {
 
-	private Size size;
+  private Size size;
 
-	private Visibility visibility;
+  private Visibility visibility;
 
-	public Size getSize() {
-		return size;
-	}
+  public Size getSize() {
+    return size;
+  }
 
-	public void setSize(Size size) {
-		this.size = size;
-	}
+  public void setSize(Size size) {
+    this.size = size;
+  }
 
-	public Visibility getVisibility() {
-		return visibility;
-	}
+  public Visibility getVisibility() {
+    return visibility;
+  }
 
-	public void setVisibility(Visibility visibility) {
-		this.visibility = visibility;
-	}
+  public void setVisibility(Visibility visibility) {
+    this.visibility = visibility;
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public abstract String toString();
+  @Override
+  public abstract String toString();
 
-	public void printStatus() {
-		System.out.println(String.format("%s, [size=%s] [visibility=%s]", this,
-				getSize(), getVisibility()));
-		System.out.println();
-	}
+  public void printStatus() {
+    System.out.println(String.format("%s, [size=%s] [visibility=%s]", this, getSize(),
+        getVisibility()));
+    System.out.println();
+  }
 }

command/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/command/Visibility.java

@@ -7,16 +7,16 @@ package com.iluwatar.command;
  */
 public enum Visibility {
 
-	VISIBLE("visible"), INVISIBLE("invisible"), UNDEFINED("");
+  VISIBLE("visible"), INVISIBLE("invisible"), UNDEFINED("");
 
-    private String title;
+  private String title;
 
-    Visibility(String title) {
-        this.title = title;
-    }
+  Visibility(String title) {
+    this.title = title;
+  }
 
-    @Override
-	public String toString() {
-		return title;
-	}
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
+    return title;
+  }
 }

command/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/command/Wizard.java

@@ -10,38 +10,37 @@ import java.util.LinkedList;
  */
 public class Wizard {
 
-	private Deque<Command> undoStack = new LinkedList<>();
-	private Deque<Command> redoStack = new LinkedList<>();
+  private Deque<Command> undoStack = new LinkedList<>();
+  private Deque<Command> redoStack = new LinkedList<>();
 
-	public Wizard() {
-	}
+  public Wizard() {}
 
-	public void castSpell(Command command, Target target) {
-		System.out.println(this + " casts " + command + " at " + target);
-		command.execute(target);
-		undoStack.offerLast(command);
-	}
+  public void castSpell(Command command, Target target) {
+    System.out.println(this + " casts " + command + " at " + target);
+    command.execute(target);
+    undoStack.offerLast(command);
+  }
 
-	public void undoLastSpell() {
-		if (!undoStack.isEmpty()) {
-			Command previousSpell = undoStack.pollLast();
-			redoStack.offerLast(previousSpell);
-			System.out.println(this + " undoes " + previousSpell);
-			previousSpell.undo();
-		}
-	}
+  public void undoLastSpell() {
+    if (!undoStack.isEmpty()) {
+      Command previousSpell = undoStack.pollLast();
+      redoStack.offerLast(previousSpell);
+      System.out.println(this + " undoes " + previousSpell);
+      previousSpell.undo();
+    }
+  }
 
-	public void redoLastSpell() {
-		if (!redoStack.isEmpty()) {
-			Command previousSpell = redoStack.pollLast();
-			undoStack.offerLast(previousSpell);
-			System.out.println(this + " redoes " + previousSpell);
-			previousSpell.redo();
-		}
-	}
+  public void redoLastSpell() {
+    if (!redoStack.isEmpty()) {
+      Command previousSpell = redoStack.pollLast();
+      undoStack.offerLast(previousSpell);
+      System.out.println(this + " redoes " + previousSpell);
+      previousSpell.redo();
+    }
+  }
 
-	@Override
-	public String toString() {
-		return "Wizard";
-	}
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
+    return "Wizard";
+  }
 }

command/src/test/java/com/iluwatar/command/AppTest.java

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-package com.iluwatar.command;
-
-import org.junit.Test;
-
-import com.iluwatar.command.App;
-
-/**
- * 
- * Application test
- *
- */
-public class AppTest {
-
-	@Test
-	public void test() {
-		String[] args = {};
-		App.main(args);
-	}
-}

command/src/test/java/com/iluwatar/command/CommandTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+package com.iluwatar.command;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * The Command pattern is a behavioral design pattern in which an object is used to encapsulate all
+ * information needed to perform an action or trigger an event at a later time. This information
+ * includes the method name, the object that owns the method and values for the method parameters.
+ * 
+ * <p>Four terms always associated with the command pattern are command, receiver, invoker and 
+ * client. A command object (spell) knows about the receiver (target) and invokes a method of 
+ * the receiver.Values for parameters of the receiver method are stored in the command. The receiver
+ * then does the work. An invoker object (wizard) knows how to execute a command, and optionally 
+ * does bookkeeping about the command execution. The invoker does not know anything about a 
+ * concrete command, it knows only about command interface. Both an invoker object and several 
+ * command objects are held by a client object (app). The client decides which commands to execute
+ * at which points. To execute a command, it passes the command object to the invoker object.
+ */
+public class CommandTest {
+
+  private static final String GOBLIN = "Goblin";
+
+  /**
+   * This test verifies that when the wizard casts spells on the goblin. The wizard keeps track of
+   * the previous spells cast, so it is easy to undo them. In addition, it also verifies that the
+   * wizard keeps track of the spells undone, so they can be redone.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCommand() {
+
+    Wizard wizard = new Wizard();
+    Goblin goblin = new Goblin();
+
+    wizard.castSpell(new ShrinkSpell(), goblin);
+    verifyGoblin(goblin, GOBLIN, Size.SMALL, Visibility.VISIBLE);
+
+    wizard.castSpell(new InvisibilitySpell(), goblin);
+    verifyGoblin(goblin, GOBLIN, Size.SMALL, Visibility.INVISIBLE);
+
+    wizard.undoLastSpell();
+    verifyGoblin(goblin, GOBLIN, Size.SMALL, Visibility.VISIBLE);
+
+    wizard.undoLastSpell();
+    verifyGoblin(goblin, GOBLIN, Size.NORMAL, Visibility.VISIBLE);
+
+    wizard.redoLastSpell();
+    verifyGoblin(goblin, GOBLIN, Size.SMALL, Visibility.VISIBLE);
+
+    wizard.redoLastSpell();
+    verifyGoblin(goblin, GOBLIN, Size.SMALL, Visibility.INVISIBLE);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This method asserts that the passed goblin object has the name as expectedName, size as
+   * expectedSize and visibility as expectedVisibility.
+   *
+   * @param goblin a goblin object whose state is to be verified against other parameters
+   * @param expectedName expectedName of the goblin
+   * @param expectedSize expected size of the goblin
+   * @param expectedVisibilty exepcted visibility of the goblin
+   */
+  private void verifyGoblin(Goblin goblin, String expectedName, Size expectedSize,
+      Visibility expectedVisibilty) {
+    assertEquals("Goblin's name must be same as expectedName", expectedName, goblin.toString());
+    assertEquals("Goblin's size must be same as expectedSize", expectedSize, goblin.getSize());
+    assertEquals("Goblin's visibility must be same as expectedVisibility", expectedVisibilty,
+        goblin.getVisibility());
+  }
+}

composite/pom.xml

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
   <parent>
     <groupId>com.iluwatar</groupId>
     <artifactId>java-design-patterns</artifactId>
-    <version>1.7.0</version>
+    <version>1.8.0</version>
   </parent>
   <artifactId>composite</artifactId>
   <dependencies>

composite/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/composite/App.java

@@ -1,33 +1,34 @@
 package com.iluwatar.composite;
 
 /**
- * The Composite pattern is a partitioning design pattern. The Composite pattern 
- * describes that a group of objects is to be treated in the same way as a single 
- * instance of an object. The intent of a composite is to "compose" objects into 
- * tree structures to represent part-whole hierarchies. Implementing the Composite 
- * pattern lets clients treat individual objects and compositions uniformly.
+ * The Composite pattern is a partitioning design pattern. The Composite pattern describes that a
+ * group of objects is to be treated in the same way as a single instance of an object. The intent
+ * of a composite is to "compose" objects into tree structures to represent part-whole hierarchies.
+ * Implementing the Composite pattern lets clients treat individual objects and compositions
+ * uniformly.
  * <p>
- * In this example we have sentences composed of words composed of letters. All of
- * the objects can be treated through the same interface ({@link LetterComposite}).
+ * In this example we have sentences composed of words composed of letters. All of the objects can
+ * be treated through the same interface ({@link LetterComposite}).
  * 
  */
 public class App {
 
-	/**
-	 * Program entry point
-	 * @param args command line args
-	 */
-	public static void main(String[] args) {
-		System.out.println("Message from the orcs: ");
+  /**
+   * Program entry point
+   * 
+   * @param args command line args
+   */
+  public static void main(String[] args) {
+    System.out.println("Message from the orcs: ");
 
-		LetterComposite orcMessage = new Messenger().messageFromOrcs();
-		orcMessage.print();
+    LetterComposite orcMessage = new Messenger().messageFromOrcs();
+    orcMessage.print();
 
-		System.out.println("\n");
+    System.out.println("\n");
 
-		System.out.println("Message from the elves: ");
+    System.out.println("Message from the elves: ");
 
-		LetterComposite elfMessage = new Messenger().messageFromElves();
-		elfMessage.print();
-	}
+    LetterComposite elfMessage = new Messenger().messageFromElves();
+    elfMessage.print();
+  }
 }